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Mehmood S, Maqsood M, Mahtab N, Khan MI, Sahar A, Zaib S, Gul S. Epigallocatechin gallate: Phytochemistry, bioavailability, utilization challenges, and strategies. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14189. [PMID: 35474461 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has gained the attention of current study due to its excellent health-promoting effects. It possesses anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and is under extensive investigation in functional foods for improvement. It is susceptible to lower stability, lesser bioavailability, and lower absorption rate due to various environmental, processing, formulations, and gastrointestinal conditions of the human body. Therefore, it is the foremost concern for the researchers to enhance its bioactivity and make it the most suitable therapeutic compound for its clinical applications. In the current review, factors affecting the bioavailability of EGCG and the possible strategies to overcome these issues are reviewed and discussed. This review summarizes structural modifications and delivery through nanoparticle-based approaches including nano-emulsions, encapsulations, and silica-based nanoparticles for effective use of EGCG in functional foods. Moreover, recent advances to enhance EGCG therapeutic efficacy by specifically targeting its molecules to increase its bioavailability and stability are also described. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The main green tea constituent EGCG possesses several health-promoting effects making EGCG a potential therapeutic compound to cure ailments. However, its low stability and bioavailability render its uses in many disorders. Synthesizing EGCG prodrugs by structural modifications helps against its low bioavailability and stability by overcoming premature degradation and lower absorption rate. This review paper summarizes various strategies that benefit EGCG under different physiological conditions. The esterification, nanoparticle approaches, silica-based EGCG-NPs, and EGCG formulations serve as ideal EGCG modification strategies to deliver superior concentrations with lesser toxicity for its efficient penetration and absorption across cells both in vitro and in vivo. As a result of EGCG modifications, its bioactivities would be highly improved at lower doses. The protected or modified EGCG molecule would have enhanced potential effects and stability that would contribute to the clinical applications and expand its use in various food and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomaila Mehmood
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Maria Maqsood
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Mahtab
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Issa Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Sahar
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sania Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Gul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zhu T, Li M, Zhu M, Liu X, Huang K, Li W, Wang SX, Yin Y, Li P. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates type 2 diabetes mellitus via β-cell function improvement and insulin resistance reduction. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:483-488. [PMID: 35656076 PMCID: PMC9150804 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.58591.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has a good therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This work was designed to explore EGCG's effectiveness in insulin resistance (IR) and pancreas islet β-cell function in a rat model of T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including the Control (normal diet), Diabetes (high-sucrose high-fat [HSHF] diet combined with tail vein injection of streptozotocin [STZ] for T2DM induction) and Treatment Diabetic rats which were treated with metformin [500 mg/kg/d] or EGCG [25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/d] intragastric administration for 10 weeks. With the exception of control animals, the other groups were fed the HSHF diet. EGCG's effects on IR and insulin secretion were assessed by measuring body weights, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and insulin levels. The morphological and molecular changes of pancreas islet β-cells were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Rats fed the HSHF diet combined with STZ treatment had increased body weights and blood glucose amounts, accompanied by IR and impaired β-cell function, induced T2DM, and EGCG dose-dependently restored the above indicators. Additionally, EGCG upregulated the pancreatic transcription factors pancreatic duodenal homeobox protein-1 (PDX-1) and musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA). CONCLUSION These results suggest that EGCG reduces blood glucose amounts, and improve IR and islet β-cell disorder in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China, These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Minghui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China, These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Moli Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Keke Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China, These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yaling Yin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Corresponding authors: Yaling Yin. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jin-sui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China. Tel: 86-0373-3029918; Fax: 86-0373-3029918; ; Peng Li. College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jin-sui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China. Tel: +86 18530238975; Fax: +86 2039358270;
| | - Peng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, Xinxiang, China,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, China,Corresponding authors: Yaling Yin. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jin-sui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China. Tel: 86-0373-3029918; Fax: 86-0373-3029918; ; Peng Li. College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jin-sui Road, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China. Tel: +86 18530238975; Fax: +86 2039358270;
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Wu Q, Song J, Gao Y, Zou Y, Guo J, Zhang X, Liu D, Guo D, Bi H. Epigallocatechin gallate enhances human lens epithelial cell survival after UVB irradiation via the mitochondrial signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:87. [PMID: 35039875 PMCID: PMC8809122 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism underlying the ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs), and to investigate the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against the UVB-induced apoptosis of HLECs. HLECs were exposed to different concentrations of EGCG plus UVB (30 mJ/cm2). Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry with JC-1 and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. Moreover, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as the levels of GSH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl free radicals were determined using biochemical assay techniques. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3, respectively. The results revealed that UVB irradiation reduced the Δψm of HLECs and induced apoptosis. Notably, EGCG significantly attenuated the generation of H2O2 and hydroxyl free radicals caused by UVB irradiation in HLECs, and significantly increased CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities, however, the GSH levels were not significantly increased. EGCG also reduced UVB-stimulated Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression, and elevated Bcl-2 expression, suggesting that EGCG may possess free radical-scavenging properties, thus increasing cell viability. In conclusion, EGCG may be able to protect against UVB-induced HLECs apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway, indicating its potential application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Wu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Jike Song
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Yan'e Gao
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zou
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Junguo Guo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Dadong Guo
- College of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
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