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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for molecular identification of Trueperella abortisuis isolated from pigs. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 62:101795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Jahan NA, Godden SM, Royster E, Schoenfuss TC, Gebhart C, Timmerman J, Fink RC. Evaluation of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system in the detection of mastitis pathogens from bovine milk samples. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 182:106168. [PMID: 33600875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF is a chemistry analytical tool that has recently been deployed in the identification of microorganisms isolated from nosocomial environments. Its use in diagnostics has been extremely advantageous in terms of cost effectiveness, sample preparation easiness, turn-around time and result analysis accessibility. In the dairy industry, where mastitis causes great financial losses, a rapid diagnostic method such as MALDI-TOF could assist in the control and prevention program of mastitis, in addition to the sanitation and safety level of the dairy farms and processing facility. However, the diagnostic strengths and limitations of this test method require further understanding. In the present study, we prospectively compared MALDI-TOF MS to conventional 16S rDNA sequencing method for the identification of pathogens recovered from milk associated with clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis cases. Initially, 810 bacterial isolates were collected from raw milk samples over a period of three months. However, only the isolates (481) having both 16S rDNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF identification were included in the final phase of the study. Among the 481 milk isolates, a total of 26 genera (12 g-postive and 14 g-negative), including 71 different species, were taxonomically charecterized by 16S rDNA at the species level. Comparatively, MALDI-TOF identified 17 genera (9 g-positive and 8 g-negative) and 33 differernt species. Overall, 445 (93%) were putatively identified to the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS and 355 (74%) were identified to the species level, but no reliable identification was obtained for 16 (3.3%), and 20 (4.2%) discordant results were identified. Future studies may help to overcome the limitations of the MALDI database and additional sample preparation steps might help to reduce the number of discordances in identification. In conclusion, our results show that MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable technique which has the potential to replace conventional identification methods for common mastitis pathogens, routinely isolated from raw milk. Thus it's adoption will strengthen the capacity, quality, and possibly the scope of diagnostic services to support the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat A Jahan
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Sandra M Godden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Erin Royster
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tonya C Schoenfuss
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Connie Gebhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Timmerman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ryan C Fink
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, USA,.
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3
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Complete Genome Sequence of Arcanobacterium sp. Strain 2701, Isolated from a Harbor Seal. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/38/e00652-20. [PMID: 32943560 PMCID: PMC7498426 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcanobacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacteria which can be found in a wide range of hosts and can be associated with disease in humans and animals. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of Arcanobacterium sp. strain 2701, isolated from a harbor seal from the North Sea. Arcanobacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacteria which can be found in a wide range of hosts and can be associated with disease in humans and animals. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of Arcanobacterium sp. strain 2701, isolated from a harbor seal from the North Sea.
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Alssahen M, Hassan AA, Sammra O, Lämmler C, Saarnisto MR, Borowiak M, Malorny B, Rau J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Plötz M, Abdulmawjood A. Epidemiological analysis of Arcanobacterium phocae isolated from cases of mink dermatitis of a single farm. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108618. [PMID: 32273004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to identify nine Arcanobacterium phocae strains isolated from cases of mink dermatitis of a single farm in Finland and characterize the strains for epidemiological relationships. All nine strains and previously described A. phocae used for comparative purposes were identified and further characterized phenotypically, by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and genotypically by detection of phocaelysin encoding gene phl with a previously developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and by sequencing 16S rRNA gene and gene phl, the elongation factor tu encoding gene tuf and the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase encoding gene rpoB. Genetic relatedness among isolates was determined using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) analysis. The wgSNP results, partly the MALDI-TOF MS and FT-IR analyses and sequencing of the genes, revealed that the nine A. phocae strains recovered from a single farm showed close sequence similarities among each other and differed from previously investigated A. phocae strains isolated from other farms and animals in Finland and from the A. phocae type strain. This indicated a close epidemiological relationship of the A. phocae strains isolated from a single farm and that the nine A. phocae strains of the present study might have developed from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alssahen
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Osama Sammra
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lämmler
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Mirja Raunio Saarnisto
- The Research and Laboratory Services Department, Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Keskuskatu 23, 60100 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Maria Borowiak
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, Berlin, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Malorny
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, Berlin, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (CVUAS), Schaflandstraße 3/2, 70736 Fellbach, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Madelein Plötz
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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5
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Alssahen M, Hassan AA, Wickhorst JP, Sammra O, Lämmler C, Glaeser SP, Kämpfer P, Timke M, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Abdulmawjood A. Epidemiological analysis of Trueperella abortisuis isolated from cases of pig abortion of a single farm. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:491-496. [PMID: 31664640 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize six Trueperella (T.) abortisuis strains, cultured over a period of 5 months from fetus and abortion material of six pigs of a single farm in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania federal state, Germany. It was of interest to investigate the epidemiological relationships of the six strains among each other and whether a single bacterial clone was responsible for the abortion situation of the single farm. All six strains were identified phenotypically, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and gap (encoding the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and tuf (encoding elongation factor tu) gene sequencing. Further genotypic comparison was performed using different genomic DNA fingerprint methods including BOX-PCR, (GTG)5-PCR, and three RAPD-PCRs. The sequence analysis of the genes gap and tuf and the genomic DNA fingerprinting results revealed, as noval findings, that the six T. abortisuis strains cultured from a single farm represent six different bacterial clones showing a genetic variability of this bacterial species in the pig population. All six T. abortisuis strains were isolated in mixed culture with several other bacterial species. However, the T. abortisuis strain, generally found in high numbers, seemed to be responsible for the abortion situation in the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alssahen
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn-Peter Wickhorst
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Osama Sammra
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lämmler
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Timke
- Entwicklung Bioanalyse, Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Wickhorst JP, Hassan A, Sammra O, Alssahen M, Lämmler C, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Naggert M, Timke M, Rau J, Abdulmawjood A. First report on the isolation of Trueperella abortisuis from companion animals. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:465-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Sammra O, Rau J, Wickhorst J, Alssahen M, Hassan AA, Lämmler C, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Abdulmawjood A. Further characteristics of Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum DSM 28752 T and Arcanobacterium wilhelmae DSM 102162 T, two novel species of genus Arcanobacterium. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:695-700. [PMID: 29756170 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The newly described type strains Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum DSM 28752T and Arcanobacterium wilhelmae DSM 102162T, initially isolated from an anal swab of a harbor seal (Sammra et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65:4539-4543, 2015) and the genital tract of a rhinoceros (Sammra et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67:2093-2097, 2017), could be further characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and by sequencing the genomic targets 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) and the genes rpoB, gap, and tuf. The two strains investigated in the present study were isolated together with several other bacterial species indicating that the pathogenic importance of both species remained unclear. However, the detection of specific spectra by MALDI-TOF MS and by FT-IR spectroscopy and the presented genotypic approaches might help to identify A. pinnipediorum and A. wilhelmae in the future and might elucidate the role these two species play in infections of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Sammra
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurterstr. 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart (CVUAS), Schaflandstraße 3/2, 70736, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Jörn Wickhorst
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Alssahen
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde (IfTN) der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde (IfTN) der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lämmler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurterstr. 85-91, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Alssahen M, Sammra O, Wickhorst JP, Hassan AA, Lämmler C, Saarnisto MR, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Timke M, Becker A, Abdulmawjood A. Identification of Arcanobacterium phocae isolated from fur animals by phenotypic properties, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and by detection of phocaelysin encoding gene phl as probable novel target. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study 12 Arcanobacterium phocae strains isolated from fur animals in Finland, including foxes, minks and Finnraccoons, could successfully be identified phenotypically, by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and genotypically by sequencing 16S rDNA and phocaelysin (PHL) encoding gene phl. The PHL of all 12 A. phocae strains in the present study and reference strains A. phocae DSM 10002T and A. phocae DSM 10003 displayed, as typical members of the cholesterol dependent cytolysin-group of toxins, the variant undecapeptide sequence EATGLAWDPWW which appeared to be most closely related to arcanolysin of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and pyolysin of Trueperella pyogenes. In addition, gene phl could be determined with a newly designed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The detection of mass spectra by MALDI-TOF MS and the LAMP assay based on gene phl might help to reliably identify A. phocae in future and also elucidate the role this species plays in infections of fur animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alssahen
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Osama Sammra
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörn-Peter Wickhorst
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institut für Tierärztliche Nahrungsmittelkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lämmler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, D-35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Mirja Raunio Saarnisto
- The Research and Laboratory Services Department, Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Keskuskatu 23, 60100 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 85-91, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Markus Timke
- Entwicklung Bioanalyse, Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrè Becker
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Wickhorst JP, Sammra O, Hassan A, Alssashen M, Lämmler C, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Erhard M, Metzner M, Paschertz K, Timke M, Abdulmawjood A. Identification of Arcanobacterium hippocoleae by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and by various genotypical properties. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:10-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Trueperella pyogenes isolated from a brain abscess of an adult roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:17-22. [PMID: 28534230 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically a Trueperella pyogenes strain isolated from a brain abscess of an adult roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). The species identity could be confirmed by phenotypical investigations, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, and by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR); by sequencing the target genes rpoB, gap, and tuf; and by detection of T. pyogenes chaperonin-encoding gene cpn60 with a previously developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The T. pyogenes strain could additionally be characterized by PCR-mediated amplification of several known and putative virulence factor-encoding genes which revealed the presence of the genes plo encoding pyolysin and nanH and nanP encoding neuraminidases; the genes fimA, fimC, and fimE encoding the fimbrial subunits FimA, FimC, and FimE; and the gene cbpA encoding collagen-binding protein CbpA. The present data give a detailed characterization of a T. pyogenes strain isolated from a brain abscess of a roebuck. However, the route of infection of the roebuck remains unclear.
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Savage E, Chothe S, Lintner V, Pierre T, Matthews T, Kariyawasam S, Miller D, Tewari D, Jayarao B. Evaluation of Three Bacterial Identification Systems for Species Identification of Bacteria Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Bulk Tank Milk Samples. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:177-187. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Savage
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Shubhada Chothe
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerie Lintner
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Traci Pierre
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Tammy Matthews
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Dawn Miller
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Bhushan Jayarao
- Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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