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Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz K, Pilarczyk B, Kołodziejczyk L, Tkaczuk C, Twarużek M, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grajewski J, Dzika E, Kalisińska E. Effect of Selected Entomopathogenic Fungal Species on Embryonic Development of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3782. [PMID: 38136820 PMCID: PMC10740946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of using five selected species of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium robertsii) in the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of the parasitic nematode-Ascaris suum. Experimental cultures of each of the selected entomopathogenic fungi, as well as a control culture without fungi, were incubated with A. suum eggs at 26 °C for 28 days. Development of the A. suum eggs was observed using a light microscope on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of incubation. The API-ZYM® test was used to determine, semiquantitatively, the activity of 19 hydrolytic enzymes from the entomopathogenic fungi. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined using tetrazole salt MTT. It was found that none of the five tested strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed an ovicidal effect, and none of them colonized the A. suum egg shells. However, ovistatic activity was observed mainly until the 14th day of incubation by I. fumosorosea, M. robertsii, and B. bassiana. In the MTT test, M. robertsii showed moderate cytotoxicity, while the other species showed low cytotoxicity. Among the strains tested, I. fumosorosea showed the highest spectrum of hydrolase production (13 out of 19 enzymes gave a positive reaction from 3 to 5; 20-40 nM or more). The absence of morphological changes in the A. suum egg shells suggests that the antagonistic effect of the studied entomopathogenic fungi may be due to their cytotoxicity, associated with the production of secondary metabolites-toxins (M. robertsii) and enzymatic activity (I. fumosorosea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Lidia Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, University in Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14c, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
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Vidhate RP, Dawkar VV, Punekar SA, Giri AP. Genomic Determinants of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Involvement in Pathogenesis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:49-60. [PMID: 34977966 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi offer an effective and eco-friendly alternative to curb insect populations in biocontrol strategy. The evolutionary history of selected entomopathogenic fungi indicates their ancestral relationship with plant endophytes. During this host shifting, entomopathogenic fungi must have acquired multiple mechanisms, including a combination of various biomolecules that make them distinguishable from other fungi. In this review, we focus on understanding various biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in entomopathogenesis. In particular, we attempt to explain the indispensable role of enlarged gene families of various virulent factors, viz. chitinases, proteases, lipases, specialized metabolites, and cytochrome P450, in entomopathogenesis. Our analysis suggests that entomopathogenic fungi recruit a different set of gene products during the progression of pathogenesis. Knowledge of these bio-molecular interactions between fungi and insect hosts will allow researchers to execute pointed efforts towards the development of improved entomopathogenic fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra P Vidhate
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal V Dawkar
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin A Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, 52/403, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune, 411009, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Wu S, Wu J, Wang Y, Qu Y, He Y, Wang J, Cheng J, Zhang L, Cheng C. Discovery of entomopathogenic fungi across geographical regions in southern China on pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus and implication for multi-pathogen vectoring potential of this beetle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1061520. [PMID: 36643293 PMCID: PMC9832029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogen-based biocontrol is crucial for blocking the transmission of vector-borne diseases; however, few cross-latitudinal investigations of entomopathogens have been reported for vectors transmitting woody plant diseases in forest ecosystems. The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus is an important wood borer and a major vector transmitting pine wilt disease, facilitating invasion of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) in China. Due to the limited geographical breadth of sampling regions, species diversity of fungal associates (especially entomopathogenic fungi) on M. alternatus adults and their potential ecological functions have been markedly underestimated. In this study, through traditional fungal isolation with morphological and molecular identification, 640 fungal strains (affiliated with 15 genera and 39 species) were isolated from 81 beetle cadavers covered by mycelia or those symptomatically alive across five regional populations of this pest in southern China. Multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in the fungal community composition among geographical populations of M. alternatus, presenting regionalized characteristics, whereas no significant differences were found in fungal composition between beetle genders or among body positions. Four region-representative fungi, namely, Lecanicillium attenuatum (Zhejiang), Aspergillus austwickii (Sichuan), Scopulariopsis alboflavescens (Fujian), and A. ruber (Guangxi), as well as the three fungal species Beauveria bassiana, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma dorotheae, showed significantly stronger entomopathogenic activities than other fungi. Additionally, insect-parasitic entomopathogenic fungi (A. austwickii, B. bassiana, L. attenuatum, and S. alboflavescens) exhibited less to no obvious phytopathogenic activities on the host pine Pinus massoniana, whereas P. citrinum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and certain species of Fusarium spp.-isolated from M. alternatus body surfaces-exhibited remarkably higher phytopathogenicity. Our results provide a broader view of the entomopathogenic fungal community on the vector beetle M. alternatus, some of which are reported for the first time on Monochamus spp. in China. Moreover, this beetle might be more highly-risk in pine forests than previously considered, as a potential multi-pathogen vector of both PWN and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Wu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Station of Forest Pest Control, Anji Forestry Bureau, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifei Qu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao He
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chihang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Umaru FF, Simarani K. Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungal Formulations against Elasmolomus pallens (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae) and Their Extracellular Enzymatic Activities. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090584. [PMID: 36136522 PMCID: PMC9506432 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmolomus pallens are post-harvest insect pests of peanuts that are becoming resistant to chemical insecticides. In this, we study evaluated the effect of conidial formulations on entomopathogenic fungi against E. pallens to reduce the adverse effects. Fungal conidia were formulated and applied on sterile filter papers at varying concentrations (1 × 104–1 × 108 conidia mL−1) inside plastic containers. The test insects were exposed and maintained in a relative humidity of 80 ± 10% for 10 d at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Mortality was recorded every 24 h. Dose–response bioassay (LC50 and LC90) values for Aspergillus flavus formulated in oil were 1.95 × 106 and 3.66 × 109 conidia/mL, whereas formulations in Tween 80 had 9.36 × 107 and 6.50 × 109 conidia/mL. However, oil-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae had 3.92 × 106 and 2.57 × 108 conidia/mL, with 6.85 × 106 and 5.37 × 108, for formulations in Tween 80. A. flavus had LT50 values of 3.3 and 6.6 days, whereas M. anisopliae had LT50 values of 3.6 and 5.7 d. Maximum protease, chitinase, and lipase activities of 2.51, 0.98, and 3.22 U/mL, respectively, were recorded for A. flavus, whereas values of 2.43, 0.93, and 3.46 were recorded for M. anisopliae. The investigated pathogens demonstrate potential against E. pallens; therefore, their applicability under field conditions requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Fidelis Umaru
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo 660213, Nigeria
| | - Khanom Simarani
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-79675843
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Marin Pavas DA, Alzate-Tamayo JP, Calle-Restrepo A, Salazar-Moncada DA, Ocampo-Jiménez O, Calle-Osorno JDJ. Potencial nematicida de hongos aislados de cultivos de plátano dominico hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds) del suroeste antioqueño. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v24n1.99038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial nematicida de aislados fúngicos provenientes de cultivos de plátano de los municipios de Andes y Jardín (Suroeste antioqueño). Se analizaron in vitro diez aislados fúngicos frente a los nematodos fitoparásitos de los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Los hongos pertenecían a los géneros Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium y Metarhizium. Se realizaron pruebas metabólicas cualitativas con diversos sustratos con el fin de observar la capacidad de degradación de diferentes compuestos característicos en la estructura de huevos o juveniles de nematodos. También, se evaluó la capacidad de colonizar huevos o juveniles de Meloidogyne sp. y, la mortalidad de los aislados frente a los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Se encontró que la mayoría de los aislados fueron capaces de degradar Tween 80 (90% de los aislados), seguido de caseína (80%), gelatina (80%), Tween 20 (60%), y en menor medida quitina (40% de los aislados); además, el 30% de los aislados presentaron formación de cristales en los medios de Tween. El 70% de los aislados podían infectar huevos, mientras que el 30% restante infectaban juveniles (J2) de Meloidogyne sp., después 24 horas de incubación. En cuanto al porcentaje de mortalidad del hongo y el filtrado, se encontró que todos los aislados difieren del control (p<0.05), siendo aislados de los géneros Pochonia y Paecilomyces quienes presentaron porcentajes de mortalidad superiores al 90%.
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Mseddi J, Ben Farhat-Touzri D, Azzouz H. Selection and characterization of thermotolerant Beauveria bassiana isolates and with insecticidal activity against the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2183-2195. [PMID: 35191162 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) causes severe damage mainly to cucurbits. Twenty-two Beauveria sp. isolates were simultaneously assessed for their pathogenicity and heat tolerance. The selected isolates were identified molecularly and characterized in terms of conidial germination rate, mycelial growth, conidial yield and endophytic activity. RESULTS Screening bioassays showed that the B. bassiana isolates B3, B7, B9 and B12 were the most toxic, inducing mortality equal to or slightly higher than the commercialized strain B. bassiana BNat (70.7%). Median lethal concentration (LC50 ) bioassays revealed that only isolate B12 had a significantly lower LC50 value (5.4 × 105 conidia ml-1 ) than strain BNat (5 × 106 conidia ml-1 ). The heat tolerance screening test (1 h of exposure to 45°C) allowed us to select isolates B3, B7, B9 and B12 with germination rates of 57.5% to 80.1% after 24 h incubation at 25°C, all significantly higher than strain BNat (22.1%). The germination rates of all isolates decreased significantly after 2 h of exposure to 45°C, with the exception of isolate B12 which displayed the highest thermotolerance (72% germination). The four selected isolates were able to endophytically colonize cucumber leaves when applied to the foliage. Inoculation of cucumber plants with isolate B12 did not affect cucumber plant growth. However, several plant growth parameters were improved 5 weeks after root inoculation. CONCLUSION On the basis of its potent toxicity and thermotolerance, isolate B12 is a good candidate for further development as a biopesticide for use in integrated pest management strategies for aphid control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Mseddi
- Biopesticides Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Hichem Azzouz
- Biopesticides Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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Aynalem B, Muleta D, Venegas J, Assefa F. Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:127. [PMID: 34436715 PMCID: PMC8390704 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive, pesticide resistant, and a major treat of tomato production in the world. It needs effective management options that naturally infect the insect without causing any identified side effects. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are the most important options. However, geographic origin and climatic condition apparently creates genetic variation among EPF strains that influence on their pathogenicity. Thus, screening of effective EPF strains from the local source is vital to develop environmental friendly pest control tactic for T. absoluta. Results In this study, 27 indigenous Beauveria were isolated from the various types of soil and 12 of the isolates were screened based on their biological efficiency index (BEI). These isolates scored 65.7–95.7% and 68.3–95% of mortality against second and third instar larvae of T. absoluta at concentration of 1 × 107spores·ml-1 in 7 days post inoculation, respectively. Out of these, five (18.5%) isolates scored above 90% mortality on both instar larvae with LT50 value of 3.33 to 5.33 days at the lowest (104 spores·ml-1) and 1.93 to 3.17 days at highest (108 spores·ml-1) spore concentrations and has LC50 value of 1.5 × 103 to 1.1× 105 spores·ml-1. Moreover, isolates exhibited the promising mortality better (1.5 × 106 to 3.5 × 107 spores·ml-1), sporulated over the larval cadavers, well grown at optimal temperature, and produced chitinolytic enzymes. Molecular analysis showed that isolates have nearly monophyletic characters and grouped under species of Beauveria bassiana. Conclusion Different types of soil in Ethiopia are an important source of B. bassiana, and these isolates showed promising pathogenicity against T. absoluta, which is crucial for ecofriendly biopesticide development. Although isolates were nearly monophyletic in phylogenetic study, five of them were highly effective in the laboratory bioassays against T. absoluta; however, further field evaluation is required for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhan Aynalem
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Diriba Muleta
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Juan Venegas
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fassil Assefa
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Ismail HM, Freed S, Naeem A, Malik S, Ali N. The Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Enzymatic Activity in Chlorpyrifos-Resistant Mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:204-213. [PMID: 31586214 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say is an important pest species and a vector of multiple pathogens. Insecticide applications are necessary for the effective control of mosquitoes. In the current study, a laboratory population of Cx. quinquefasciatus was exposed to chlorpyrifos for 15 consecutive generations and then assessed for the changes in detoxification enzyme activities before and after exposure to Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. during 14th-15th generations. Activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterase (EST), acid phosphatases (ACP), and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) were increased in the chlorpyrifos-selected (Chlor-SEL) population in relation to an unselected (Un-SEL) population. The resistance ratio of Chlor-SEL 15th generation (G15) was increased 3,583-fold against first generation (G1) and 6,026-fold against the Un-SEL population. The results depicted maximum activities of ACP (83.48), ALP (65.54), GST (13.047), EST (10.42), and AChE (4.86) μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 after consecutive chlorpyrifos applications. The Chlor-SEL populations at G14-G15 were treated with different concentrations of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana for possible suppression of enzymatic activities. Activities of ACP were suppressed to 24.22 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G15 when exposed to B. bassiana and 22.40 μmol/min of mg/ml protein at G14 after exposure to M. anisopliae. The suppression of detoxification enzymes by application of fungi in resistant population of Cx. quinquefasciatus will aid in the mosquito's management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Muhammad Ismail
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Freed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Naeem
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahjahan Malik
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Najaf Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
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Semenova TA, Dunaevsky YE, Beljakova GA, Belozersky MA. Extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi and their possible use in biological control programs and as pathogenicity markers. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:65-72. [PMID: 31892378 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with characteristics of peptidases of fungi whose life cycles are associated with insects to varying degrees. The review examines the characteristic features of the extracellular peptidases of entomopathogenic fungi, the dependence of the specificity of these peptidases on the ecological characteristics of the fungi, and the role of peptidases in the development of the pathogenesis. Data on the properties and physiological role of hydrolytic enzymes of symbiotic fungi in "fungal gardens" are also considered in detail. For the development of representations about mechanisms of control over populations of insect pests, special attention is given to analysis of possibilities of genetic engineering for the creation of entomopathogens with enhanced virulence. Clarification of the role of fungi and their secreted enzymes and careful environmental studies are still required to explain their significance in the composition of the biota and to ensure widespread adoption of these organisms as effective biological control agents. The systematization and comparative analysis of the existing data on extracellular peptidases of insect-associated fungi will help in the planning of further work and the search for markers of pathogenesis and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yakov E Dunaevsky
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Mikhail A Belozersky
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Alagesan A, Padmanaban B, Tharani G, Jawahar S, Manivannan S. An assessment of biological control of the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) by entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Larvicidal potential of Skermanella sp. against rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guenee) and pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:74-79. [PMID: 30099012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insect pests in the rice agroecosystem, particularly the leaf folder, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis (Guenee) and stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), cause significant yield losses. These pests are generally managed by farmers by application of insecticides and a few biocontrol agents. As a component of integrated pest management, biocontrol agents play a dynamic role in pest control. Although diverse microbial communities are available in the rice ecosystem, bacterial genera such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are broadly used as biocontrol agents. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify other effective entomopathogenic bacteria to manage the above mentioned pests. In this study, the two entomopathogenic bacteria isolated from diseased pink stem borer (S. inferens Walker) larvae collected from rice fields were identified as Skermanella sp. (KX611462) and Serratia sp. (KX761232). The larvicidal activity of these two bacteria was evaluated against third instar larvae of C. medinalis and S. inferens in in vitro assays and on potted rice plants (Oryza sativa var. TN1). The results of this study demonstrated 50% (LC50) larval mortality of C. medinalis at 2.95 × 103 and 5.88 × 103 colony forming units (CFU) ml-1 for Skermanella sp. and Serratia sp., respectively, under in vitro conditions, 2.57 × 104 and 3.38 × 104 CFU ml-1, respectively, in whole plant assays. Similarly, the LC50 value for Skermanella sp. was 3.80 × 104 CFU ml-1 and Serratia sp. was 2.29 × 105 CFU ml-1 for S. inferens larvae. Our study reports the larvicidal activity of Skermanella sp. against C. medinalis and S. inferens.
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Dhawan M, Joshi N. Enzymatic comparison and mortality of Beauveria bassiana against cabbage caterpillar Pieris brassicae LINN. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:522-529. [PMID: 28262388 PMCID: PMC5498455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, is the alternative biocontrol agent exploited against major economic crop pests. Pieris brassicae L. is an emerging pest of the Brassicaceae family. Therefore, in the present study, fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana, viz. MTCC 2028, MTCC 4495, MTCC 6291, and NBAII-11, were evaluated for their virulence against third instar larvae of P. brassicae. Among all these fungal isolates, maximum mortality (86.66%) was recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 4495 at higher concentration of spores (109conidia/ml), and the minimum mortality (30.00%) was recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 6291 at a lower concentration (107conidia/ml) after ten days of treatment. The extracellular cuticle-degrading enzyme activities of fungal isolates were measured. Variability was observed both in the pattern of enzyme secretion and the level of enzyme activities among various fungal isolates. B. bassiana MTCC 4495 recorded the maximum mean chitinase (0.51U/ml), protease (1.12U/ml), and lipase activities (1.36U/ml). The minimum mean chitinase and protease activities (0.37 and 0.91U/ml, respectively) were recorded in B. bassiana MTCC 6291. The minimum mean lipase activity (1.04U/ml) was recorded in B. bassiana NBAII-11. Our studies revealed B. bassiana MTCC 4495 as the most pathogenic isolate against P. brassicae, which also recorded maximum extracellular enzyme activities, suggesting the possible roles of extracellular enzymes in the pathogenicity of B. bassiana against P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, PAU, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Neelam Joshi
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, PAU, Ludhiana 141004, India.
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Dionisio G, Kryger P, Steenberg T. Label-Free Differential Proteomics and Quantification of Exoenzymes from Isolates of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. INSECTS 2016; 7:E54. [PMID: 27754403 PMCID: PMC5198202 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that grows both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo it can colonize live insect hosts, and tissue digestion occurs by secreted hydrolytic exoenzymes. It can also colonize dead insect tissue provided this is free from competing microorganisms. Depending on whether the host is alive or dead the expression (quality/quantity) of the exoenzymes may vary. We have grown several isolates of B. bassiana in shaking flasks for 120 h at 25 °C in order to evaluate the maximal exoenzyme production using two diet regimes. As sole carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources we used 1% shrimp chitin and either 0.5% w/v of dead intact American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) or their isolated cuticles. This is the first report of a differential proteomics of B. bassiana exoenzymes performed by label-free nano-LC MS/MS. Total proteolytic enzyme activity was mainly due to Pr1A or Pr1B depending on the isolate and the diet regime. The most differentially secreted enzymes were: the cuticle-degrading subtilisin Pr1A, GH13 alpha-glycosidase, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, subtilisin-like proteinase Spm1, lipase 1, beta-1,3 exoglucanase, and endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase. Among the B. bassiana isolates analyzed, Bb 678 and Bb BG were the most active in Pr1A secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Per Kryger
- Department of Agroecology-Entomology and Plant Pathology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Tove Steenberg
- Department of Agroecology-Entomology and Plant Pathology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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Perinotto WM, Golo PS, Coutinho Rodrigues CJ, Sá FA, Santi L, Beys da Silva WO, Junges A, Vainstein MH, Schrank A, Salles CM, Bittencourt VR. Enzymatic activities and effects of mycovirus infection on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae in Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sánchez-Pérez LDC, Barranco-Florido JE, Rodríguez-Navarro S, Cervantes-Mayagoitia JF, Ramos-López MÁ. Enzymes of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Advances and Insights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aer.2014.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ersoy Omeroglu E, Karaboz I, Sudagidan M. Characteristics and genetic diversity of bioluminescent Shewanella woodyi strains isolated from the Gulf of Izmir, Turkey. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:79-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fernandes EG, Valério HM, Feltrin T, Van Der Sand ST. Variability in the production of extracellular enzymes by entomopathogenic fungi grown on different substrates. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:827-33. [PMID: 24031896 PMCID: PMC3768820 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are important controllers of pest-insects populations in agricultural production systems and in natural environment. These fungi have enzymatic machinery which involve since the recognition and adherence of spores in their hosts culminating with infection and death of these insects. The main objective of this study was to analyzed extracellular enzyme production of the fungi strains Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces sp when cultured on substrates. These fungi were grown in minimal media containing specific substrates for the analysis of different enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, esterases, lipases, proteases (gelatin and caseinase), pectinases and cuticles of Musca domestica larvae and adults. All the assays were performed with and without the presence of dextrose in the culture media. The quantification of enzyme activity was performed by the ratio of halo / colony (H/C) and the results subjected to variance analysis level of 5% (ANOVA) followed by post-Tukey test. All strains were positive for lipase and also they showed a high significant enzyme production for gelatin at concentrations of 4 and 1%. B. bassiana and Paecilomyces sp. were positive for amylase, pectinase and caseinase, and only Paecilomyces sp. showed cellulase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Gomes Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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Beys da Silva WO, Santi L, Corrêa APF, Silva LAD, Bresciani FR, Schrank A, Vainstein MH. The entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae can modulate the secretion of lipolytic enzymes in response to different substrates including components of arthropod cuticle. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:911-6. [PMID: 21036334 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is a well-characterized, arthropod pathogen used in the biological control of arthropod pests. Studies on the regulation of enzymes related to host infection such as proteases and chitinases have been reported but little is known about regulation of lipolytic enzymes in this fungus. Here we present the effects of different carbon sources such as components of the arthropod cuticle on the secretion of lipolytic enzymes by M. anisopliae. Differences in the induction of lipolytic activity were observed between the several carbon sources tested. Higher activities of lipase or lipase/esterase were found in culture media containing the arthropod integument components chitin and cholesteryl stearate. Several bands of lipolytic activity were also detected in zymograms, thus suggesting an important set of lipolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus. These results show that the fungus can modulate the secretion of lipolytic activity in response to host integument components, thus reinforcing the potential role of these enzymes during M. anisopliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter O Beys da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P.O. Box 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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