1
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Sellin M, Berg S, Hagen P, Zhang J. The molecular mechanism and challenge of targeting XPO1 in treatment of relapsed and refractory myeloma. Transl Oncol 2022; 22:101448. [PMID: 35660848 PMCID: PMC9166471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made on the treatment of MM during past two decades. Acquired drug-resistance continues to drive early relapse in primary refractory MM. XPO1 over-expression and cargo mislocalization are associated with drug-resistance. XPO1 inhibitor selinexor restores drug sensitivity to subsets of RR-MM cells.
Multiple myeloma (MM) treatment regimens have vastly improved since the introduction of immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies; however, MM is considered an incurable disease due to inevitable relapse and acquired drug resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which drug resistance is acquired will help create novel strategies to prevent relapse and help develop novel therapeutics to treat relapsed/refractory (RR)-MM patients. Currently, only homozygous deletion/mutation of TP53 gene due to “double-hits” on Chromosome 17p region is consistently associated with a poor prognosis. The exciting discovery of XPO1 overexpression and mislocalization of its cargos in the RR-MM cells has led to a novel treatment options. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor can restore sensitivity of RR-MM to PIs and dexamethasone. We will elaborate on the problems of MM treatment strategies and discuss the mechanism and challenges of using XPO1 inhibitors in RR-MM therapies while deliberating potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sellin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Stephanie Berg
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Cancer Biology and Internal Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Patrick Hagen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, USA
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2
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PP2A-B55: substrates and regulators in the control of cellular functions. Oncogene 2022; 41:1-14. [PMID: 34686773 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PP2A is a major serine/threonine phosphatase class involved in the regulation of cell signaling through the removal of protein phosphorylation. This class of phosphatases is comprised of different heterotrimeric complexes displaying distinct substrate specificities. The present review will focus on one specific heterocomplex, the phosphatase PP2A-B55. Herein, we will report the direct substrates of this phosphatase identified to date, and its impact on different cell signaling cascades. We will additionally describe its negative regulation by its inhibitors Arpp19 and ENSA and their upstream kinase Greatwall. Finally, we will describe the essential molecular features defining PP2A-B55 substrate specificity that confer the correct temporal pattern of substrate dephosphorylation. The main objective of this review is to provide the reader with a unique source compiling all the knowledge of this particular holoenzyme that has evolved as a key enzyme for cell homeostasis and cancer development.
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3
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Couto Oliveira A, Ribeiro IP, Pires LM, Gonçalves AC, Paiva A, Geraldes C, Roque A, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Barbosa de Melo J, Carreira IM. Genomic characterisation of multiple myeloma: study of a Portuguese cohort. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:422-425. [PMID: 33653728 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) genomic complexity reflects in the variable patients' clinical presentation. Genome-wide studies seem to be a reasonable alternative to identify critical genomic lesions. In the current study, we have performed the genomic characterisation of a Portuguese cohort of patients with MM by array comparative genomic hybridisation. Overall, the most frequently detected alterations were 13q deletions, gains of 1q, 19p, 15q, 5p and 7p and trisomy 9. Even though some identified genomic alterations were previously associated with a prognostic value, other abnormalities remain with unknown, but putative significance for patients' clinical practice. These genomic alterations should be further assessed as possible biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Couto Oliveira
- University of Coimbra, Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Pires
- University of Coimbra, Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Laboratory of Oncobiology and Haematology and University Clinic of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Cytometry Operational Management Unit, Clinical Pathology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Geraldes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Laboratory of Oncobiology and Haematology and University Clinic of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Haematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Roque
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Haematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Laboratory of Oncobiology and Haematology and University Clinic of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Haematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Barbosa de Melo
- University of Coimbra, Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques Carreira
- University of Coimbra, Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal .,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Goguet-Rubio P, Amin P, Awal S, Vigneron S, Charrasse S, Mechali F, Labbé JC, Lorca T, Castro A. PP2A-B55 Holoenzyme Regulation and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111586. [PMID: 33266510 PMCID: PMC7700614 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification essential for the control of the activity of most enzymes in the cell. This protein modification results from a fine-tuned balance between kinases and phosphatases. PP2A is one of the major serine/threonine phosphatases that is involved in the control of a myriad of different signaling cascades. This enzyme, often misregulated in cancer, is considered a tumor suppressor. In this review, we will focus on PP2A-B55, a particular holoenzyme of the family of the PP2A phosphatases whose specific role in cancer development and progression has only recently been highlighted. The discovery of the Greatwall (Gwl)/Arpp19-ENSA cascade, a new pathway specifically controlling PP2A-B55 activity, has been shown to be frequently altered in cancer. Herein, we will review the current knowledge about the mechanisms controlling the formation and the regulation of the activity of this phosphatase and its misregulation in cancer.
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5
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Li Y, Tao T, Du L, Zhu X. Three-dimensional genome: developmental technologies and applications in precision medicine. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:497-511. [PMID: 32152365 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the 20th century, our familiar structure of DNA was the double helix. Due to technical limitations, we do not have a good way to understand the finer structure of the genome, let alone its transcriptional regulation. Until the advent of 3C technologies, we were no longer blind to this one. Three-dimensional (3D) genomics is a new subject, which mainly studies the 3D structure and transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic genomes. Now, this field mainly has Hi-C series and CHIA-PET series technologies. Through 3D genomics, we can understand the basic structure of DNA, understand the growth and development of organisms and the occurrence of diseases, so as to promote human medical and health undertakings. The review introduces the main research techniques of 3D genomics and their characteristics, the latest development of 3D genome structure, the relationship between diseases and 3D genome structure, the applications of 3D genome in precision medicine, and the development of the 4D nucleome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Li
- Marine Medical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang (GDZJMMRI), Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Likun Du
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Marine Medical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang (GDZJMMRI), Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhanjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
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6
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Hu Y, Chen W, Wang J. Progress in the identification of gene mutations involved in multiple myeloma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4075-4080. [PMID: 31213829 PMCID: PMC6538831 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s205922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing studies have been used to determine a spectrum of multiple myeloma (MM) mutations. Mutation of certain genes, including KRAS, NRAS, TP53, FAM46C, DIS3 and BRAF, have a high recurrence rate and may play important roles in the pathogenesis, progression and prognosis of MM. Mutations in DIS3, which encodes a highly conserved RNA exonuclease, lead to loss of function. The expression of FAM46C is highly correlated with the expression of ribosomal protein, but the exact function of FAM46C mutation is unclear. There are mutants of IRF4, which is considered an MM survival factor. Mutations in the gene coding for the DNA damage-binding protein (DDB1) may affect interactions with CUL4A, which is part of the cereblon (CRBN) ubiquitin ligase complex. IRF4is part of the complex, which binds to DNA. These findings might explain the resistance to immunomodulatory. TP53 deletion or mutation is often present in B-cell malignancies and is associated with low response rates. Myeloma pathogenic mutations in ATM have been found in adult lymphatic tumors. XBP1 and PSMB5 mutations may be related to bortezomib resistance. Multiple gene mutations (KRAS, NRAS and BRAF) involved in the same pathway were found a single patient. Identification of driver gene mutations has brought great hope to the field of individualized, targeted medicine for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Hematology, Aerospace Central Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Hematology, Aerospace Central Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Saxe D, Seo EJ, Bergeron MB, Han JY. Recent advances in cytogenetic characterization of multiple myeloma. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 41:5-14. [PMID: 29971938 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of cytogenetic abnormalities in multiple myeloma (MM) has received more importance over last years for risk stratification and the new risk-adapted treatment strategies. Conventional G-banding analysis should be included in a routine procedure for the initial diagnostic workup for patients suspected of MM. However, the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in MM by conventional cytogenetics is limited owing to the low proliferative activity of malignant plasma cells as well as the low number of plasma cells in bone marrow specimens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or microarray-based technologies can overcome some of those drawbacks and detect specific target arrangements as well as chromosomal copy number changes. In this review, we will discuss different cytogenetic approaches and compare their strength and weakness to provide genetic information for risk stratification and prediction of outcome in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Saxe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Melanie Beaulieu Bergeron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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8
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Ryland GL, Jones K, Chin M, Markham J, Aydogan E, Kankanige Y, Caruso M, Guinto J, Dickinson M, Prince HM, Yong K, Blombery P. Novel genomic findings in multiple myeloma identified through routine diagnostic sequencing. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:895-899. [PMID: 29760015 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Multiple myeloma is a genomically complex haematological malignancy with many genomic alterations recognised as important in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision making. Here, we provide a summary of genomic findings identified through routine diagnostic next-generation sequencing at our centre. METHODS A cohort of 86 patients with multiple myeloma underwent diagnostic sequencing using a custom hybridisation-based panel targeting 104 genes. Sequence variants, genome-wide copy number changes and structural rearrangements were detected using an inhouse-developed bioinformatics pipeline. RESULTS At least one mutation was found in 69 (80%) patients. Frequently mutated genes included TP53 (36%), KRAS (22.1%), NRAS (15.1%), FAM46C/DIS3 (8.1%) and TET2/FGFR3 (5.8%), including multiple mutations not previously described in myeloma. Importantly we observed TP53 mutations in the absence of a 17 p deletion in 8% of the cohort, highlighting the need for sequencing-based assessment in addition to cytogenetics to identify these high-risk patients. Multiple novel copy number changes and immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that many clinically relevant genomic findings remain in multiple myeloma which have not yet been identified through large-scale sequencing efforts, and provide important mechanistic insights into plasma cell pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L Ryland
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Jones
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melody Chin
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - John Markham
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elle Aydogan
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yamuna Kankanige
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marisa Caruso
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerick Guinto
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Dickinson
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H Miles Prince
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kwee Yong
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Piers Blombery
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Granzow M, Hegenbart U, Hinderhofer K, Hose D, Seckinger A, Bochtler T, Hemminki K, Goldschmidt H, Schönland SO, Jauch A. Novel recurrent chromosomal aberrations detected in clonal plasma cells of light chain amyloidosis patients show potential adverse prognostic effect: first results from a genome-wide copy number array analysis. Haematologica 2017; 102:1281-1290. [PMID: 28341732 PMCID: PMC5566044 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.160721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the deposition of abnormal amyloid fibrils in multiple organs, thus impairing their function. In the largest cohort studied up to now of 118 CD138-purified plasma cell samples from previously untreated immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis patients, we assessed in parallel copy number alterations using high-density copy number arrays and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). We used fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for the IgH translocations t(11;14), t(4;14), and t(14;16) or any other IgH rearrangement as well as numerical aberrations of the chromosome loci 1q21, 8p21, 5p15/5q35, 11q22.3 or 11q23, 13q14, 15q22, 17p13, and 19q13. Recurrent gains included chromosomes 1q (36%), 9 (24%), 11q (24%), as well as 19 (15%). Recurrent losses affected chromosome 13 (29% monosomy) and partial losses of 14q (19%), 16q (14%) and 13q (12%), respectively. In 88% of patients with translocation t(11;14), the hallmark chromosomal aberration in AL amyloidosis, a concomitant gain of 11q22.3/11q23 detected by iFISH was part of the unbalanced translocation der(14)t(11;14)(q13;q32) with the breakpoint in the CCND1/MYEOV gene region. Partial loss of chromosome regions 14q and 16q were significantly associated to gain 1q. Gain 1q21 detected by iFISH almost always resulted from a gain of the long arm of chromosome 1 and not from trisomy 1, whereas deletions on chromosome 1p were rarely found. Overall and event-free survival analysis found a potential adverse prognostic effect of concomitant gain 1q and deletion 14q as well as of deletion 1p. In conclusion, in the first whole genome report of clonal plasma cells in AL amyloidosis, novel aberrations and hitherto unknown potential adverse prognostic effects were uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hinderhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hose
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilmann Bochtler
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan O Schönland
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology/Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Challenges and Promises of Genetic Stratification of Risk in Multiple Myeloma. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2017; 33:1-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s12288-017-0778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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11
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Schoumans J, Suela J, Hastings R, Muehlematter D, Rack K, van den Berg E, Berna Beverloo H, Stevens-Kroef M. Guidelines for genomic array analysis in acquired haematological neoplastic disorders. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:480-91. [PMID: 26774012 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic profiling is important for disease evaluation and prediction of prognosis or responsiveness to therapy in neoplasia. Microarray technologies, including array comparative genomic hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphism-detecting arrays, have in recent years been introduced into the diagnostic setting for specific types of haematological malignancies and solid tumours. It can be used as a complementary test or depending on the neoplasia investigated, also as a standalone test. However, comprehensive and readable presentation of frequently identified complex genomic profiles remains challenging. To assist diagnostic laboratories, standardization and minimum criteria for clinical interpretation and reporting of acquired genomic abnormalities detected through arrays in neoplastic disorders are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schoumans
- Unité De Génétique Du Cancer, Service De Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Javier Suela
- Cytogenomics Laboratory, NIMGenetics, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ros Hastings
- Cytogenetic External Quality Assessment, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominique Muehlematter
- Unité De Génétique Du Cancer, Service De Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Katrina Rack
- Institut De Pathologie Et De Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
- West Midland Regional Genetic Laboratory, Birmingham Womens Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva van den Berg
- Dept Genet, University Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Berna Beverloo
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Stevens-Kroef
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Song J, Shao H. SNP Array in Hematopoietic Neoplasms: A Review. MICROARRAYS 2015; 5:microarrays5010001. [PMID: 27600067 PMCID: PMC5003446 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis is essential for the diagnosis and prognosis of hematopoietic neoplasms in current clinical practice. Many hematopoietic malignancies are characterized by structural chromosomal abnormalities such as specific translocations, inversions, deletions and/or numerical abnormalities that can be identified by karyotype analysis or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays offer high-resolution identification of copy number variants (CNVs) and acquired copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH)/uniparental disomy (UPD) that are usually not identifiable by conventional cytogenetic analysis and FISH studies. As a result, SNP arrays have been increasingly applied to hematopoietic neoplasms to search for clinically-significant genetic abnormalities. A large numbers of CNVs and UPDs have been identified in a variety of hematopoietic neoplasms. CNVs detected by SNP array in some hematopoietic neoplasms are of prognostic significance. A few specific genes in the affected regions have been implicated in the pathogenesis and may be the targets for specific therapeutic agents in the future. In this review, we summarize the current findings of application of SNP arrays in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies with an emphasis on the clinically significant genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Song
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Haipeng Shao
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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13
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Haesen D, Sents W, Lemaire K, Hoorne Y, Janssens V. The Basic Biology of PP2A in Hematologic Cells and Malignancies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:347. [PMID: 25566494 PMCID: PMC4263090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a crucial role in regulating cell signaling. In normal cells, phosphoregulation is tightly controlled by a network of protein kinases counterbalanced by several protein phosphatases. Deregulation of this delicate balance is widely recognized as a central mechanism by which cells escape external and internal self-limiting signals, eventually resulting in malignant transformation. A large fraction of hematologic malignancies is characterized by constitutive or unrestrained activation of oncogenic kinases. This is in part achieved by activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or constitutive activation of upstream kinase regulators, in part by inactivation of their anti-oncogenic phosphatase counterparts. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) represents a large family of cellular serine/threonine phosphatases with suspected tumor suppressive functions. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge about the complex structure and biology of these phosphatases in hematologic cells, thereby providing the rationale behind their diverse signaling functions. Eventually, this basic knowledge is a key to truly understand the tumor suppressive role of PP2A in leukemogenesis and to allow further rational development of therapeutic strategies targeting PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Haesen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ward Sents
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Katleen Lemaire
- Gene Expression Unit, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Yana Hoorne
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Boneva T, Brazma D, Gancheva K, Howard-Reeves J, Raynov J, Grace C, Nacheva EP. Can genome array screening replace FISH as a front-line test in multiple myeloma? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:676-92. [PMID: 24757046 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disorder characterized by neoplastic transformation of mature B cells in the bone marrow (BM), accompanied by complex genetic changes. The disease is heterogeneous at both the clinical and genomic levels. Molecular genetics and genomic investigations have demonstrated that disease evolution is associated with an accumulation of specific aberrations, mostly genome imbalances, which not only shed light on the disease pathogenesis but also allow risk assessment and treatment monitoring. We used a catalogue version of the Agilent 8x60K oligo-array with immuno-magnetically isolated CD138(+) cells from BM samples of 50 patients with myeloma to evaluate the merit of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) as a diagnostic tool. We demonstrate the ability of aCGH to detect clonal imbalances to a level well below established clinically significant thresholds. aCGH, combined with target enrichment and complemented with tests for IGH rearrangements offers a cost neutral alternative to multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization screening. While we recognize the limitations of the standard version of the 8x60k array we demonstrate the value of aCGH as a first tier test in the diagnostic workup of MM. The array technology enables high-risk disease stratification with the added benefit of providing whole genome data to assist in establishing clinically relevant predicative markers.
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15
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Jumping translocations of 1q12 in multiple myeloma: a novel mechanism for deletion of 17p in cytogenetically defined high-risk disease. Blood 2014; 123:2504-12. [PMID: 24497533 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-546077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy driven in part by increasing copy number alterations (CNAs) during disease progression. Prognostically significant CNAs accumulate during clonal evolution and include gains of 1q21 and deletions of 17p, among others. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of CNAs and resulting subclonal heterogeneity in high-risk MM are poorly understood. To investigate the impact of jumping translocations of 1q12 (JT1q12) on receptor chromosomes (RCs) and subsequent clonal evolution, we analyzed specimens from 86 patients selected for unbalanced 1q12 aberrations by G-banding. Utilizing spectral karyotyping and locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization, we identified 10 patients with unexpected focal amplifications of an RC that subsequently translocated as part of a sequential JT1q12 to one or more additional RCs. Four patients exhibited amplification and translocation of 8q24 (MYC), 3 showed amplification of 16q11, and 1 each displayed amplification of 18q21.3 (BCL2), 18q23, or 4p16 (FGFR3). Unexpectedly, in 6 of 14 patients with the combination of the t(4;14) and deletion of 17p, we identified the loss of 17p as resulting from a JT1q12. Here, we provide evidence that the JT1q12 is a mechanism for the simultaneous gain of 1q21 and deletion of 17p in cytogenetically defined high-risk disease.
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Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Carter SL, Cruz-Gordillo P, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Sougnez C, Knoechel B, Gould J, Saksena G, Cibulskis K, McKenna A, Chapman MA, Straussman R, Levy J, Perkins LM, Keats JJ, Schumacher SE, Rosenberg M, Getz G, Golub TR. Widespread genetic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma: implications for targeted therapy. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:91-101. [PMID: 24434212 PMCID: PMC4241387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 748] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We performed massively parallel sequencing of paired tumor/normal samples from 203 multiple myeloma (MM) patients and identified significantly mutated genes and copy number alterations and discovered putative tumor suppressor genes by determining homozygous deletions and loss of heterozygosity. We observed frequent mutations in KRAS (particularly in previously treated patients), NRAS, BRAF, FAM46C, TP53, and DIS3 (particularly in nonhyperdiploid MM). Mutations were often present in subclonal populations, and multiple mutations within the same pathway (e.g., KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF) were observed in the same patient. In vitro modeling predicts only partial treatment efficacy of targeting subclonal mutations, and even growth promotion of nonmutated subclones in some cases. These results emphasize the importance of heterogeneity analysis for treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens G Lohr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Petar Stojanov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Peter Cruz-Gordillo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Daniel Auclair
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Carrie Sougnez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Birgit Knoechel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 350 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Gould
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Gordon Saksena
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Kristian Cibulskis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Michael A Chapman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ravid Straussman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | - Joan Levy
- The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, 383 Main Avenue, Fifth Floor, Norwalk, CT 06581, USA
| | - Louise M Perkins
- The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, 383 Main Avenue, Fifth Floor, Norwalk, CT 06581, USA
| | - Jonathan J Keats
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mara Rosenberg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA
| | | | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02412, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Role of non-HLA gene polymorphisms in graft-versus-host disease. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:309-18. [PMID: 23949916 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A large number of reports have associated various non-HLA gene polymorphisms with the risk and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To date, candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies have been performed to investigate such non-HLA gene polymorphisms in relation to GVHD. Candidate gene studies are hypothesis-driven and cost-effective, whereas genome-wide association studies have the potential to discover new gene polymorphisms, including possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Some gene polymorphisms have the potential to affect protein function or gene expression, or to encode minor histocompatibility antigens. Non-HLA genotyping for genes influencing GVHD prior to transplantation should provide useful information that will facilitate choosing the donor, type of graft, conditioning treatment, and GVHD prophylaxis. However, attention should be paid to the need for validation studies and ethical issues.
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