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Meijer EJ, van Zandvoort DWH, Loos MJA, Tseng CMESN, van Pul C. The eye lens dose of the interventionalist: Measurement in practice. Phys Med 2022; 100:1-5. [PMID: 35690020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early 2018, the new eye lens dose limit of 20 mSv per year for occupational exposure to ionising radiation was implemented in the European Union. Dutch guidelines state that monitoring is compulsory above an expected eye lens dose of 15 mSv/year. In this study we propose a method to investigate whether the eye lens dose of interventionalists would exceed 15 mSv/year and to determine if the eye lens dose can be derived from the regular personal dosimeter measurements. METHODS The eye lens dose, Hp(3), of interventional radiologists (n = 2), cardiologists (n = 2) and vascular surgeons (n = 3) in the Máxima Medical Centre, The Netherlands, was measured during six months, using thermoluminescence dosimeters on the forehead. Simultaneously, the surface dose, Hp(0,07), and whole body dose, Hp(10), were measured using regular dosimeters outside the lead skirt at chest level. The dosimeters were simultaneously refreshed every four weeks. The eye lens dose was compared to both the body-worn dosimeter values. Measurements were performed in the angiography suite, Cath lab and hybrid OR. RESULTS A clear relation was observed between the two dosimeters: Hp(3) ≈ 0,25 Hp(0,07). The extrapolated year dose for the eye lens did not exceed 15 mSv for any of the interventionalists (average 3 to 10 studies/month). CONCLUSIONS The eye lens dose can be monitored indirectly through the regular dosimeter at chest level. Additionally, based on the measurements we conclude that all monitored interventionalists remain below the dose limit and compulsory monitoring limit for the eye lens dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Meijer
- Department of Clinical Physics, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - D W H van Zandvoort
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Fontys Paramedische Hogeschool Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M J A Loos
- Department of General Surgery, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C M E S N Tseng
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C van Pul
- Department of Clinical Physics, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Alnaaimi M, Alduaij M, Shenawy F, Algaily M, Mohammedzein T, Shaaban M, Rehani MM. Assessment of eye doses to staff involved in interventional cardiology procedures in Kuwait. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:639-645. [PMID: 34351496 PMCID: PMC8339394 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, which is the first of its kind in the gulf region, eye doses of interventional cardiologists and nurses were measured using active dosimeters for left and right eyes, in 60 percutaneous coronary interventions in three main hospitals in Kuwait. The dose given in terms of Hp(0.07) per procedure when ceiling suspended screens were used by main operators ranged from 18.5 to 30.3 µSv for the left eye and from 12.6 to 23.6 µSv for the right eye. Taking into account typical staff workload, the results show that the dose limit of 20 mSv/year to the eyes can be exceeded for interventional cardiologists in some situations, which demonstrates the need of using additional effective radiation protection tools, e.g. protective eye spectacles, in addition to the regular and proper use of ceiling suspended screens. With indications of increase in workload, the need for availability of a dedicated active dosimeter for the regular monitoring of eye doses is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshari Alnaaimi
- Radiation Physics Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre (KCCC), Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Mousa Alduaij
- Radiation Physics Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre (KCCC), Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Faisal Shenawy
- Radiation Physics Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre (KCCC), Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Musab Algaily
- Radiation Physics Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre (KCCC), Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Talal Mohammedzein
- Radiation Physics Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre (KCCC), Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Shaaban
- Radiation Protection Department, Shuwaikh, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Kidoń J, Polaczek-Grelik K, Żurek P, Wojakowski W, Ochala A. Exposure of the eye lens and brain for interventional cardiology staff. ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 2021; 17:298-304. [PMID: 34819966 PMCID: PMC8596714 DOI: 10.5114/aic.2021.109576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation for people working with an X-ray treatment unit is one of the highest in medicine. The epidemiological data analyzed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) indicate that the dose threshold for tissues located in the eye lens is or may be lower than previously thought. The new ICRP recommendations reduce the currently used threshold 7.5 times to the limit of 20 mSv per year. AIM To carry out measurements of equivalent doses for the lenses and scalps of cardiology interventional staff to determine the actual exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS Personnel performing interventional cardiology procedures participated in the measurements. The measurements were performed using thermoluminescence dosimetry in two measurement periods. The operational quantities used in individual dosimetry were determined (dose equivalent for the scalp, dose equivalent for the eye lens). In both measurement periods, 69 operators and 12 nurses took part. RESULTS The maximum value of eye doses for cardiologists was 18.80 mSv per year, with a mean of 9.83 ±6.47 mSv/year (for all cases), 5.70 ±4.26 mSv/year (with safety glasses/headgear), 13.14 ±6.28 mSv/year (without safety glasses/headgear), and 6.28 ±1.76 mSv per year for the nurses. The values of brain doses fluctuate around 1 mSv per quarter. CONCLUSIONS Dose equivalents for the lenses of the eyes obtained by cardiologists may be close to or exceed the current dose limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kidoń
- Invasive Cardiology and Electrocardiology Department, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Polaczek-Grelik
- Prof. K. Gibiński Memorial University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Żurek
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Upper Silesian Medical Center, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojakowski
- 3 Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ochala
- Invasive Cardiology and Electrocardiology Department, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Fujibuchi T, Fujita K, Igarashi T, Nishimaru E, Horita S, Sakurai R, Ono K. [Proposal for Reduction Measures of Eye Lens Exposure Based on Actual Exposure Management in Radiation-exposed Medical Staff]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2021; 77:160-171. [PMID: 33612694 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2021_jsrt_77.2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the actual condition of the crystalline lens equivalent dose and effective dose according to the type of job and the type of duties in a medical institution. We also sought to clarify effective exposure reduction strategies. METHODS Equivalent crystalline lens doses, effective doses, job type, and duties for 8656 persons · year were obtained from 17 medical facilities. We analyzed the relationship between the effective dose and the crystalline lens equivalent dose in uniform exposure control and non-uniform exposure control conditions. Exposure data were obtained for 13 unique job types and duties. RESULTS The ratio of the lens equivalent dose to the effective dose of non-uniform exposure managers was 2 to 6 times and varied depending on the occupation. The percentage of persons whose annual lens equivalent dose exceeded 20 mSv was 4.75% for medical doctors, 1.17% for nurses, and 0.24% for radiological technologists. Highly exposed tasks included doctors in cardiology and gastroenterology performing angiography and endoscopy, nurses in endoscopy, and radiological technologists in radiography and CT examinations. CONCLUSION Thorough unequal exposure control for operations with high crystalline lens exposure, radiation protection education, and effective use of proper personal protective equipment such as the use of radiation protection glasses may reduce lens exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshioh Fujibuchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Katsuya Fujita
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Kanagawa Hospital
| | - Takayuki Igarashi
- Department of Radiological Technology, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital
| | - Eiji Nishimaru
- Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital
| | - Shogo Horita
- Tachikawa Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Tachikawa Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University
| | - Koji Ono
- Higashigaoka Faculty of Nursing · Postgraduate School of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University
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Asgari A, Parach AA, Mirmohammadi SJ, Mehrparvar AH, Nekoofar Z, Daneshian E, Bouzarjomehri F, SeyedHosseini SM, Andishmand A, Dastmalchi J, Emami M. Occupational eye dose to medical staff in various interventional cardiologic procedures: is the need for lead goggles the same in all groups of radiation workers? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 36:1417-1425. [PMID: 32350705 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-01864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increased use of interventional cardiologic procedures and concern about irradiation to the eyes, it is necessary to measure eye dose in radiation workers. The assessment of eye dose using collar dose is a routine but inaccurate method. Therefore this study was designed to measure eye dose in the radiation workers of various interventional cardiologic procedures. In this study eye dose was measured for left and right eyes in three groups of radiation workers in angiography ward of Afshar hospital in various procedures using TLD. Measurements were done separately for cardiologists, nurses and radio-technologists in 100 procedures. The nurses functioned as surgical assistants and were usually close to the table. The correlation of staff dose to exposure parameters was also investigated. Eye dose in physicians were higher than other staff in all procedures. Also the left eye dose was considerably higher than right one, especially for physicians. The median equivalent dose per procedure of left eye for physicians, nurses and radio-technologists were 7.4, 3.6, 1.4 µSv (PCI) and 3.2, 3.1, 1.3 µSv (Adhoc) and 3.2, 1.7, 1.1 µSv (CA), respectively. The annual left eye equivalent dose with (without) using lead goggles were 2.4 (15.3), 1.4 (2.2), 1.0 (1.1) mSv for physicians, nurses and radio-technologists, respectively. There were also a positive correlation between eye dose and KAP for procedures without lead goggles. The lead goggles showed lower protection effects for radio-technologists than other staff. Only 30% of physicians received a dose higher than 1/3 of the ICRP annual dose limit, therefor only physician eye dose should be monitored in catheterization labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Asgari
- Industrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Parach
- Department of Medical Physics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
- Industrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Zahra Nekoofar
- Department of Radiation Technology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Daneshian
- Department of Radiation Technology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatollah Bouzarjomehri
- Department of Medical Physics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Andishmand
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jalal Dastmalchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmood Emami
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Fujibuchi T, Ueda K, Kadoyanagi S, Ueno D, Nakamura C. [Examination of Application to Radiation Protection Education by Four-dimensional Visualization of Scatter Distribution in Radiological Examination Using Virtual Reality]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2019; 75:1297-1307. [PMID: 31748455 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.11.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE When working on fluoroscopy and patient assistance in a healthcare facility, workers need to understand how to properly protect scattered radiation. In this study, we examined a four-dimensional visualization method to make it easy to understand the spread of scattered radiation visually, and proposed its application to radiation protection education. METHODS We constructed the X-ray room, X-ray CT room, and angiography room using Particle Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS), and calculated the scattered radiation distribution when the patient was irradiated with X-rays. The three-dimensional distribution of each moment was continuously displayed to create a four-dimensional distribution. Using the created data, we conducted radiation protection education including exercises to make the students confirm the scatter distribution from any direction. The effectiveness of the scattered radiation visualization data was evaluated by a questionnaire. RESULTS The position of assistance for standing chest radiograph was less scattered radiation at the side and below the patient. As a result of the questionnaire, this education has confirmed the effect of attracting attention about radiation protection. The fourdimensional visualization allowed students to understand the behavior of radiation and the source of scattered radiation. CONCLUSION Visualization of three- and four-dimensional scattered radiation distribution in the radiological examination room can intuitively enhance the understanding of the invisible radiation spread and appropriate aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshioh Fujibuchi
- Division of Medical Quantum Science, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Koki Ueda
- Radiological Science Course, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University (Current address: Division of Radiology, Medical Technology Department Radiology Center, Fukuoka Institute of Occupational Health)
| | - Saki Kadoyanagi
- Radiological Science Course, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University (Current address: Department of Radiology, Fukuoka Kinen Hospital)
| | - Daiki Ueno
- Radiological Science Course, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University (Current address: Department of Radiology, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital)
| | - Chihiro Nakamura
- Radiological Science Course, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University (Current address: Department of Radiology, Koga Hospital 21)
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Angular dependence of shielding effect of radiation protective eyewear for radiation protection of crystalline lens. Radiol Phys Technol 2019; 12:401-408. [PMID: 31617146 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-019-00538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiation protective (RP) eyewear effectively protects crystalline lenses from radiation exposure. A drawback of RP eyewear is the angular dependence of the shielding effect, which results from the design of the eyewear. In this study, 21 models of RP eyewear with different designs and lead equivalences were assessed. Each piece of RP eyewear was hung on a Styrofoam phantom that imitated the head, and a 0.125-cc ionization chamber dosimeter was placed at the position of the crystalline lens. The differences in angular dependence of the shielding effect were evaluated by changing the irradiation angle, and parameters that improved the angular dependence of the shielding effect-sufficient lead equivalence, large coverage design, and minimum gap between the crystalline lens and the RP eyewear-were identified. Thus, the findings highlight the importance of selecting RP eyewear according to the angular distribution and the nature of radiation exposure in the workplace for radiation workers.
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Apelmann C, Kowald B, Weinrich N, Dischinger J, Nienhaus A, Seide K, Martens H, Jürgens C. Radiation Dose to the Eye Lens Through Radiological Imaging Procedures at the Surgical Workplace During Trauma Surgery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3850. [PMID: 31614696 PMCID: PMC6843242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to the drastic reduction of the eye lens dose limit from 150 mSv per year to 20 mSv per year since 2018, the prospective investigation of the estimated dose of the eye lens by radiological imaging procedures at the surgical site during trauma surgery in the daily work process was carried out. This was also necessary because, as experience shows, with changes in surgical techniques, there are also changes in the use of radiological procedures, and thus an up-to-date inventory can provide valuable information for the assessment of occupationally induced radiation exposure of surgical personnel under the current conditions. Methods: The eye lens radiation exposure was measured over three months for five trauma surgeons, four hand surgeons and four surgical assistants with personalized LPS-TLD-TD 07 partial body dosimeters Hp (0.07). A reference dosimeter was deposited at the surgery changing room. The dosimeters were sent to the LPS (Landesanstalt für Personendosimetrie und Strahlenschutzausbildung) measuring institute (National Institute for Personal Dosimetry and Radiation Protection Training, Berlin) for evaluation after 3 months. The duration of the operation, occupation (assistant, surgeon, etc.), type of surgery (procedure, diagnosis), designation of the X-ray unit, total duration of radiation exposure per operation and dose area product per operation were recorded. Results: Both the evaluation of the dosimeters by the trauma surgeons and the evaluation of the dosimeters by the hand surgeons and the surgical assistants revealed no significant radiation exposure of the eye lens in comparison to the respective measured reference dosimeters. Conclusions: Despite the drastic reduction of the eye lens dose limit from 150 mSv per year to 20 mSv per year, the limit for orthopedic, trauma and hand surgery operations is well below the limit in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgitt Kowald
- BG Klinikum Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Weinrich
- BG Klinikum Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Dischinger
- Northern German Seminar for Radiation Protection gGmbH at the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Albert Nienhaus
- Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Seide
- BG Klinikum Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Martens
- B.A.D. Gesundheitsvorsorge und Sicherheitstechnik GmbH, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
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Cornacchia S, Errico R, La Tegola L, Maldera A, Simeone G, Fusco V, Niccoli-Asabella A, Rubini G, Guglielmi G. The new lens dose limit: implication for occupational radiation protection. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2019; 124:728-735. [PMID: 30919221 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this article was to explore the implications of the new Euratom dose limit for occupational radiation protection in the context of medical occupational radiation exposures. The European Directive 2013/59/Euratom takes into account the new recommendations on reduction in the dose limit for the lens of the eye for planned occupational exposures released in 2012 by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 118). MATERIALS AND METHODS Different dose-monitoring procedures and devices were considered. Occupational eye lens doses reported by previous studies were analyzed, mainly considering workers involved in interventional procedures with X-rays. The current status of eye lens radiation protection and the main methods for dose reduction were investigated. RESULTS The analysis showed that the workers, potentially exceeding the new limit, are clinical staff performing interventional procedures with a relatively high X-ray dose. Regarding radiological protection issues, the considered literature reports that the proper use of personal protective equipment may reduce the eye lens absorbed dose. CONCLUSION The evaluation of the occupational eye lens dose is essential to establish which method of personal dose monitoring should be preferred. Furthermore, education and training about the right use of personal protective equipment are important for medical staff working with ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Fusco
- IRCCS-CROB, Radiation Oncology, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Rubini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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