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Wanstall HC, Burkart F, Dinter H, Kellermeier M, Kuropka W, Mayet F, Vinatier T, Santina E, Chadwick AL, Merchant MJ, Henthorn NT, Köpke M, Stacey B, Jaster-Merz S, Jones RM. First in vitro measurement of VHEE relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in lung and prostate cancer cells using the ARES linac at DESY. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10957. [PMID: 38740830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Very high energy electrons (VHEE) are a potential candidate for radiotherapy applications. This includes tumours in inhomogeneous regions such as lung and prostate cancers, due to the insensitivity of VHEE to inhomogeneities. This study explores how electrons in the VHEE range can be used to perform successful in vitro radiobiological studies. The ARES (accelerator research experiment at SINBAD) facility at DESY, Hamburg, Germany was used to deliver 154 MeV electrons to both prostate (PC3) and lung (A549) cancer cells in suspension. Dose was delivered to samples with repeatability and uniformity, quantified with Gafchromic film. Cell survival in response to VHEE was measured using the clonogenic assay to determine the biological effectiveness of VHEE in cancer cells for the first time using this method. Equivalent experiments were performed using 300 kVp X-rays, to enable VHEE irradiated cells to be compared with conventional photons. VHEE irradiated cancer cell survival was fitted to the linear quadratic (LQ) model (R2 = 0.96-0.97). The damage from VHEE and X-ray irradiated cells at doses between 1.41 and 6.33 Gy are comparable, suggesting similar relative biological effectiveness (RBE) between the two modalities. This suggests VHEE is as damaging as photon radiotherapy and therefore could be used to successfully damage cancer cells during radiotherapy. The RBE of VHEE was quantified as the relative doses required for 50% (D0.5) and 10% (D0.1) cell survival. Using these values, VHEE RBE was measured as 0.93 (D0.5) and 0.99 (D0.1) for A549 and 0.74 (D0.5) and 0.93 (D0.1) for PC3 cell lines respectively. For the first time, this study has shown that 154 MeV electrons can be used to effectively kill lung and prostate cancer cells, suggesting that VHEE would be a viable radiotherapy modality. Several studies have shown that VHEE has characteristics that would offer significant improvements over conventional photon radiotherapy for example, electrons are relatively easy to steer and can be used to deliver dose rapidly and with high efficiency. Studies have shown improved dose distribution with VHEE in treatment plans, in comparison to VMAT, indicating that VHEE can offer improved and safer treatment plans with reduced side effects. The biological response of cancer cells to VHEE has not been sufficiently studied as of yet, however this initial study provides some initial insights into cell damage. VHEE offers significant benefits over photon radiotherapy and therefore more studies are required to fully understand the biological effectiveness of VHEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Wanstall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
- Daresbury Laboratory, The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK.
| | - Florian Burkart
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Dinter
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Kellermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Willi Kuropka
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Mayet
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vinatier
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elham Santina
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Amy L Chadwick
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael J Merchant
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicholas T Henthorn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael Köpke
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Blae Stacey
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Jaster-Merz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roger M Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Daresbury Laboratory, The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
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Colmenares R, Carrión-Marchante R, Martín ME, Salinas Muñoz L, García-Bermejo ML, Oller JC, Muñoz A, Blanco F, Rosado J, Lozano AI, Álvarez S, García-Vicente F, García G. Dependence of Induced Biological Damage on the Energy Distribution and Intensity of Clinical Intra-Operative Radiotherapy Electron Beams. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10816. [PMID: 37445992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival fraction of epithelial HaCaT cells was analysed to assess the biological damage caused by intraoperative radiotherapy electron beams with varying energy spectra and intensities. These conditions were achieved by irradiating the cells at different depths in water using nominal 6 MeV electron beams while consistently delivering a dose of 5 Gy to the cell layer. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation of the entire irradiation procedure was performed to evaluate the molecular damage in terms of molecular dissociations induced by the radiation. A significant agreement was found between the molecular damage predicted by the simulation and the damage derived from the analysis of the survival fraction. In both cases, a linear relationship was evident, indicating a clear tendency for increased damage as the averaged incident electron energy and intensity decreased for a constant absorbed dose, lowering the dose rate. This trend suggests that the radiation may have a more pronounced impact on surrounding healthy tissues than initially anticipated. However, it is crucial to conduct additional experiments with different target geometries to confirm this tendency and quantify the extent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Colmenares
- Servicio de Radiofísica, IRYCIS-Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Carrión-Marchante
- Grupo de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Universitario Ramón y Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elena Martín
- Grupo de Aptámeros, Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, IRYCIS-Hospital Universitario Ramón y Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Salinas Muñoz
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group, IRYCIS, RedinREN, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Laura García-Bermejo
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group, IRYCIS, RedinREN, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Oller
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica e IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Rosado
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica e IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Lozano
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Álvarez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Feliciano García-Vicente
- Servicio de Radiofísica, IRYCIS-Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km 9100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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