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Jiang K, Jin Y, Luo P, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shi T, Chen J, Song P, Lu L. Exploration of the pneumocandin biosynthetic gene cluster based on efficient CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy in Glarea lozoyensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135220. [PMID: 39233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Pneumocandin B0 (PB0) is a lipopeptide produced by the fungus Glarea lozoyensis. The existing challenges with the low-yield and the extended-fermentation cycle emphasize necessity for strain improvement. In this study, we optimized conditions to obtain high-quality protoplasts and screened effective selection markers, leading to the construction of three CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems. Utilizing a constitutive Cas9 expression recipient strain, combined with dual sgRNAs targeting, we achieved highly efficient editing of target genes. We successfully knocked out 10 genes within the pneumocandin putative biosynthetic gene cluster and analyzed their roles in PB0 production. Our findings reveal that 4 of 10 genes are directly involved in PB0 production. Specially, the deletion of gltrt or gl10050 resulted in reduced PB0 production, while the absence of glhyp or glhtyC led to the complete loss of PB0 biosynthesis. Notably, the deletion of glhyp caused the silencing of nearly all cluster genes, whereas overexpression of glhyp led to a 2.38-fold increase in PB0 production. Therefore, this study provides the first comprehensive exploration of the functions of 10 genes within the pneumocandin putative biosynthetic gene cluster. Our findings provide valuable technical strategies for constructing bioengineering strains with purposefully enhanced PB0 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pathogens and Ecosystems, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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Karunarathna SC, Patabendige NM, Lu W, Asad S, Hapuarachchi KK. An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:414. [PMID: 38921400 PMCID: PMC11204718 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic Ganoderma species pose a significant threat to global plant health, resulting in estimated annual economic losses exceeding USD (US Dollars) 68 billion in the agriculture and forestry sectors worldwide. To combat this pervasive menace effectively, a comprehensive understanding of the biology, ecology, and plant infection mechanisms of these pathogens is imperative. This comprehensive review critically examines various aspects of Ganoderma spp., including their intricate life cycle, their disease mechanisms, and the multifaceted environmental factors influencing their spread. Recent studies have quantified the economic impact of Ganoderma infections, revealing staggering yield losses ranging from 20% to 80% across various crops. In particular, oil palm plantations suffer devastating losses, with an estimated annual reduction in yield exceeding 50 million metric tons. Moreover, this review elucidates the dynamic interactions between Ganoderma and host plants, delineating the pathogen's colonization strategies and its elicitation of intricate plant defense responses. This comprehensive analysis underscores the imperative for adopting an integrated approach to Ganoderma disease management. By synergistically harnessing cultural practices, biological control, and chemical treatments and by deploying resistant plant varieties, substantial strides can be made in mitigating Ganoderma infestations. Furthermore, a collaborative effort involving scientists, breeders, and growers is paramount in the development and implementation of sustainable strategies against this pernicious plant pathogen. Through rigorous scientific inquiry and evidence-based practices, we can strive towards safeguarding global plant health and mitigating the dire economic consequences inflicted by Ganoderma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China;
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantane Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Wenhua Lu
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Suhail Asad
- School of Biology and Chemistry, Pu’er University, Pu’er 665000, China;
| | - Kalani K. Hapuarachchi
- College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Yang J, Zhou S, Yang Z, Shi X, Liu H, Yang Z, Peng D, Ding Z, Ye S. Silencing of the T-type voltage-gated calcium channel α 1 subunit by fungus-mediated RNAi altered the structure of F-actin and caused defective behaviors in Ditylenchus destructor. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:673. [PMID: 38787479 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-type calcium channels, characterized as low-voltage activated (LVA) calcium channels, play crucial physiological roles across a wide range of tissues, including both the neuronal and nonneuronal systems. Using in situ hybridization and RNA interference (RNAi) techniques in vitro, we previously identified the tissue distribution and physiological function of the T-type calcium channel α1 subunit (DdCα1G) in the plant-parasitic nematode Ditylenchus destructor. METHODS AND RESULTS To further characterize the functional role of DdCα1G, we employed a combination of immunohistochemistry and fungus-mediated RNAi and found that DdCα1G was clearly distributed in stylet-related tissue, oesophageal gland-related tissue, secretory-excretory duct-related tissue and male spicule-related tissue. Silencing DdCα1G led to impairments in the locomotion, feeding, reproductive ability and protein secretion of nematodes. To confirm the defects in behavior, we used phalloidin staining to examine muscle changes in DdCα1G-RNAi nematodes. Our observations demonstrated that defective behaviors are associated with related muscular atrophy. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the physiological functions of T-type calcium channels in plant-parasitic nematodes. The T-type calcium channel can be considered a promising target for sustainable nematode management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Ziqi Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xuqi Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhuhong Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhong Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Shan Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide and Formulation Processing, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Dutta S, Houdinet G, NandaKafle G, Kafle A, Hawkes CV, Garcia K. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nigrospora sp. isolated from switchgrass leaves and antagonistic toward plant pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 215:106849. [PMID: 37907117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Nigrospora is a diverse genus of fungi colonizing plants through endophytic, pathogenic, or saprobic interactions. Endophytic isolates can improve growth and development of host plants, as well as their resistance to microbial pathogens, but exactly how they do so remains poorly understood. Developing a reliable transformation method is crucial to investigate these mechanisms, in particular to identify pivotal genes for specific functions that correlate with specific traits. In this study, we identified eight isolates of Nigrospora sp. internally colonizing the leaves of switchgrass plants cultivated in North Carolina. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation approach with control and GFP-expressing vectors, we report the first successful transformation of two Nigrospora isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that wild-type and transgenic isolates both negatively impact the growth of two plant pathogens in co-culture conditions, Bipolaris maydis and Parastagonospora nodorum, responsible for the Southern Leaf Blight and Septoria Nodorum Blotch diseases, respectively. The GFP-transformed strains developed here can therefore serve as accurate reporters of spatial interactions in future studies of Nigrospora and pathogens in the plant. Finally, the transformation method we describe lays the foundation for further genetic research on the Nigrospora genus to expand our mechanistic understanding of plant-endophyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summi Dutta
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Gabriella Houdinet
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Gitanjali NandaKafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Induced expression of Ganoderma boninense Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (ERG11) during interaction with oil palm. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2367-2379. [PMID: 36580194 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense is the main contributor to oil palm Basal Stem Rot (BSR) in Malaysia and Indonesia. Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (ERG11) is a key enzyme involved in biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is an important component in the fungal cell membrane. The Azole group fungicides are effective against pathogenic fungi including G. boninense by inhibiting the ERG11 activity. However, the work on molecular characterization of G. boninense ERG11 is still unavailable today. METHODS AND RESULTS This study aimed to isolate and characterize the full-length cDNA encoding ERG11 from G. boninense. The G. boninense ERG11 gene expression during interaction with oil palm was also studied. A full-length 1860 bp cDNA encoding ERG11 was successfully isolated from G. boninense. The G. boninense ERG11 shared 91% similarity to ERG11 from other basidiomycete fungi. The protein structure homology modeling of GbERG11 was analyzed using the SWISS-MODEL workspace. Southern blot and genome data analyses showed that there is only a single copy of ERG11 gene in the G. boninense genome. Based on the in-vitro inoculation study, the ERG11 gene expression in G. boninense has shown almost 2-fold upregulation with the presence of oil palm. CONCLUSION This study provided molecular information and characterization study on the G. boninense ERG11 and this knowledge could be used to design effective control measures to tackle the BSR disease of oil palm.
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Zhang H, Geng Q, Sun Z, Zhong X, Yang Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Sun L. A Dual-Channel Microfluidic Chip for Single Tobacco Protoplast Isolation and Dynamic Capture. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2109. [PMID: 36557407 PMCID: PMC9787963 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protoplasts are widely used in gene function verification, subcellular localization, and single-cell sequencing because of their complete physiological activities. The traditional methods based on tissues and organs cannot satisfy the requirement. Therefore, the isolation and capture of a single protoplast are most important to these studies. In this study, a dual-channel microfluidic chip based on PDMS with multi-capture cavities was designed. The design theory of the dual-channel microfluidic chip's geometry was discussed. The capture mechanism of the single cell in a dual-channel microfluidic chip was studied by simulation analysis. Our results showed that a single polystyrene microsphere or tobacco protoplast was successfully isolated and trapped in this chip. The capture efficiency of the chip was 83.33% for the single tobacco protoplast when the inlet flow rate was 0.75 μL/min. In addition, the dynamic capture of the polystyrene microsphere and tobacco protoplasts was also presented. Overall, our study not only provided a new strategy for the subsequent high throughput single protoplast research, but also laid a theoretical foundation for the capture mechanism of the single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zhanghua Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shuangyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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Wang W, Wang Y, Dong G, Chen F. Development of Cordyceps javanica BE01 with enhanced virulence against Hyphantria cunea using polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972425. [PMID: 36118242 PMCID: PMC9478556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps javanica has promising application prospects as an entomopathogenic fungus with a wide range of hosts. To enhance the virulence of C. javanica, a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast genetic transformation system was constructed. Strains overexpressing the subtilisin-like protease genes CJPRB and CJPRB1 and the tripeptidyl peptidase gene CJCLN2-1 were constructed with this system, and the effects of these strains on Hyphantria cunea were tested. The aminoglycoside G418 was used at 800 μg ml−1 to screen the transformants. C. javanica hyphae were degraded with an enzyme mixture to obtain protoplasts at 1.31 × 107 protoplasts ml−1. The transformation of 2 μg of DNA into 1,000 protoplasts was achieved with 20% PEG2000, and after 6 h of recovery, the transformation efficiency was 12.33 ± 1.42 transformants μg−1 plasmid. The LT50 values of CJPRB, CJPRB1, and CJCLN2-1-overexpressing C. javanica strains were 1.32-fold, 2.21-fold, and 2.14-fold higher than that of the wild-type (WT) strain, respectively. The three overexpression strains showed no significant differences from the WT strain in terms of colony growth, conidial yield, and conidial germination rate. However, the infection rate of the CJPRB1 strain was faster than that of the WT strain, with infection occurring within 4–5 days. The CJCLN2-1 strain had a significantly higher mortality rate than the WT strain within 4–10 days after infection. A C. javanica genetic transformation system was successfully constructed for the first time, and an overexpression strain exhibited enhanced virulence to H. cunea compared with the WT strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangping Dong
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Pine Wilt Disease Prevention and Control, Hefei, China
| | - Fengmao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmao Chen,
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Shen M, Liu J, Li Y, Xu S, Chen L, Shi G, Ding Z. Establishment of an Efficient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Mediated Transformation System in Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae Using Comprehensive Optimization and Multiple Endogenous Promoters. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020186. [PMID: 35205941 PMCID: PMC8876744 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae, a fungus of the genus Pleurotus, efficiently degrades lignin, especially during co-cultivation with other fungi. However, low transformation efficiency and heterologous gene expression restrict systematic studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic control of natural products in this mushroom. In this study, the homologous resistance marker carboxin (cbx) was used to establish a polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation (PMT) system in P. eryngii var. ferulae. Optimization of the transformation process greatly improved the number of positive transformants. In particular, we optimized: (i) protoplast preparation and regeneration; (ii) screening methods; and (iii) transformation-promoting factors. The optimized transformation efficiency reached 72.7 CFU/μg, which is higher than the average level of Pleurotus sp. (10–40 CFU/μg). Moreover, three endogenous promoters (Ppfgpd1, Ppfgpd2, and Ppfsar1) were screened and evaluated for different transcription initiation characteristics. A controllable overexpression system was established using these three promoters that satisfied various heterologous gene expression requirements, such as strong or weak, varied, or stable expression levels. This study lays the foundation for recombinant protein expression in P. eryngii var. ferulae and provides a method to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and secondary metabolic pathway modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengye Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-511-85918221
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