1
|
Qu A, Bai Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Zeng J, Liu Y, Chen X, Ke Q, Jiang P, Zhang X, Li X, Xu P, Zhou T. Integrated mRNA and miRNA expression analyses for Cryptocaryon irritans resistance in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108650. [PMID: 36858330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most important mariculture fish in China. However, cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocryon irritans infection has brought huge economic losses and threatened the healthy and sustainable development of L. crocea industry. Recently, a new C. irritans resistance strain of L. crocea (RS) has been bred using genomic selection technology in our laboratory work. However, the molecular mechanisms for C. irritans resistance of RS have not been fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that are post-transcriptional regulators, and they play vital roles in immune process of bony fish. Identification of anti-C.irritans relevant miRNA signatures could, therefore, be of tremendous translational value. In the present study, integrated mRNA and miRNA expression analysis was used to explore C. irritans resistance mechanisms of the L. crocea. RS as well as a control strain (CS) of L. crocea, were artificially infected with C. irritans for 100 h, and their gill was collected at 0 h (pre-infection), 24 h (initial infection), and 72 h (peak infection) time points. The total RNA from gill tissues was extracted and used for transcriptome sequencing and small RNA sequencing. After sequencing, 23,172 known mRNAs and 289 known miRNAs were identified. The differential expression was analyzed in these mRNAs and mRNAs and the interactions of miRNA-mRNA pairs were constructed. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that these putative target mRNAs of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were enriched in different immune-related pathways after C. irritans infection in RS and CS. Among them, necroptosis was the immune-related pathway that was only significantly enriched at two infection stages of RS group (RS-24 h/RS-0h and RS-72 h/RS-0h). Further investigation indicates that necroptosis may be activated by DEMs such as miR-133a-3p, miR-142a-3p and miR-135c, this promotes inflammation responses and pathogen elimination. These DEMs were selected as miRNAs that could potentially regulate the C. irritans resistance of L. crocea. Though these inferences need to be further verified, these findings will be helpful for the research of the molecular mechanism of C. irritans resistance of L. crocea and miRNA-assisted molecular breeding of aquatic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yulin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Junjia Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Pengxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olsson O, Tesfaye F, Søkilde R, Mazurek J, Abebe M, Yeba H, Aseffa A, Skogmar S, Balcha TT, Rovira C, Björkman P, Jansson M. Expression of MicroRNAs Is Dysregulated by HIV While Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drives Alterations of Small Nucleolar RNAs in HIV Positive Adults With Active Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:808250. [PMID: 35295678 PMCID: PMC8920554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.808250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection affects the course of tuberculosis (TB), and HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synergize in disease progression through complex immunological interplay. To gain further understanding of these mechanisms, we compared the microRNA (miRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) expression patterns in whole blood of individuals with active TB, with and without HIV coinfection (HIV+/TB+ and HIV-/TB+), and HIV and TB-negative individuals (HIV-/TB-). We found that 218 miRNAs were differentially expressed between HIV+/TB+ and HIV-/TB+, while no statistically significant difference in snoRNA expression was observed between these groups. In contrast, both miRNA (n = 179) and snoRNA (n = 103) expression patterns were significantly altered in HIV+/TB+ individuals compared to those of the HIV-/TB- controls. Of note, 26 of these snoRNAs were also significantly altered between the HIV-/TB+ and HIV-/TB- groups. Normalization toward the miRNA and snoRNA expression patterns of the HIV-/TB- control group was noted during anti-TB and antiretroviral treatment in HIV+/TB+ participants. In summary, these results show that HIV coinfection influences miRNA expression in active TB. In contrast, snoRNA expression patterns differ between individuals with and without active TB, independently of HIV coinfection status. Moreover, in coinfected individuals, therapy-induced control of HIV replication and clearance of Mtb appears to normalize the expression of some small non-coding RNA (sncRNA). These findings suggest that dysregulation of miRNA is a mechanism by which HIV may modify immunity against TB, while active TB alters snoRNA expression. Improved understanding of how regulation of sncRNA expression influences the disease course in coinfected individuals may have implications for diagnostics, risk stratification, and host-directed therapy. Here, we propose a novel mechanism by which HIV alters the immune response to TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Olsson
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fregenet Tesfaye
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rolf Søkilde
- Breastca-Genetics, Cancer and Non-coding RNA, Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jolanta Mazurek
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Yeba
- Adama Public Health Research and Referral Center, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sten Skogmar
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Taye Tolera Balcha
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carlos Rovira
- Breastca-Genetics, Cancer and Non-coding RNA, Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang MS, Hsu YL, Yeh IJ, Liu KT, Yen MC. The Expression Profile of mRNA and tRNA Genes in Splenocytes and Neutrophils after In Vivo Delivery of Antitumor Short Hairpin RNA of Indoleamine 2,3- Dioxygenase. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186703. [PMID: 32933162 PMCID: PMC7555719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics are considered as novel treatments for human diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that treatment with short-hairpin RNA against Ido1 (IDO shRNA) suppresses tumor growth, detects Th1-bias immune responses, and elevates expression of tryptophan transfer RNA (tRNATrp) in total splenocytes. In addition, depletion of Ly6g+ neutrophils attenuates the effect of IDO shRNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory network and the expression profile of tRNAs and other non-coding RNAs in IDO shRNA-treated spleens. The total splenocytes and magnetic bead-enriched splenic neutrophils were collected from the lung tumor bearing mice, which were treated with IDO shRNA or scramble IDO shRNA, and the collected cells were subsequently subjected to RNA sequencing. The gene ontology analysis revealed the different enrichment pathways in total splenocytes and splenic neutrophils. Furthermore, the expression of tRNA genes was identified and validated. Six isoacceptors of tRNA, with different expression patterns between total splenocytes and splenic neutrophils, were observed. In summary, our findings not only revealed novel biological processes in IDO shRNA-treated total splenocytes and splenic neutrophils, but the identified tRNAs and other non-coding RNAs may contribute to developing a novel biomarker gene set for evaluating the clinical efficiency of RNA-based cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/administration & dosage
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Jeng Yeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (I.-J.Y.); (K.-T.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (I.-J.Y.); (K.-T.L.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (I.-J.Y.); (K.-T.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2015)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Overexpression of miR-669m inhibits erythroblast differentiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13554. [PMID: 32782283 PMCID: PMC7419302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), one of small non-coding RNAs, regulate many cell functions through their post-transcriptionally downregulation of target genes. Accumulated studies have revealed that miRNAs are involved in hematopoiesis. In the present study, we investigated effects of miR-669m overexpression on hematopoiesis in mouse in vivo, and found that erythroid differentiation was inhibited by the overexpression. Our bioinformatic analyses showed that candidate targets of miR-669m which are involved in the erythropoiesis inhibition are A-kinase anchoring protein 7 (Akap7) and X-linked Kx blood group (Xk) genes. These two genes were predicted as targets of miR-669m by two different in silico methods and were upregulated in late erythroblasts in a public RNA-seq data, which was confirmed with qPCR. Further, miR-669m suppressed luciferase reporters for 3′ untranslated regions of Akap7 and Xk genes, which supports these genes are direct targets of miR-669m. Physiologically, miR-669m was not expressed in the erythroblast. In conclusion, using miR-669m, we found Akap7 and Xk, which may be involved in erythroid differentiation, implying that manipulating these genes could be a therapeutic way for diseases associated with erythropoiesis dysfunction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kotaki R, Higuchi H, Ogiya D, Katahira Y, Kurosaki N, Yukihira N, Ogata J, Yamamoto H, Mohamad Alba S, Azhim A, Kitajima T, Inoue S, Morishita K, Ono K, Koyama-Nasu R, Kotani A. Imbalanced expression of polycistronic miRNA in acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2017; 106:811-819. [PMID: 28831750 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
miR-1 and miR-133 are clustered on the same chromosomal loci and are transcribed together as a single transcript that is positively regulated by ecotropic virus integration site-1 (EVI1). Previously, we described how miR-133 has anti-tumorigenic potential through repression of EVI1 expression. It has also been reported that miR-1 is oncogenic in the case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we show that expression of miR-1 and miR-133, which have distinct functions, is differentially regulated between AML cell lines. Interestingly, the expression of miR-1 and EVI1, which binds to the promoter of the miR-1/miR-133 cluster, is correlative. The expression levels of TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein that has been reported to increase the expression, but inhibits the activity, of miR-1, were not correlated with expression levels of miR-1 in AML cells. Taken together, our observations raise the possibility that the balance of polycistronic miRNAs is regulated post-transcriptionally in a hierarchical manner possibly involving EVI1, suggesting that the deregulation of this balance may play some role in AML cells with high EVI1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Kotaki
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higuchi
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogiya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katahira
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kurosaki
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Naoko Yukihira
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Jun Ogata
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Haruna Yamamoto
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Syakira Mohamad Alba
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, University of Technology Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azran Azhim
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Tatsuo Kitajima
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, University of Technology Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shigeaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama-Nasu
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Ai Kotani
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
miR-133 regulates Evi1 expression in AML cells as a potential therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19204. [PMID: 26754824 PMCID: PMC4709720 DOI: 10.1038/srep19204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) is a zinc finger transcription factor, which is located on chromosome 3q26, over-expression in some acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Elevated Evi1 expression in AML is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, Evi1 is one of the strong candidate in molecular target therapy for the leukemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, vital to many cell functions that negatively regulate gene expression by translation or inducing sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs. As a novel biologics, miRNAs is a promising therapeutic target due to its low toxicity and low cost. We screened miRNAs which down-regulate Evi1. miR-133 was identified to directly bind to Evi1 to regulate it. miR-133 increases drug sensitivity specifically in Evi1 expressing leukemic cells, but not in Evi1-non-expressing cells The results suggest that miR-133 can be promising therapeutic target for the Evi1 dysregulated poor prognostic leukemia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zöller M. CD44, Hyaluronan, the Hematopoietic Stem Cell, and Leukemia-Initiating Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:235. [PMID: 26074915 PMCID: PMC4443741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is an adhesion molecule that varies in size due to glycosylation and insertion of so-called variant exon products. The CD44 standard isoform (CD44s) is highly expressed in many cells and most abundantly in cells of the hematopoietic system, whereas expression of CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v) is more restricted. CD44s and CD44v are known as stem cell markers, first described for hematopoietic stem cells and later on confirmed for cancer- and leukemia-initiating cells. Importantly, both abundantly expressed CD44s as well as CD44v actively contribute to the maintenance of stem cell features, like generating and embedding in a niche, homing into the niche, maintenance of quiescence, and relative apoptosis resistance. This is surprising, as CD44 is not a master stem cell gene. I here will discuss that the functional contribution of CD44 relies on its particular communication skills with neighboring molecules, adjacent cells and, last not least, the surrounding matrix. In fact, it is the interaction of the hyaluronan receptor CD44 with its prime ligand, which strongly assists stem cells to fulfill their special and demanding tasks. Recent fundamental progress in support of this “old” hypothesis, which may soon pave the way for most promising new therapeutics, is presented for both hematopoietic stem cell and leukemia-initiating cell. The contribution of CD44 to the generation of a stem cell niche, to homing of stem cells in their niche, to stem cell quiescence and apoptosis resistance will be in focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery , Heidelberg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of tissue-specific AT-rich DNA sequence-binding proteins in lymphocyte differentiation. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:238-45. [PMID: 24938377 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A great many transcription factors, cytokines, and cytokine receptors have been identified as indispensable elements in lymphocyte differentiation, but the molecular mechanism that orchestrates the expression and function of these molecular factors is unknown. The process of lymphocyte differentiation involves both the simultaneous activation of lymphoid-related genes and the inactivation of non-lymphoid lineage-related genes, suggesting that there should be critical molecules that regulate such gene expression in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Recent studies of chromatin-remodeling proteins shed light on this complex process. In particular, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 has been studied extensively. In this article, we review the wealth of information characterizing this protein.
Collapse
|