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Towards a New Biomarker for Diabetic Retinopathy: Exploring RBP3 Structure and Retinoids Binding for Functional Imaging of Eyes In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054408. [PMID: 36901838 PMCID: PMC10002987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe disease with a growing number of afflicted patients, which places a heavy burden on society, both socially and financially. While there are treatments available, they are not always effective and are usually administered when the disease is already at a developed stage with visible clinical manifestation. However, homeostasis at a molecular level is disrupted before visible signs of the disease are evident. Thus, there has been a constant search for effective biomarkers that could signal the onset of DR. There is evidence that early detection and prompt disease control are effective in preventing or slowing DR progression. Here, we review some of the molecular changes that occur before clinical manifestations are observable. As a possible new biomarker, we focus on retinol binding protein 3 (RBP3). We argue that it displays unique features that make it a very good biomarker for non-invasive, early-stage DR detection. Linking chemistry to biological function and focusing on new developments in eye imaging and two-photon technology, we describe a new potential diagnostic tool that would allow rapid and effective quantification of RBP3 in the retina. Moreover, this tool would also be useful in the future to monitor therapeutic effectiveness if levels of RBP3 are elevated by DR treatments.
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Alam K, Akhter Y. The Impacts of Unfolded Protein Response in the Retinal Cells During Diabetes: Possible Implications on Diabetic Retinopathy Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:615125. [PMID: 33613197 PMCID: PMC7886690 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.615125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-threatening, chronic, and challenging eye disease in the diabetic population. Despite recent advancements in the clinical management of diabetes, DR remains the major cause of blindness in working-age adults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of DR development will aid in identifying therapeutic targets. Emerging pieces of evidence from recent research in the field of ER stress have demonstrated a close association between unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated cellular activities and DR development. In this minireview article, we shall provide an emerging understating of how UPR influences DR pathogenesis at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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3
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Abstract
Patients with diabetes continue to suffer from impaired visual performance before the appearance of overt damage to the retinal microvasculature and later sight-threatening complications. This diabetic retinopathy (DR) has long been thought to start with endothelial cell oxidative stress. Yet newer data surprisingly finds that the avascular outer retina is the primary site of oxidative stress before microvascular histopathology in experimental DR. Importantly, correcting this early oxidative stress is sufficient to restore vision and mitigate the histopathology in diabetic models. However, translating these promising results into the clinic has been stymied by an absence of methods that can measure and optimize anti-oxidant treatment efficacy in vivo. Here, we review imaging approaches that address this problem. In particular, diabetes-induced oxidative stress impairs dark-light regulation of subretinal space hydration, which regulates the distribution of interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP). IRBP is a vision-critical, anti-oxidant, lipid transporter, and pro-survival factor. We show how optical coherence tomography can measure subretinal space oxidative stress thus setting the stage for personalizing anti-oxidant treatment and prevention of impactful declines and loss of vision in patients with diabetes.
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Tarchick MJ, Bassiri P, Rohwer RM, Samuels IS. Early Functional and Morphologic Abnormalities in the Diabetic Nyxnob Mouse Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3496-508. [PMID: 27367517 PMCID: PMC4961059 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The electroretinogram c-wave is generated by the summation of the positive polarity hyperpolarization of the apical RPE membrane and a negative polarity slow PIII response of Müller glia cells. Therefore, the c-wave reduction noted in prior studies of mouse models of diabetes could reflect a reduction in the RPE component or an increase in slow PIII. The present study used a genetic approach to distinguish between these two alternatives. Methods Nyxnob mice lack the ERG b-wave, revealing the early phase of slow PIII. To visualize changes in slow PIII due to diabetes, Nyxnob mice were given streptozotocin (STZ) injections to induce diabetes or received vehicle as a control. After 1, 2, and 4 weeks of sustained hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), standard strobe flash ERG and dc-ERG testing were conducted. Histological analysis of the retina was performed. Results A reduced c-wave was noted at the 1 week time point, and persisted at later time points. In comparison, slow PIII amplitudes were unaffected after 1 week of hyperglycemia, but were significantly reduced in STZ mice at the 2-week time point. The decrease in amplitude occurred before any identifiable decrease to the a-wave. At the later time point, the a-wave became involved, although the slow PIII reductions were more pronounced. Morphological abnormalities in the RPE, including increased thickness and altered melanosome distribution, were identified in diabetic animals. Conclusions Because the c-wave and slow PIII were both reduced, these results demonstrated that diabetes-induced reductions to the c-wave cannot be attributed to an early increase in the Müller glia-derived potassium conductance. Furthermore, because the a-wave, slow PIII and c-wave reductions were not equivalent, and varied in their onset, the reductions cannot reflect the same mechanism, such as a change in membrane resistance. The presence of small changes to RPE architecture indicate that the c-wave reductions present in diabetic mice likely represents a primary change in the RPE induced by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Tarchick
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Parastoo Bassiri
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Rebecca M Rohwer
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ivy S Samuels
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 2Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Sorrentino FS, Allkabes M, Salsini G, Bonifazzi C, Perri P. The importance of glial cells in the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment and their pivotal role in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2016; 162:54-9. [PMID: 27497914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a remarkable microvascular complication of diabetes and it has been considered the leading cause of legal blindness in working-age adults in the world. Several overlapping and interrelated molecular pathways are involved in the development of this disease. DR is staged into different levels of severity, from the nonproliferative to the advanced proliferative form. Over the years the progression of DR evolves through a series of changes involving distinct types of specialized cells: neural, vascular and glial. Prior to the clinically observable vascular complications, hyperglycemia and inflammation affect retinal glial cells which undergo a wide range of structural and functional alterations. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of macroglia and microglia in the course of DR, trying to briefly take into account the complex biochemical mechanisms that affect the intimate relationship among neuroretina, vessels and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Allkabes
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Salsini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Çerman E, Akkoç T, Eraslan M, Şahin Ö, Özkara S, Vardar Aker F, Subaşı C, Karaöz E, Akkoç T. Retinal Electrophysiological Effects of Intravitreal Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156495. [PMID: 27300133 PMCID: PMC4907488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of legal blindness in developed countries at middle age adults. In this study diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar albino rats. After 3 months of diabetes, rights eye were injected intravitreally with green fluorescein protein (GFP) labelled bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) and left eyes with balanced salt solution (Sham). Animals were grouped as Baseline (n = 51), Diabetic (n = 45), Diabetic+BMSC (n = 45 eyes), Diabetic+Sham (n = 45 eyes), Healthy+BMSC (n = 6 eyes), Healthy+Sham (n = 6 eyes). Immunohistology analysis showed an increased retinal gliosis in the Diabetic group, compared to Baseline group, which was assessed with GFAP and vimentin expression. In the immunofluorescence analysis BMSC were observed to integrate mostly into the inner retina and expressing GFP. Diabetic group had prominently lower oscillatory potential wave amplitudes than the Baseline group. Three weeks after intravitreal injection Diabetic+BMSC group had significantly better amplitudes than the Diabetic+Sham group. Taken together intravitreal BMSC were thought to improve visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Çerman
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Tolga Akkoç
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institution, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Eraslan
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Şahin
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selvinaz Özkara
- Haydarpaşa Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fugen Vardar Aker
- Haydarpaşa Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subaşı
- Kocaeli University Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Kocaeli University Center for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tunç Akkoç
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Retinal Electrophysiology Is a Viable Preclinical Biomarker for Drug Penetrance into the Central Nervous System. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:5801826. [PMID: 27239335 PMCID: PMC4863103 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5801826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To examine whether retinal electrophysiology is a useful surrogate marker of drug penetrance into the central nervous system (CNS). Materials and Methods. Brain and retinal electrophysiology were assessed with full-field visually evoked potentials and electroretinograms in conscious and anaesthetised rats following systemic or local administrations of centrally penetrant (muscimol) or nonpenetrant (isoguvacine) compounds. Results. Local injections into the eye/brain bypassed the blood neural barriers and produced changes in retinal/brain responses for both drugs. In conscious animals, systemic administration of muscimol resulted in retinal and brain biopotential changes, whereas systemic delivery of isoguvacine did not. General anaesthesia confounded these outcomes. Conclusions. Retinal electrophysiology, when recorded in conscious animals, shows promise as a viable biomarker of drug penetration into the CNS. In contrast, when conducted under anaesthetised conditions confounds can be induced in both cortical and retinal electrophysiological recordings.
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Vecino E, Rodriguez FD, Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Sharma SC. Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:1-40. [PMID: 26113209 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia-neuron interactions and the interactions of glia with blood vessels. Three main types of glial cells are found in the mammalian retina that serve to maintain retinal homeostasis: astrocytes, Müller cells and resident microglia. Müller cells, astrocytes and microglia not only provide structural support but they are also involved in metabolism, the phagocytosis of neuronal debris, the release of certain transmitters and trophic factors and K(+) uptake. Astrocytes are mostly located in the nerve fibre layer and they accompany the blood vessels in the inner nuclear layer. Indeed, like Müller cells, astrocytic processes cover the blood vessels forming the retinal blood barrier and they fulfil a significant role in ion homeostasis. Among other activities, microglia can be stimulated to fulfil a macrophage function, as well as to interact with other glial cells and neurons by secreting growth factors. This review summarizes the main functional relationships between retinal glial cells and neurons, presenting a general picture of the retina recently modified based on experimental observations. The preferential involvement of the distinct glia cells in terms of the activity in the retina is discussed, for example, while Müller cells may serve as progenitors of retinal neurons, astrocytes and microglia are responsible for synaptic pruning. Since different types of glia participate together in certain activities in the retina, it is imperative to explore the order of redundancy and to explore the heterogeneity among these cells. Recent studies revealed the association of glia cell heterogeneity with specific functions. Finally, the neuroprotective effects of glia on photoreceptors and ganglion cells under normal and adverse conditions will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vecino
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - F David Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, E-37007, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Sansar C Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science at Dept. Cell Biology and Histology, UPV/EHU, Spain
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Rajashekhar G, Ramadan A, Abburi C, Callaghan B, Traktuev DO, Evans-Molina C, Maturi R, Harris A, Kern TS, March KL. Regenerative therapeutic potential of adipose stromal cells in early stage diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84671. [PMID: 24416262 PMCID: PMC3886987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Early stage DR involves inflammation, vascular leakage, apoptosis of vascular cells and neurodegeneration. In this study, we hypothesized that cells derived from the stromal fraction of adipose tissue (ASC) could therapeutically rescue early stage DR features. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic athymic nude rats received single intravitreal injection of human ASC into one eye and saline into the other eye. Two months post onset of diabetes, administration of ASC significantly improved “b” wave amplitude (as measured by electroretinogram) within 1–3 weeks of injection compared to saline treated diabetic eyes. Subsequently, retinal histopathological evaluation revealed a significant decrease in vascular leakage and apoptotic cells around the retinal vessels in the diabetic eyes that received ASC compared to the eyes that received saline injection. In addition, molecular analyses have shown down-regulation in inflammatory gene expression in diabetic retina that received ASC compared to eyes that received saline. Interestingly, ASC were found to be localized near retinal vessels at higher densities than seen in age matched non-diabetic retina that received ASC. In vitro, ASC displayed sustained proliferation and decreased apoptosis under hyperglycemic stress. In addition, ASC in co-culture with retinal endothelial cells enhance endothelial survival and collaborate to form vascular networks. Taken together, our findings suggest that ASC are able to rescue the neural retina from hyperglycemia-induced degeneration, resulting in importantly improved visual function. Our pre-clinical studies support the translational development of adipose stem cell-based therapy for DR to address both retinal capillary and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- VA Center for Regenerative Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ahmed Ramadan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chandrika Abburi
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Breedge Callaghan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dmitry O. Traktuev
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- VA Center for Regenerative Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Raj Maturi
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alon Harris
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Keith L. March
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Vascular and Cardiac Center for Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- VA Center for Regenerative Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Ma JH, Wang JJ, Zhang SX. The unfolded protein response and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:160140. [PMID: 25530974 PMCID: PMC4229964 DOI: 10.1155/2014/160140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of blindness in adults. Diabetes chronically damages retinal blood vessels and neurons likely through multiple pathogenic pathways such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To relieve ER stress, the cell activates an adaptive mechanism known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR coordinates the processes of protein synthesis, protein folding, and degradation to ensure proteostasis, which is vital for cell survival and activity. Emerging evidence suggests that diabetes can activate all three UPR branches in retinal cells, among which the PERK/ATF4 pathway is the most extensively studied in the development of diabetic retinopathy. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a major transcription factor in the core UPR pathway and also regulates a variety of genes involved in cellular metabolism, redox state, autophagy, inflammation, cell survival, and vascular function. The exact function and implication of XBP1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy remain elusive. Focusing on this less studied pathway, we summarize recent progress in studies of the UPR pertaining to diabetic changes in retinal vasculature and neurons, highlighting the perspective of XBP1 as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey Hongjie Ma
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 308 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Josh J. Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 308 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 308 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- *Sarah X. Zhang:
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Electroretinography in streptozotocin diabetic rats following acute intraocular pressure elevation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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