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Hou Y, Chen M, Sun Z, Ma G, Chen D, Wu H, Yang J, Li Y, Xu X. The Biosynthesis Related Enzyme, Structure Diversity and Bioactivity Abundance of Indole-Diterpenes: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6870. [PMID: 36296463 PMCID: PMC9611320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole diterpenes are a large class of secondary metabolites produced by fungi, possessing a cyclic diterpenoid backbone and an indole moiety. Novel structures and important biological activity have made indole diterpenes one of the focuses of synthetic chemists. Although the discovery, identification, structural diversity, biological activity and especially structure-activity relationship of indole diterpenes have been reported in some papers in recent years, they are absent of a systematic and comprehensive analysis, and there is no elucidation of enzymes related to this kind of natural product. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the relevant reports to provide new perspectives for the following research. In this review, for the first time, the function of related synthases and the structure-activity relationship of indole diterpenes are expounded, and the recent research advances of them are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiying Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu M, Findlay W, Dettman J, Wyka SA, Broders K, Shoukouhi P, Dadej K, Kolařík M, Basnyat A, Menzies JG. Mining Indole Alkaloid Synthesis Gene Clusters from Genomes of 53 Claviceps Strains Revealed Redundant Gene Copies and an Approximate Evolutionary Hourglass Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110799. [PMID: 34822583 PMCID: PMC8625505 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot fungi (Claviceps spp.) are infamous for producing sclerotia containing a wide spectrum of ergot alkaloids (EA) toxic to humans and animals, making them nefarious villains in the agricultural and food industries, but also treasures for pharmaceuticals. In addition to three classes of EAs, several species also produce paspaline-derived indole diterpenes (IDT) that cause ataxia and staggers in livestock. Furthermore, two other types of alkaloids, i.e., loline (LOL) and peramine (PER), found in Epichloë spp., close relatives of Claviceps, have shown beneficial effects on host plants without evidence of toxicity to mammals. The gene clusters associated with the production of these alkaloids are known. We examined genomes of 53 strains of 19 Claviceps spp. to screen for these genes, aiming to understand the evolutionary patterns of these genes across the genus through phylogenetic and DNA polymorphism analyses. Our results showed (1) varied numbers of eas genes in C. sect. Claviceps and sect. Pusillae, none in sect. Citrinae, six idt/ltm genes in sect. Claviceps (except four in C. cyperi), zero to one partial (idtG) in sect. Pusillae, and four in sect. Citrinae, (2) two to three copies of dmaW, easE, easF, idt/ltmB, itd/ltmQ in sect. Claviceps, (3) frequent gene gains and losses, and (4) an evolutionary hourglass pattern in the intra-specific eas gene diversity and divergence in C. purpurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-759-1385
| | - Wendy Findlay
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Jeremy Dettman
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Stephen A. Wyka
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Kirk Broders
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA;
| | - Parivash Shoukouhi
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Kasia Dadej
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Arpeace Basnyat
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (W.F.); (J.D.); (P.S.); (K.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Jim G. Menzies
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada;
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