1
|
Mayr HO, Rosenstiel N, Prakash KS, Comella LM, Woias P, Schmal H, Seidenstuecker M. Internal Rotation Measurement of the Knee with Polymer-Based Capacitive Strain Gauges versus Mechanical Rotation Measurement Taking Gender Differences into Account: A Comparative Analysis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:142. [PMID: 38276271 PMCID: PMC10821048 DOI: 10.3390/life14010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
With the conventional mechanical rotation measurement of joints, only static measurements are possible with the patient at rest. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out dynamic rotation measurements, for example, when walking or participating in sports. Therefore, a measurement method with an elastic polymer-based capacitive measuring system was developed and validated. In our system, the measurement setup was comprised of a capacitive strain gauge made from a polymer, which was connected to a flexible printed circuit board. The electronics integrated into the printed circuit board allowed data acquisition and transmission. As the sensor strip was elongated, it caused a change in the spacing between the strain gauge's electrodes, leading to a modification in capacitance. Consequently, this alteration in capacitance enabled the measurement of strain. The measurement system was affixed to the knee by adhering the sensor to the skin in alignment with the anterolateral ligament (ALL), allowing the lower part of the sensor (made of silicone) and the circuit board to be in direct contact with the knee's surface. It is important to note that the sensor should be attached without any prior stretching. To validate the system, an in vivo test was conducted on 10 healthy volunteers. The dorsiflexion of the ankle was set at 2 Nm using a torque meter to eliminate any rotational laxity in the ankle. A strain gauge sensor was affixed to the Gerdii's tubercle along the course of the anterolateral ligament, just beneath the lateral epicondyle of the thigh. In three successive measurements, the internal rotation of the foot and, consequently, the lower leg was quantified with a 2 Nm torque. The alteration in the stretch mark's length was then compared to the measured internal rotation angle using the static measuring device. A statistically significant difference between genders emerged in the internal rotation range of the knee (p = 0.003), with female participants displaying a greater range of rotation compared to their male counterparts. The polymer-based capacitive strain gauge exhibited consistent linearity across all measurements, remaining within the sensor's initial 20% strain range. The comparison between length change and the knee's internal rotation angle revealed a positive correlation (r = 1, p < 0.01). The current study shows that elastic polymer-based capacitive strain gauges are a reliable instrument for the internal rotation measurement of the knee. This will allow dynamic measurements in the future under many different settings. In addition, significant gender differences in the internal rotation angle were seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann O. Mayr
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesser Straße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (H.O.M.); (N.R.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Nikolaus Rosenstiel
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesser Straße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (H.O.M.); (N.R.)
- Kreiskrankenhaus Lörrach, Spitalstraße 25, 79539 Lörrach, Germany
| | - Karthika S. Prakash
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, IMTEK Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Geoges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (K.S.P.); (L.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Laura Maria Comella
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, IMTEK Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Geoges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (K.S.P.); (L.M.C.); (P.W.)
- Institute for Applied Research (IAF), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences (HKA), Moltkestraße 30, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Woias
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, IMTEK Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Geoges-Koehler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (K.S.P.); (L.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Michael Seidenstuecker
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesser Straße 4, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (H.O.M.); (N.R.)
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Viswanathan VK, Jain VK, Sangani C, Botchu R, Iyengar KP, Vaishya R. SMART (self- monitoring analysis and reporting technology) and sensor based technology applications in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. J Orthop 2023; 44:113-118. [PMID: 37767235 PMCID: PMC10520275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innovations in implant designs and computer technology have led to the development of smart implants and prostheses in the field of orthopedics and trauma. Sensor-guided devices enable close monitoring of physical, chemical and biological environment around the implants, which has been purported to meliorate the intra-operative precision and post-operative surveillance of patients. Objective We evaluate the current applications of sensor-based technology in the management of patients with a spectrum of musculoskeletal conditions. Material and methods A thorough search of literature was performed on May 1, 2023, using the 5 databases (Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) in order to identify suitable studies published between 2000 and 2023. All the studies which reported on SMART implants and Sensor based technology in the diverse sub-specialties of orthopedics like trauma, arthroplasty, spine surgery, infections, arthroscopy or sports medicine and paediatric orthopedics were considered. The keywords used for the search included 'Sensor technology', 'SMART implant' and "Orthopedics". Results Thirty articles were considered for this narrative review. A generation of SMART implants has been developed due to advancements in the microchip technology. Sensor based technology has been utilised in various subspecialties of arthroplasty (in assessing ligament balancing intra-operatively; or prosthetic loosening and gait analysis during follow-up), trauma surgery (as SMART instruments intra-operatively; or in the assessment of bone healing, distraction osteogenesis and functional recovery during follow-up), spine surgery (identification and protection of neural elements from iatrogenic injuries intra-operatively; and assessment of fusion across the instrumented levels during follow-up), paediatric orthopedics (compliance assessment for foot abduction orthosis in congenital talipes equinovarus), infection (monitoring of infection and biofilm formation), rehabilitation (gait analysis) and sports medicine (rotational stability and ligament compliance in patients with ligament injuries or reconstruction). Conclusion SMART implants and Sensor based technology have applications in the surgical planning, intra-operative performance, post-operative monitoring and patient surveillance diverse subspecialties of orthopedics and trauma. Future research in newer designs, cost-effective SMART implants and refinement of Sensor based technology will enhance Patient Related Outcome Measures (PROMs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Kumar Jain
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Chetan Sangani
- Southport & Ormskirk University Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, PR8 6PN, UK
| | | | - Karthikeyan. P. Iyengar
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Southport and Ormskirk NHS Trust, Southport, PR8 6PN, UK
| | - Raju Vaishya
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caracciolo G, Yáñez R, Silvestre R, De la Fuente C, Zamorano H, Ossio A, Strömbäck L, Abusleme S, P Carpes F. Intraoperative pivot-shift accelerometry combined with anesthesia improves the measure of rotatory knee instability in anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Exp Orthop 2021; 8:80. [PMID: 34561730 PMCID: PMC8463650 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-021-00396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The knee stiffness acquired following an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury might affect clinical knee tests, i.e., the pivot-shift maneuver. In contrast, the motor effects of spinal anesthesia could favor the identification of rotatory knee deficiencies prior to ACL reconstruction. Hence, we hypothesized that the intra-operative pivot-shift maneuver under spinal anesthesia generates more acceleration in the lateral tibial plateau of patients with an injured ACL than without. Methods Seventy patients with unilateral and acute ACL rupture (62 men and 8 women, IKDC of 55.1 ± 13.8 pts) were assessed using the pivot-shift maneuver before and after receiving spinal anesthesia. A triaxial accelerometer was attached to the skin between Gerdys’ tubercle and the anterior tuberosity to measure the subluxation and reduction phases. Mixed ANOVA and multiple comparisons were performed considering the anesthesia and leg as factors (alpha = 5%). Results We found a higher acceleration in the injured leg measured under anesthesia compared to without anesthesia (5.12 ± 1.56 m.s− 2 vs. 2.73 ± 1.19 m.s− 2, p < 0.001), and compared to the non-injured leg (5.12 ± 1.56 m.s− 2 vs. 3.45 ± 1.35 m.s− 2, p < 0.001). There was a presence of significant interaction between leg and anesthesia conditions (p < 0.001). Conclusions The pivot-shift maneuver performed under anesthesia identifies better rotatory instability than without anesthesia because testing the pivot-shift without anesthesia underestimates the rotatory subluxation of the knee by an increased knee stiffness. Thus, testing under anesthesia provides a unique opportunity to determine the rotational instability prior to ACL reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Caracciolo
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Roberto Yáñez
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Rony Silvestre
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Carlos De la Fuente
- Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil.,Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, RM, 7820436, Chile
| | - Héctor Zamorano
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Alejandra Ossio
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Lars Strömbäck
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Sebastian Abusleme
- Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile.,Centro de investigación en Medicina, Ejercicio, Deporte y Salud, Clínica MEDS, Santiago, RM, 7691236, Chile
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, 97500-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuroda Y, Young M, Shoman H, Punnoose A, Norrish AR, Khanduja V. Advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics-a narrative review. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2021; 45:1933-1940. [PMID: 33051693 PMCID: PMC8338874 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the demand for rehabilitation in orthopaedics increases, so too has the development in advanced rehabilitation technology. However, to date, there are no review papers outlining the broad scope of advanced rehabilitation technology used within the orthopaedic population. The aim of this study is to identify, describe and summarise the evidence for efficacy for all advanced rehabilitation technologies applicable to orthopaedic practice. METHODS The relevant literature describing the use of advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics was identified from appropriate electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) and a narrative review undertaken. RESULTS Advanced rehabilitation technologies were classified into two groups: hospital-based and home-based rehabilitation. In the hospital-based technology group, we describe the use of continuous passive motion and robotic devices (after spinal cord injury) and their effect on improving clinical outcomes. We also report on the use of electromagnetic sensor technology for measuring kinematics of upper and lower limbs during rehabilitation. In the home-based technology group, we describe the use of inertial sensors, smartphones, software applications and commercial game hardware that are relatively inexpensive, user-friendly and widely available. We outline the evidence for videoconferencing for promoting knowledge and motivation for rehabilitation as well as the emerging role of virtual reality. CONCLUSIONS The use of advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics is promising and evidence for its efficacy is generally supportive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kuroda
- Young Adult Hip Service, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Box 37, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Young
- Young Adult Hip Service, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Box 37, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Haitham Shoman
- Young Adult Hip Service, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Box 37, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anuj Punnoose
- Young Adult Hip Service, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Box 37, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alan R Norrish
- Department of Academic Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vikas Khanduja
- Young Adult Hip Service, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Box 37, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lucidi GA, Grassi A, Di Paolo S, Agostinone P, Neri MP, Macchiarola L, Dal Fabbro G, Zaffagnini S. The Lateral Femoral Notch Sign Is Correlated With Increased Rotatory Laxity After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Pivot Shift Quantification With A Surgical Navigation System. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:649-655. [PMID: 33449808 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520982002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lateral femoral notch sign (LNS) is a bony impression on the lateral femoral condyle correlated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Its presence is associated with lateral meniscal injury and higher cartilage degradation on the lateral femoral condyle. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose was to investigate the effect of the presence and magnitude of LNS on rotatory instability. The hypothesis was that a positive LNS is correlated with a high-grade pivot shift (PS). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 90 consecutive patients with complete ACL tears between 2013 and 2017 underwent intraoperative kinematic evaluation with the surgical navigation system and were included in the present study. The same surgeon performed a standardized PS under anesthesia. The PS was quantified through the acceleration of the lateral compartment during tibial reduction (PS ACC) and the internal-external rotation (PS IE). Presence and depth of LNS were evaluated on sagittal magnetic resonance images (1.5-T). RESULTS In 47 patients, the LNS was absent; in 33, the LNS depth was between 1 mm and 2 mm; and in 10 patients, it was deeper than 2 mm. Patients with a notch deeper than 2 mm showed increased PS ACC and PS IE compared with the group without the LNS. However, no significant differences were present between the group with a notch between 1 and 2 mm and the patients without LNS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that 2 mm was the most predictive cutoff value to identify the "high-grade rotatory instability" group, with an accuracy of 77.8% and 74.4% and a specificity of 95.5% and 93.9% referred to the PS ACC and PS IE, respectively. CONCLUSION The presence of a lateral LNS deeper than 2 mm could be used for the preoperative identification of patients with a high risk of increased rotatory instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Andrea Lucidi
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Paolo
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Agostinone
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Neri
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Macchiarola
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dal Fabbro
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tisherman RT, Patel NK, Murphy CI, Debski RE, Musahl V. Mobile application for quantification of the pivot shift examination: intraoperative usability and utility during real-world deployment. J ISAKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
7
|
Greater knee joint laxity remains in teenagers after anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to young adults. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2663-2667. [PMID: 32108261 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-05910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is paucity in studies regarding double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (DB-ACLR) in teenagers. The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical outcome after DB-ACLR and analyze whether any differences exist between teenagers and young adults. METHODS A retrospective study was performed between 2009 and 2017. Teenagers were defined as patients between 15 and 19 years and young adults between 20 and 25 years old. Isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries with DB-ACLR with minimum two-year follow up were included. Pre and post-operative Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, KT-2000 arthrometer, manual pivot-shift grade, were assessed with post-operative one-leg hop test, isokinetic knee extensor strength test at 60°/sec, International Knee Documentation Committee Score (IKDC score), and re-injury rate. RESULTS One-hundred and thirty-one patients, 75 patients in the teenage group (Group A) and 56 patients in the young adult group (Group B), were enrolled. Lysholm score was significantly lower in Group A (89.6 ± 21.1) compared to Group B (95.9 ± 4.6) (p = 0.04). Side to side difference in KT-2000 arthrometer (2.3 ± 2.2 mm vs 1.0 ± 2.3 mm, Group A vs Group B, respectively, p < 0.01) and ratio of post-operative positive pivot shift was significantly greater in Group A (30.7%) compared to Group B (7.1%) (p < 0.01). No significant difference was seen in re-injury rate (n.s.). CONCLUSION Teenage patients have a greater tendency for residual knee joint laxity after DB-ACLR. Although teenagers and patients in the early twenties are close in age, characteristic in knee joint laxity may be different and, therefore, may require attention upon surgery and post-operative follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
|
8
|
Naendrup JH, Patel NK, Zlotnicki JP, Murphy CI, Debski RE, Musahl V. Education and repetition improve success rate and quantitative measures of the pivot shift test. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:3418-3425. [PMID: 30715594 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinicians have different techniques and varying levels of experience with the pivot shift test, introducing variability into its performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of teaching and repetition on the success rate and anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment during the pivot shift test in a cadaveric ACL injury model. METHODS Twenty-five participants (five each of medical students, orthopaedic surgery residents, physical therapists, athletic trainers, sports medicine fellows) were recruited and a senior orthopaedic surgeon served as gold standard examiner. Each participant performed 20 pivot shift tests on lower extremity cadaveric specimens with ACL deficiency and lateral meniscectomy: 5 prior to education (baseline), 10 after watching an instructional video (passive teaching), and 5 after an interactive education session (active teaching). The anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment was recorded during each pivot shift test using electromagnetic tracking system. RESULTS For medical students and orthopaedic surgery residents, significant improvement in success rate was found when compared to baseline (12% and 24%, respectively) after both passive (36% and 60%, respectively) and active teaching (52% and 72%, respectively) (p < 0.5). Medical students and residents were the only participants that independently achieved significant increases in anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment, each tripling the respective baseline value (p < 0.5). In the entire study population, significant increases in anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment and success rate of the pivot shift test were seen with continuous repetition (p < 0.5). However, the standard deviation of anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment was more than twice the gold standard examiner's standard deviation, indicating a high degree of variability. CONCLUSION Teaching of the pivot shift test plays a major role in the development of a proper technique. However, variability persisted despite teaching and repetition. New methods may be needed to improve the teaching of the pivot shift test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Naendrup
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany. .,Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Neel K Patel
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jason P Zlotnicki
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Conor I Murphy
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Richard E Debski
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Volker Musahl
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naendrup JH, Zlotnicki JP, Murphy CI, Patel NK, Debski RE, Musahl V. Influence of knee position and examiner-induced motion on the kinematics of the pivot shift. J Exp Orthop 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 30888526 PMCID: PMC6424983 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-019-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grading of the pivot shift test varies significantly depending on the examiner’s technique. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of knee starting position and the magnitude of motion during the reduction event on the magnitude of the pivot shift test. Methods Twenty-five clinical providers each performed a total of twenty pivot shift tests on one of two fresh-frozen cadaveric full lower extremity specimens with different grades of rotatory knee laxity. By means of ACL transection and lateral meniscectomy, one specimen was prepared to have a high-grade pivot shift and one to have a low-grade pivot shift. Six-degree-of-freedom kinematics were recorded during each pivot shift test using an electromagnetic-tracking-system. Successful pivot shift tests were defined and selected using an automated, mathematical algorithm based on the exceeding of a threshold value of anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment. The kinematics were correlated with the magnitude of anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment based on varying degrees of rotatory knee laxity using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Only mild correlations between anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment and internal tibial rotation at the start of the reduction event were observed in both specimens. The ability to generate a successful reduction event was significantly dependent on the rotatory knee laxity, with a 54% success rate on the high-laxity specimen compared to a 30% success rate on the low-laxity specimen (p < 0.001). Nearly 80% of the variability of the anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment in both specimens was accounted for by external rotation during the reduction event (r = 0.847; p < 0.001). Varus rotation during the reduction event also showed a strong correlation with the anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment in the low-laxity specimen (r = 0.835; p < 0.001). Conclusion Magnitude of motion during the reduction event affected the magnitude of anterior translation of the lateral knee compartment more than the starting position. External rotation during the reduction event accounted for most of the variability in the pivot shift test. More uniform maneuvers and improved teaching are essential to generate repeatable quantitative results of the pivot shift test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Naendrup
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany.,Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Jason P Zlotnicki
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Conor I Murphy
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Neel K Patel
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Richard E Debski
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Volker Musahl
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Center for Bioengineering - CNBIO, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ariel de Lima D, Helito CP, Lima FRAD, Leite JAD. Indicações cirúrgicas para reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior combinada com tenodese extra‐articular lateral ou reconstrução do ligamento anterolateral. Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
11
|
Ariel de Lima D, Helito CP, Lima FRAD, Leite JAD. Surgical indications for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combined with extra-articular lateral tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction. Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:661-667. [PMID: 30377597 PMCID: PMC6204529 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently described in the medical literature, the anterolateral ligament of the knee is already considered an important stabilizer against the anterolateral tibial rotation, affecting the pivot shift in the failure of the anterior cruciate ligament and behaving as an important secondary rotational stabilizer. The mechanism of anterolateral ligament injury combined with anterior cruciate ligament injury is similar to the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injury alone. Thus, the main objective of the joint reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament would be increased rotational control and prevention of anterior cruciate ligament re-rupture. In view of this importance, the aim of the present study is to summarize the evidence on the main surgical indications described for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction. A review of the literature was conducted in April 2017, through a search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, with no date limits. After reviewing the main articles in the subject, it was concluded that the main surgical indications described for anterior cruciate reconstruction combined with extra-articular lateral tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction are: anterior cruciate ligament revision, physical examination with pivotal shift grade 2 or 3, practice of sport with pivot mechanism and/or high level mechanism, ligament laxity and Segond fracture; Secondly, the following may also be indications: chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury, age less than 25 years old, and radiological sign of lateral femoral condyle depression. However, it is worth mentioning that more studies are still needed to prove these trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ariel de Lima
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Camilo Partezani Helito
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Alberto Dias Leite
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patel NK, Murphy CI, Nagai K, Canton S, Herbst E, Naendrup JH, Debski RE, Musahl V. Passive teaching is not as effective as active teaching for learning the standard technique of pivot shift test. J ISAKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2017-000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|