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Almeida C, Pedro AQ, Tavares APM, Neves MC, Freire MG. Ionic-liquid-based approaches to improve biopharmaceuticals downstream processing and formulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1037436. [PMID: 36824351 PMCID: PMC9941158 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1037436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of biopharmaceuticals, including proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, and vaccines, revolutionized the medical field, contributing to significant advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic and life-threatening diseases. However, biopharmaceuticals manufacturing involves a set of complex upstream and downstream processes, which considerably impact their cost. In particular, despite the efforts made in the last decades to improve the existing technologies, downstream processing still accounts for more than 80% of the total biopharmaceutical production cost. On the other hand, the formulation of biological products must ensure they maintain their therapeutic performance and long-term stability, while preserving their physical and chemical structure. Ionic-liquid (IL)-based approaches arose as a promise alternative, showing the potential to be used in downstream processing to provide increased purity and recovery yield, as well as excipients for the development of stable biopharmaceutical formulations. This manuscript reviews the most important progress achieved in both fields. The work developed is critically discussed and complemented with a SWOT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Almeida
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto Q. Pedro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia C. Neves
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Rezanejade Bardajee G, Boraghi SA, Mahmoodian H, Rezanejad Z, Parhizkari K, Elmizadeh H. A salep biopolymer-based superporous hydrogel for ranitidine delivery: synthesis and characterization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Castañeda Ruiz AJ, Shetab Boushehri MA, Phan T, Carle S, Garidel P, Buske J, Lamprecht A. Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122575. [PMID: 36559072 PMCID: PMC9781097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Castañeda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Phan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
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Guncheva M. Role of ionic liquids on stabilization of therapeutic proteins and model proteins. Protein J 2022; 41:369-380. [PMID: 35661292 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit potential as excipients to stabilize proteins in solutions. This mini-review is not a detailed reference book on ILs, rather a brief overview of the main achievements published in the literature on their effect on protein aggregation, unfolding, structural and thermal stability, and activity. The main focus of the manuscript is three widely studied groups of ionic liquids: imidazolium-, cholinium- and alkylammonium-based and their effect on the model and therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Guncheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. 9, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Saha S, Sannigrahi A, Chattopadhyay K, Chowdhury J. Interaction of KMP-11 and its mutants with ionic liquid choline dihydrogen phosphate: Multispectroscopic studies aided by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Choline-Based Ionic Liquids as Media for the Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7070471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered great attention as alternative solvents in many biological reactions and applications. However, its unknown toxicity is in line with the challenges to use it for biological applications. In this study, three choline based Ionic Liquids—choline saccharinate (CS), choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP), and choline tryptophanate (CT) were assessed for their suitability on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ILs were incorporated into the growth media of S. cerevisiae (defined as synthetic media) to access its potential as a substitute to conventional media. The compatibility of the synthetic media was evaluated based on the toxicity (EC50), growth curve, and glucose profile. The results showed that the incorporation of CDHP and CS did promote the growth of S. cerevisiae with a rapid glucose consumption rate. The growth of S. cerevisiae with the media composition of yeast extract, peptone, and CS showed improvement of 13%. We believe that these observations have implications in the biocompatibility studies of ILs to microorganisms.
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Lin X, Yang Y, Li S, Song Y, Ma G, Su Z, Zhang S. Unique stabilizing mechanism provided by biocompatible choline-based ionic liquids for inhibiting dissociation of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus particles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13933-13939. [PMID: 35519561 PMCID: PMC9063997 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02722j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline-based ionic liquids provide a unique stabilizing mechanism for inhibiting the dissociation of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Yanmin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
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Reslan M, Ranganathan V, Macfarlane DR, Kayser V. Choline ionic liquid enhances the stability of Herceptin® (trastuzumab). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10622-10625. [PMID: 30177986 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of an emerging biocompatible ionic liquid, choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDHP), on the stability of high-concentration formulations of Herceptin® (trastuzumab). Our results show that CDHP significantly suppresses unfolding and aggregation of trastuzumab, demonstrating great promise as an additive in the development of stable therapeutic antibody formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Reslan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Reslan M, Kayser V. Ionic liquids as biocompatible stabilizers of proteins. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:781-793. [PMID: 29511969 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently emerged as versatile solvents and additives in the field of biotechnology, particularly as stabilizers of proteins and enzymes. Of interest to the biotechnology industry is the formulation of stable biopharmaceuticals, therapeutic proteins, and vaccines which have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases including debilitating conditions such as cancers and auto-immune diseases. The stabilization of therapeutic proteins is typically achieved using additives that prevent unfolding and aggregation of these proteins during manufacture, transport, and long-term storage. To determine if ILs could be used in the formulation of stable therapeutic proteins, a thorough understanding of the effects of ILs on protein stability is needed, as well as understanding the toxicity of ILs on humans, and other considerations for formulation development such as viscosity and osmolality. In this review, we summarize recent developments on the stabilization of proteins and enzymes using ILs, with emphasis on identifying biocompatible ILs that may be suitable for the formulation of stable biopharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Reslan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Mehta A, Rao JR, Fathima NN. Electrostatic Forces Mediated by Choline Dihydrogen Phosphate Stabilize Collagen. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12816-27. [PMID: 26388068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linkers aid in improving biostability of collagen via different mechanisms. Choline dihydrogen phosphate (cDHP), a biocompatible ionic liquid, has been reported as a potential cross-linker for collagen. However, its mechanism is yet unclear. This study explores the effect of cDHP on the physicochemical stability of collagen and nature of its interaction. Dielectric behavior of collagen-cDHP composites signifies that cDHP enhances intermolecular forces. This was demonstrated by an increase in cross-linked groups and high denaturation temperature of collagen-cDHP composites. XRD measurements reveal minor conformational change in helices. Molecular modeling studies illustrate that the force existing between collagen and cDHP is electrostatic in nature. Herein, it is postulated that dihydrogen phosphate anion attaches to cationic functional groups of collagen, resulting in closer vicinity of various side chains of collagen, forming physical and chemical cross-links within collagen, contributing to its structural stability. Our study suggests that dihydrogen phosphate anions can be employed for developing a new class of biocompatible cross-linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Mehta
- Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute , Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - J Raghava Rao
- Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute , Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
| | - N Nishad Fathima
- Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute , Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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Mazid RR, Divisekera U, Yang W, Ranganathan V, MacFarlane DR, Cortez-Jugo C, Cheng W. Biological stability and activity of siRNA in ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13457-60. [PMID: 25232641 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05086j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report substantially enhanced biological stability of siRNA in a hydrated ionic liquid (IL) based on buffered choline dihydrogen phosphate (CDP). The results show that hydrated CDP IL substantially prolongs the shelf-life of siRNA for up to three months in the presence of RNase A. Remarkably, siRNA stored in the IL remained active and eGFP siRNA exhibited clear gene knockdown effects in eGFP-expressing HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romiza R Mazid
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.
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Mazid RR, Cooper A, Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan R, MacFarlane DR, Cortez-Jugo C, Cheng W. Enhanced enzymatic degradation resistance of plasmid DNA in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05518k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffered ionic liquids can substantially enhance enzymatic degradation resistance of plasmid DNA, indicating the potential to serve as next-generation biological storage buffer at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romiza R. Mazid
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University Clayton
- Victoria
- Australia
| | - Alexandra Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University Clayton
- Victoria
- Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University Clayton
- Victoria
- Australia
| | | | | | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University Parkville
- Victoria 3052
- Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University Clayton
- Victoria
- Australia
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Mazid RR, Vijayaraghavan R, MacFarlane DR, Cortez-Jugo C, Cheng W. Inhibited fragmentation of mAbs in buffered ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8089-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Choline-based buffered ionic liquids have been demonstrated to greatly inhibit enzymatic degradation of antibodies, and are promising as next-generation biological buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romiza R. Mazid
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - R. Vijayaraghavan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville 3052
- Australia
| | | | | | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
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15
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Lipiäinen T, Peltoniemi M, Sarkhel S, Yrjönen T, Vuorela H, Urtti A, Juppo A. Formulation and stability of cytokine therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:307-26. [PMID: 25492409 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are messenger proteins that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells and control immune responses. Interferons, interleukins, and growth factors have applications in cancer, autoimmune, and viral disease treatment. The cytokines are susceptible to chemical and physical instability. This article reviews the structure and stability issues of clinically used cytokines, as well as formulation strategies for improved stability. Some general aspects for identifying most probable stability concerns, selecting excipients, and developing stable cytokine formulations are presented. The vast group of cytokines offers possibilities for new biopharmaceuticals. The formulation approaches of the current cytokine products could facilitate development of new biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Lipiäinen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helsinki, Finland
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Weaver KD, Van Vorst MP, Vijayaraghavan R, Macfarlane DR, Elliott GD. Interaction of choline salts with artificial biological membranes: DSC studies elucidating cellular interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1856-62. [PMID: 23541906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between the relative cytotoxicity of diluted ionic liquids and their specific interaction with biological membranes, the thermotropic behavior of model lipid membrane systems formulated in a series of choline based organic salts was investigated. Unilamellar vesicles prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were exposed to a series of choline phosphate salts at a concentration of 10mM at pH7.40, and the gel to liquid-crystalline state transition was examined using differential scanning calorimetry. The choline salts that were observed to have a low relative toxicity in previous studies induced minimal changes in the lipid phase transition behavior of these model membranes. In contrast, the salts choline bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate and choline bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, both of which were observed to have high relative toxicity, caused distinct disruptions in the lipid phase transition behavior, consistent with penetration of the salts into the acyl chains of the phospholipids. choline bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate reduced the Tm and enthalpy of the main transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine while choline bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate induced the equilibration of alternate phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Weaver
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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