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Gao Y, Zhang X, Huo B. Knockdown of TRPV2 inhibits the migration of RAW264.7 cells toward low fluid shear stress region. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1391-1403. [PMID: 37565651 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that macrophages (RAW264.7) have a special ability for sensing the gradient of fluid shear stress (FSS) and migrate toward the low-FSS region. However, the molecular mechanism regulating this phenomenon is still unclear. In this study, we examined the transcriptome genes in RAW264.7 cells, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, canine renal epithelial cells, and periodontal ligament cells. The expression levels of genes related to cell migration, force transfer, and force sensitivity in the Ca2+ signaling pathway were analyzed. We observed that the transient receptor potential cation channel type 2 (TRPV2) was highly expressed in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we used lentiviral transfection to knockdown TRPV2 expression in RAW264.7 cells and studied the effect of TRPV2 on the migration of RAW264.7 cells under a gradient FSS field. The results showed that compared with normal cells, TRPV2-knockdown cells had impaired ability for sensing FSS gradient to migrate toward the low-FSS region and lower intracellular calcium response to FSS stimulation. This study may reveal the molecular mechanism of regulating the directional migration of macrophages under a gradient FSS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huo
- Sports Biomechanics Center, Sports Artificial Intelligence Institute, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Sun Q, Ye C, Li T, Jiao F, Gao Y, Huo B. Finite element analysis on mechanical state on the osteoclasts under gradient fluid shear stress. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1067-1078. [PMID: 35477827 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading, such as fluid shear stress (FSS), is regarded as the main factor that regulates the biological responses of bone cells. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the RAW264.7 osteoclast precursors migrate toward the low-FSS region under the gradient FSS field by a cone-and-plate flow chamber, in which the FSS in the outer region is larger than that in the inner region along the radial direction. Whether the FSS distribution on a cell depends on the gradient direction of FSS field should be clarified to explain this experimental observation. In this study, the finite element models of the discretely distributed or closely packed cells adherent on the bottom plate in a cone-and-plate flow chamber were constructed, and cells were regarded as compressible isotropic Hookean solid. Results showed that the average FSS of each discretely distributed cell at the quarter sector far from the center (SFC) was about 0.1% greater than that at the quarter sector near the center (SNC). In the bands with different orientations for a cell, the relative difference between the average FSS in the SFC and the SNC becomes smaller with increased band height. For the hexagonal closely packed cells, the relative value of SFC and SNC increases with increasing cell spacing. The difference between the local wall FSS in the SFC and the SNC may activate mechanosensitive ion channels and further regulate the migration of osteoclast precursors toward the low-FSS region under the gradient FSS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Sun
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongyang Ye
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyang Li
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Huo
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Huo B. Fluid-Solid Coupling Simulation of Wall Fluid Shear Stress on Cells under Gradient Fluid Flow. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:8340201. [PMID: 34899981 PMCID: PMC8660233 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8340201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid shear stress (FSS) plays a crucial role for cell migration within bone cavities filled with interstitial fluid. Whether the local wall FSS distribution on cell surface depends on the global gradient FSS of flow field should be clarified to explain our previous experimental observation. In this study, finite element models of discretely distributed or hexagonal closely packed cells adherent on the bottom plate in a modified plate flow chamber with different global FSS gradient were constructed. Fluid-solid coupling simulation of wall fluid shear stress on cells was performed, and two types of data analysis methods were used. The results showed that the profile of local FSS distribution on cell surface coincides with the angle of cell migration determined in the previous study, suggesting that RAW264.7 osteoclast precursors may sense the global FSS gradient and migrate toward the low-FSS region under a high gradient. For hexagonal closely packed cells, this profile on the surface of central cells decreased along with the increase of cell spacing, which may be caused by the higher local FSS difference along the direction of FSS gradient in the regions close to the bottom plate. This study may explain the phenomenon of the targeted migration of osteoclast precursors under gradient FSS field and further provide insights into the mechanism of mechanical stimulation-induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Li T, Chen Z, Gao Y, Zhu L, Yang R, Leng H, Huo B. Fluid-solid coupling numerical simulation of trabecular bone under cyclic loading in different directions. J Biomech 2020; 109:109912. [PMID: 32807313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a bone tissue is capable of adapting to mechanical loading through the process of bone remodeling, which is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Fluid flow within trabecular porosity under cyclic loading is one of the factors stimulating the biological response of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, the relation between loading directions and interstitial fluid flow was seldom studied. In the present study, a finite element model based on micro-computed tomographic reconstructions is built by using a mouse femur. Results from the fluid-solid coupling numerical simulation indicate that the loading in different directions generates a distinct distribution of von Mises stress in the bone matrix and a fluid shear stress (FSS) in the bone marrow. The loading along the physiological direction leads to a more uniform distribution of solid stress and produces an FSS level beneficial to the biological response of osteoblasts and osteoclasts compared with those along the non-physiological direction. There was a minimum threshold line of wall FSS with a specific solid stress at the bone surface, suggesting that the wall FSS is mainly induced by the solid strain. These results may offer fundamental data in understanding the mechanical environment around osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mechanical loading-induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyang Li
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zebin Chen
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lingsu Zhu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ruili Yang
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Bo Huo
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Abstract
Cell migration is highly sensitive to fluid shear stress (FSS) in blood flow or interstitial fluid flow. However, whether the FSS gradient can regulate the migration of cells remains unclear. In this work, we constructed a parallel-plate flow chamber with different FSS gradients and verified the gradient flow field by particle image velocimetry measurements and finite element analyses. We then investigated the effect of FSS magnitudes and gradients on the migration of osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that the cells sensed the FSS gradient and migrated toward the low-FSS region. This FSS gradient-induced migration tended to occur in low-FSS magnitudes and high gradients, e.g., the migration angle relative to flow direction was approximately 90° for 0.1 Pa FSS and 0.2 Pa mm−1 FSS gradient. When chemically inhibiting the calcium signaling pathways of the mechanosensitive cation channel, endoplasmic reticulum, phospholipase C, and extracellular calcium, the cell migration toward the low-FSS region was significantly reduced. This study may provide insights into the mechanism of the recruitment of osteoclast precursors at the site of bone resorption and of mechanical stimulation-induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- a Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Taiyang Li
- a Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Qing Sun
- a Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Bo Huo
- a Biomechanics Lab, Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
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Migration and differentiation of osteoclast precursors under gradient fluid shear stress. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1731-1744. [PMID: 31115727 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton can adapt to mechanical loading through bone remodeling, and osteoclasts close to microdamages are believed to initiate bone resorption. However, whether local mechanical loading, such as fluid flow, regulates recruitment and differentiation of osteoclast precursors at the site of bone resorption has yet to be investigated. In the present study, finite element analysis first revealed the existence of a low-fluid shear stress (FSS) field inside microdamage. Based on a custom-made device of cone-and-plate fluid chamber, finite element analysis and particle image velocimetry measurement were performed to verify the formation of gradient FSS flow field. Furthermore, the effects of gradient FSS on the migration, aggregation, and fusion of osteoclast precursors were observed. Osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells migrated along a radial direction toward the region with decreased FSS during exposure to gradient FSS stimulation for 40 min, thereby deviating from the direction of actual fluid flow indicated by fluorescent particles. When calcium signaling pathway was inhibited by gadolinium and thapsigargin, cell migration toward a low-FSS region was significantly reduced. For the other cell lines MC3T3-E1, PDLF, rat mesenchymal stem cells, and Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, gradient FSS stimulation did not lead to low-FSS inclined migration. After being cultured under gradient FSS stimulation for 6 days, RAW264.7 cells showed significantly higher density and ratio of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts in the low-FSS region to those in the high-FSS region. Therefore, osteoclast precursor cells may exhibit the special ability to sense FSS gradient and tend to actively migrate toward low-FSS regions, which are regulated by calcium signaling pathway.
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Ye C, Ali S, Sun Q, Guo M, Liu Y, Gao Y, Huo B. Novel cone-and-plate flow chamber with controlled distribution of wall fluid shear stress. Comput Biol Med 2019; 106:140-148. [PMID: 30721821 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluid flow in blood vessels or interstitial fluid flow within tissue cavities plays important roles in tissue regeneration. One of the fundamental issues for in vitro study of the effects of fluid shear stress (FSS) on cells is the development of a flow chamber that can provide a controlled FSS field. In this study, we developed a novel cone-and-plate flow chamber based on viscometry technology, in which the cone's shape was optimized to produce a uniform wall FSS field on the surface of a standard six-well cell culture plate. By using a FSS finite element method, the effects of different geometric parameters of cone and plate, viscosity coefficient of fluid, and angular velocity on wall FSS at the bottom surface of the culture plate were investigated. Results of the simulation demonstrated that the cone with polyline or truncated generatrix (TG) could produce wall FSS as high as 1 or 2 Pa with uniform distribution, in which the area of the identical region for the cone with TG accounts for more than 69% of the total area. In addition, with the cone in close proximity to the plate surface, a gap distance of 0.1 mm can produce a uniform FSS field with a magnitude as high as 2 Pa over the majority of the plate. Furthermore, particle image velocimetry was utilized to measure the distribution of wall FSS, through which the numerical simulation results were experimentally demonstrated. This study presents a powerful new device for in vitro fluid flow loading at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Ye
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Bo Huo
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decades, osteocytes have emerged as mechano-sensors of bone and master regulators of bone homeostasis. This article summarizes latest research and progress made in understanding osteocyte mechanobiology and critically reviews tools currently available to study these cells. RECENT FINDINGS Whereas increased mechanical forces promote bone formation, decrease loading is always associated with bone loss and skeletal fragility. Recent studies identified cilia, integrins, calcium channels, and G-protein coupled receptors as important sensors of mechanical forces and Ca2+ and cAMP signaling as key effectors. Among transcripts regulated by mechanical forces, sclerostin and RANKL have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for disuse-induced bone loss. In this paper, we review the mechanisms by which osteocytes perceive and transduce mechanical cues and the models available to study mechano-transduction. Future directions of the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Uda
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ehab Azab
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- , 700 Albany Street, W201C, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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