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Ingram PB, Armistead-Jehle P, Childers LG, Herring TT. Cross validation of the response bias scale and the response bias scale-19 in active-duty personnel: use on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024; 46:141-151. [PMID: 38493366 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2330727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The Response Bias Scale (RBS) is the central measure of cognitive over-reporting in the MMPI-family of instruments. Relative to other clinical populations, the research evaluating the detection of over-reporting is more limited in Veteran and Active-Duty personnel, which has produced some psychometric variability across studies. Some have suggested that the original scale construction methods resulted in items which negatively impact classification accuracy and in response crafted an abbreviated version of the RBS (RBS-19; Ratcliffe et al., 2022; Spencer et al., 2022). In addition, the most recent edition of the MMPI is based on new normative data, which impacts the ability to use existing literature to determine effective cut-scores for the RBS (despite all items having been retained across MMPI versions). To date, no published research exists for the MMPI-3 RBS. The current study examined the utility of the RBS and the RBS-19 in a sample of Active-Duty personnel (n = 186) referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Using performance validity tests as the study criterion, we found that the RBS-19 was generally equitably to RBS in classification. Correlations with other MMPI-2-RF over- and under-reporting symptom validity tests were slightly stronger for RBS-19. Implications and directions for research and practice with RBS/RBS-19 are discussed, along with implications for neuropsychological assessment and response validity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Ingram
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA, TX
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Leavenworth, USA, KS
| | | | - Lucas G Childers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA, TX
| | - Tristan T Herring
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA, TX
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Shura RD, Ingram PB, Miskey HM, Martindale SL, Rowland JA, Armistead-Jehle P. Validation of the personality assessment inventory (PAI) cognitive bias (CBS) and cognitive bias scale of scales (CB-SOS) in a post-deployment veteran sample. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:1548-1565. [PMID: 36271822 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2131630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study evaluated the function of four cognitive, symptom validity scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), the Cognitive Bias Scale (CBS) and the Cognitive Bias Scale of Scales (CB-SOS) 1, 2, and 3 in a sample of Veterans who volunteered for a study of neurocognitive functioning. Method: 371 Veterans (88.1% male, 66.1% White) completed a battery including the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), the Word Memory Test (WMT), and the PAI. Independent samples t-tests compared mean differences on cognitive bias scales between valid and invalid groups on the M-FAST and WMT. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and hit rate across various scale point-estimates were used to evaluate classification accuracy of the CBS and CB-SOS scales. Results: Group differences were significant with moderate effect sizes for all cognitive bias scales between the WMT-classified groups (d = .52-.55), and large effect sizes between the M-FAST-classified groups (d = 1.27-1.45). AUC effect sizes were moderate across the WMT-classified groups (.650-.676) and large across M-FAST-classified groups (.816-.854). When specificity was set to .90, sensitivity was higher for M-FAST and the CBS performed the best (sensitivity = .42). Conclusion: The CBS and CB-SOS scales seem to better detect symptom invalidity than performance invalidity in Veterans using cutoff scores similar to those found in prior studies with non-Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Shura
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic (VISN 6) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Ingram
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Leavenworth, KS, USA
| | - Holly M Miskey
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic (VISN 6) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarah L Martindale
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic (VISN 6) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jared A Rowland
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic (VISN 6) Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Durham, NC, USA
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Ingram PB, Morris CS, Golden B, Youngren WA, Fulton JA, Sharpnack J. The Influence of Service Era: Comparing Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Scale Scores Within a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Clinic (PCT). J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022; 29:624-635. [PMID: 34427816 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research is mixed on the role of service era in symptom endorsement among Veterans, with differences emerging depending on the instrument evaluated. This study compares Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) scale scores of VA test-takers who served during the Vietnam, Desert Storm, or Post-9/11 service eras. The sample was collected at a VA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Team. Associations between gender and combat exposure were also examined as covariates. Results suggest that Veterans' self-report on the PAI is influenced by service era, even after accounting for gender and combat exposure during deployment. The largest differences were between Vietnam or Post-9/11 Veterans and those from the Gulf War era. Symptom differences typically varied across scales commonly associated with symptoms of trauma exposure/posttraumatic stress disorder. Implications for the clinical use of, and research with, the PAI and other broadband personality assessments within the VA healthcare system and trauma treatment settings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Ingram
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2810 18th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA.
- Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Topeka, KS, USA.
| | - Cole S Morris
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2810 18th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | - Brittney Golden
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2810 18th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79424, USA
| | | | - Joe A Fulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Morris NM, Ingram PB, Armistead-Jehle P. Relationship of personality assessment inventory (PAI) over-reporting scales to performance validity testing in a military neuropsychological sample. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.2013059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Morris
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Paul B. Ingram
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Leavenworth, Kansas, USA
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Evaluating symptom endorsement typographies of trauma-exposed veterans on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): A latent profile analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hale AC, Nelson SM, Reckow J, Spencer RJ. Validation and extension of personality disorder spectra scales from MMPI‐2‐RF items. J Clin Psychol 2020; 76:1754-1774. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Hale
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- VA Center for Clinical Management ResearchHealth Services Research and Development Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Sharon M. Nelson
- Mental Health ServiceVA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
- Department of PsychologyEastern Michigan University Ypsilanti Michigan
| | - Jaclyn Reckow
- Mental Health ServiceVA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
- Mercy Health Saint Mary'sHauenstein Neurosciences Grand Rapids Michigan
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Mental Health ServiceVA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
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Ingram PB, Tarescavage AM, Ben-Porath YS, Oehlert ME, Bergquist BK. External Correlates of the MMPI-2-Restructured Form across a National Sample of Veterans. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:19-26. [PMID: 32141772 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1732995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the convergent validity of the substantive scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in the Veteran Affairs (VA) population. The sample includes test protocols drawn from all administrations of the MMPI-2-RF or MMPI-2 entered into the electronic medical record system between January 1, 2008 and May 31, 2015 at any VA across the United States. After excluding invalid protocols, substantive scale scores were correlated with external measures of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder if they were administered within |14| days of the MMPI-2/-RF. Results supported the convergent validity of the MMPI-2-RF emotional dysfunction domain scores. Discriminant validity for the remaining MMPI-2-RF substantive scale scores was also adequate. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Ingram
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.,Dwight D. Eisenhower VAMC, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Leavenworth, Kansas
| | | | | | - Mary E Oehlert
- Dwight D. Eisenhower VAMC, Eastern Kansas Veteran Healthcare System, Leavenworth, Kansas
| | - Becca K Bergquist
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Ingram PB, Tarescavage AM, Ben-Porath YS, Oehlert ME. Descriptive Profiles of the MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) across a National Sample of Four Veteran Affairs Treatment Settings. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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