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Ylimaula S, Räsänen L, Hurskainen M, Peuna A, Julkunen P, Nieminen MT, Hanni M. X-ray scatter in projection radiography. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2024; 200:120-129. [PMID: 37939724 PMCID: PMC10875324 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Projection radiography is the most common radiological modality, and radiation safety of it concerns both radiation workers and the public. We measured and generated a series of scattered radiation maps for projection radiography and estimated effective doses of the supporting person during exposure. Measured adult patient protocols included chest posterior-anterior, chest lateral, pelvis anterior-posterior (AP), abdomen AP and bedside chest AP. Maps concretise spatial distribution and the scattered radiation dose rates in different imaging protocols. Highest and lowest rates were measured in abdomen AP and bedside chest AP protocols, respectively. The effective dose of supporting person in abdomen AP examination at distance of 0.5 m was 300 nSv and in bedside supine chest AP examination at distance of 0.7 m was 0.5 nSv. The estimated annual effective dose of emergency unit radiographer was 0.11 mSv. The obtained effective dose values are small compared to annual dose limits of radiation workers and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Ylimaula
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lasse Räsänen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Terveystalo Healthcare, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Hurskainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland—Kuopio Campus, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arttu Peuna
- Department of Diagnostic Services, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Hoitajantie 3, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland—Kuopio Campus, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70200 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Tapio Nieminen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Hanni
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Komiya R, Ishitsuka R, Ota J, Higashida R, Kawasaki T, Masuda Y. [Measurement of Absorbed Dose in the Air in X-ray CT Examination Rooms Using a Special Protective Shield for CT]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2022; 78:1341-1348. [PMID: 36273874 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2022-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE X-ray CT examinations are required not only in routine medical examinations but also in various situations such as emergency medical care. Although medical staff may be exposed to radiation when assisting patients, the distribution of air-absorbed doses in the CT examination room when using a special protective shield for CT has not been clarified. Here, we measured air-absorbed doses at several points simultaneously to clarify the distribution of these doses and the effect of a special protective shield for CT in reducing them. METHOD A human phantom was imaged with an X-ray CT system. The absorbed dose in the air dose profile distribution was measured with an OSL dosimeter in the presence and absence of a special protective shield for CT. RESULTS The highest air absorbed doses of 4.27 mGy were at 0 cm in the horizontal direction, 120 cm in the vertical direction, and 50 cm in the body axis direction. The largest reduction in air absorbed dose following installation of the special protective shield for CT was 91.7%, obtained at 0 cm in the horizontal direction, 150 cm in the vertical direction, and 50 cm in the body axis direction. CONCLUSION A 91.7% reduction in air-absorbed dose was o directly behind the special protective shield for CT. The reduction in air-absorbed dose was 65.8% at the location of a gap between the special protective shield for CT and gantry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Komiya
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
| | | | - Joji Ota
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
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Chida K. What are useful methods to reduce occupational radiation exposure among radiological medical workers, especially for interventional radiology personnel? Radiol Phys Technol 2022; 15:101-115. [PMID: 35608759 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-022-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protection against occupational radiation exposure in clinical settings is important. This paper clarifies the present status of medical occupational exposure protection and possible additional safety measures. Radiation injuries, such as cataracts, have been reported in physicians and staff who perform interventional radiology (IVR), thus, it is important that they use shielding devices (e.g., lead glasses and ceiling-suspended shields). Currently, there is no single perfect radiation shield; combinations of radiation shields are required. Radiological medical workers must be appropriately educated in terms of reducing radiation exposure among both patients and staff. They also need to be aware of the various methods available for estimating/reducing patient dose and occupational exposure. When the optimizing the dose to the patient, such as eliminating a patient dose that is higher than necessary, is applied, exposure of radiological medical workers also decreases without any loss of diagnostic benefit. Thus, decreasing the patient dose also reduces occupational exposure. We propose a novel four-point policy for protecting medical staff from radiation: patient dose Optimization, Distance, Shielding, and Time (pdO-DST). Patient dose optimization means that the patient never receives a higher dose than is necessary, which also reduces the dose received by the staff. The patient dose must be optimized: shielding is critical, but it is only one component of protection from radiation used in medical procedures. Here, we review the radiation protection/reduction basics for radiological medical workers, especially for IVR staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Chida
- Department of Radiological Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. .,Division of Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8572, Japan.
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Matsubara K, Yoshida S, Hirosawa A, Chusin T, Furukawa Y. Characterization of Small Dosimeters Used for Measurement of Eye Lens Dose for Medical Staff during Fluoroscopic Examination. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020150. [PMID: 33498545 PMCID: PMC7909523 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the property of small dosimeters used for measuring eye lens doses for medical staff during fluoroscopic examination. Dose linearity, energy dependence, and directional dependence of scattered X-rays were evaluated for small radiophotoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLDs), those with a tin filter (Sn-RPLDs), and small optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs). These dosimeters were pasted on radioprotective glasses, and accumulated air kerma was obtained after irradiating the X-rays to a patient phantom. Strong correlations existed between fluoroscopic time and accumulated air kerma in all types of dosimeters. The energy dependence of Sn-RPLD and OSLD was smaller than that of RPLD. The relative dose value of the OSLD gradually decreased as the angle of the OSLD against the scattered X-rays was larger or lower than the right angle in the horizontal direction. The ranges of relative dose values of RPLD and Sn-RPLD were larger than that of OSLD in the vertical direction. The OSLDs showed lower doses than the RPLDs and Sn-RPLDs, especially on the right side of the radioprotective glasses. These results showed that RPLDs, Sn-RPLDs, and OSLDs had different dosimeter properties, and influence measured eye lens doses for the physician, especially on the opposite side of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Matsubara
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-265-2500
| | - Sayu Yoshida
- Department of Radiology, Takaoka City Hospital, 4-1 Takaramachi, Takaoka, Toyama 933-8550, Japan;
| | - Ayaka Hirosawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-2-78 Nishinagae, Toyama, Toyama 930-8550, Japan;
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan;
| | - Thunyarat Chusin
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Yasushi Furukawa
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan;
- Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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