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Abstract
Endometriosis is a prevalent chronic disease that affects approximately 6% to 10% of reproductive-aged women. Although numerous researchers have endeavored to explore the etiology of endometriosis over a century, its etiology still remains an enigma. The exploration of pathophysiologic mechanism and novel therapy for endometriosis depends on ideal endometriotic models. In the previous decade, various endometriotic models have been established; therefore, we made a conclusion for available information on these models. This review summarized the common experimental models used in endometriotic studies, including their origins, characteristics, applications, and limitations. Endometriotic models played an important role in studying etiologies and novel treatments of endometriosis during the last decades. Among them, animal models and endometriotic cell lines were viewed as most common studying tools to explore the intrinsic entities of endometriosis. In addition, endometrial organoid also emerged and was regarded as an ideal studying tool for endometriosis research. Different research models collectively complement each other to advance the endometriosis research. The successful establishment of endometrial organoids means that organoids are expected to become an ideal model for studying endometriosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yue Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Stejskalová A, Fincke V, Nowak M, Schmidt Y, Borrmann K, von Wahlde MK, Schäfer SD, Kiesel L, Greve B, Götte M. Collagen I triggers directional migration, invasion and matrix remodeling of stroma cells in a 3D spheroid model of endometriosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4115. [PMID: 33603041 PMCID: PMC7892880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a painful gynecological condition characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial cells. Little is known about its pathogenesis, which is partially due to a lack of suitable experimental models. Here, we use endometrial stromal (St-T1b), primary endometriotic stromal, epithelial endometriotic (12Z) and co-culture (1:1 St-T1b:12Z) spheroids to mimic the architecture of endometrium, and either collagen I or Matrigel to model ectopic locations. Stromal spheroids, but not single cells, assumed coordinated directional migration followed by matrix remodeling of collagen I on day 5 or 7, resembling ectopic lesions. While generally a higher area fold increase of spheroids occurred on collagen I compared to Matrigel, directional migration was not observed in co-culture or in 12Z cells. The fold increase in area on collagen I was significantly reduced by MMP inhibition in stromal but not 12Z cells. Inhibiting ROCK signalling responsible for actomyosin contraction increased the fold increase of area and metabolic activity compared to untreated controls on Matrigel. The number of protrusions emanating from 12Z spheroids on Matrigel was decreased by microRNA miR-200b and increased by miR-145. This study demonstrates that spheroid assay is a promising pre-clinical tool that can be used to evaluate small molecule drugs and microRNA-based therapeutics for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stejskalová
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Victoria Fincke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Nowak
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin III, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schmidt
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Borrmann
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin von Wahlde
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian D Schäfer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, D11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Horné F, Dietze R, Berkes E, Oehmke F, Tinneberg HR, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Konrad L. Impaired Localization of Claudin-11 in Endometriotic Epithelial Cells Compared to Endometrial Cells. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1181-1192. [PMID: 30514158 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118811643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are the major components of tight junctions and are often deregulated in human cancer, permitting escape of cancer cells along with the acquisition of invasive properties. Similarly, endometrial cells also show invasive capabilities; however, the role of tight junctions in endometriosis has only rarely been examined. In this study, we analyzed the protein expression and localization of claudin-7 and claudin-11 in human eutopic and ectopic endometrium and endometrial cell lines. We identified claudin-7 primarily at the basolateral junctions of the glandular epithelial cells in eutopic endometrium as well as in the ectopic lesions in nearly all glands and cysts. Quantification of claudin-7 localization by HSCORE showed a slight increase in peritoneal and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) compared to eutopic endometrium. In contrast, claudin-11 was localized mainly in the apicolateral junctions in nearly all glandular epithelial cells of the eutopic endometrium. Interestingly, we observed a deregulation of claudin-11 localization to a basal or basolateral localization in ovarian (P < .001), peritoneal (P < .01), and DIE (P < .05) and a moderately decreased abundance in ovarian endometriosis. In endometrial cell lines, claudin-7 was only present in epithelial Ishikawa cells, and silencing by small-interfering RNA increased cell invasiveness. In contrast, claudin-11 could be demonstrated in Ishikawa and endometriotic 12Z and 49Z cells. Silencing of claudin-11 decreased invasiveness of 12Z slightly but significantly in 49Z. We suggest that although claudin-7 and claudin-11 can be found in nearly all eutopic and ectopic epithelial cells, the impaired localization of claudin-11 in ectopic endometrium might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Horné
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Raimund Dietze
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eniko Berkes
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Oehmke
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lutz Konrad
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Dietze R, Starzinski-Powitz A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Tinneberg HR, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Konrad L. Lysophosphatidic acid triggers cathepsin B-mediated invasiveness of human endometriotic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1369-1377. [PMID: 30591146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and the G-protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPAR) are involved in cell migration and invasion and found in the human endometrium. However, underlying mechanisms resulting in cellular invasion have been rarely investigated. We used stromal endometrial T-HESC, epithelial endometriotic 12Z, 49Z and Ishikawa cells. Interestingly, proliferation of T-HESC cells was strongly increased after LPA treatment, whereas the epithelial cell lines only showed a moderate increase. LPA increased invasion of 12Z and 49Z strongly and significantly. The LPAR inhibitor Ki16425 (LPAR1/3) attenuated significantly LPA-induced invasiveness of 12Z, which was confirmed by LPAR1 and LPAR3 siRNAs, showing that both LPA receptors contribute to invasiveness of 12Z cells. Investigation of cell invasion with an antibody-based protease array revealed mainly differences in cathepsins and especially cathepsin B between 12Z compared to the less invasive Ishikawa. Stimulation with LPA showed a time- and dose-dependent increased secretion of cathepsin B which was inhibited by the Gq inhibitor YM-254890 and Gi/o inhibitor pertussis toxin in the 12Z cells, again highlighting the importance of LPAR1/3. The activity of intracellular and secreted cathepsin B was significantly upregulated in LPA-treated samples. Inhibition of cathepsin B with the specific inhibitor CA074 significantly reduced LPA-increased invasion of 12Z. Our results reveal a novel role of LPA-mediated secretion of cathepsin B which stimulated invasion of endometriotic epithelial cells mainly via LPAR1 and LPAR3. These findings may deepen our understanding how endometriotic cells invade into ectopic sites, and provide new insights into the role of LPA and cathepsin B in cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Dietze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Starzinski-Powitz
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular Cell Biology and Human Genetics, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute for Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Konrad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Woo JH, Yang YI, Ahn JH, Choi YS, Choi JH. Interleukin 6 secretion from alternatively activated macrophages promotes the migration of endometriotic epithelial cells. Biol Reprod 2018; 97:660-670. [PMID: 29036448 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested an interaction between endometriotic cells and macrophages in the endometriotic microenvironment and the potential role of this interaction in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. However, how endometriotic cells communicate with macrophages to influence their function is poorly understood. In the present study, we found that the mRNA expression and production of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) were much higher in human endometriotic epithelial cells (11Z and 12Z) than those in human endometrial epithelial cells (HES). The inhibition of CCL2 action using neutralizing antibodies substantially suppressed macrophage migration induced by endometriotic epithelial cells. The endometriosis-associated macrophages (EAMs), which are the macrophages that are stimulated by the conditioned medium (CM) of human endometriotic cells, highly expressed the M2 phenotype markers (MRC1 and TREM2). In addition, the CM of EAMs significantly increased cell migration in 12Z cells, but no significant change was observed in cell growth. RT-PCR and antibody array analyses revealed that EAMs highly express and produce interleukin (IL) 6 compared to macrophages stimulated by the CM of HES cells. Moreover, the EAM-CM-induced migration and MMP2/9 expression in endometriotic cells were significantly attenuated by IL6 signaling inhibition. These results suggest a reciprocal activation of macrophages and endometriotic cells via the soluble factors CCL2 and IL6, which may contribute to the development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong-In Yang
- Department of Life and Nanopharamceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Ahn
- Department of Life and Nanopharamceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Seok Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharamceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
In their native environment, cells are immersed in a complex milieu of biochemical and biophysical cues. These cues may include growth factors, the extracellular matrix, cell-cell contacts, stiffness, and topography, and they are responsible for regulating cellular behaviors such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. The decision-making process used to convert these extracellular inputs into actions is highly complex and sensitive to changes both in the type of individual cue (e.g., growth factor dose/level, timing) and in how these individual cues are combined (e.g., homotypic/heterotypic combinations). In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of engineering-based approaches to study the cellular decision-making process. Specifically, we discuss the use of biomaterial platforms that enable controlled and tailored delivery of individual and combined cues, as well as the application of computational modeling to analyses of the complex cellular decision-making networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela K Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , .,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Laura E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; ,
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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