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Safarov R, Fedotova O, Uvarova A, Gordienko M, Menshutina N. Review of Intranasal Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1180. [PMID: 39338342 PMCID: PMC11435088 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the development of intranasal delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) not only for treating local nasal diseases but also for treating systemic diseases, central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and vaccine delivery. The nasal cavity possesses a unique set of anatomical characteristics for delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients, but there are several limitations that recent research in the field of the intranasal administration of APIs aims to overcome. For the effective delivery of nasal preparations, active pharmaceutical ingredients are incorporated into various micro- and nanosystems. Some of the most commonly encountered API delivery systems in the scientific literature include liposomal systems, polymer particles with mucoadhesive properties, in situ gels, nano- and microemulsions, and solid lipid particles. This article provides a review of research on the development of nasal preparations for treating local nasal cavity diseases (in particular, for antibiotic delivery), systemic diseases (analgesics, drugs for cardiovascular diseases, antiviral and antiemetic drugs), CNS disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression), and vaccine delivery. The literature data show that active research is underway to reformulate drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups into a nasal form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Fedotova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia (A.U.)
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Applications of innovative technologies to the delivery of antipsychotics. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:401-421. [PMID: 34601123 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis is a high-incidence pathology associated with a profound alteration in the perception of reality. The limitations of drugs available on the market have stimulated the search for alternative solutions to achieve effective antipsychotic therapies. In this review, we evaluate innovative formulations of antipsychotic drugs developed through the application of modern pharmaceutical technologies, including classes of micro and nanocarriers, such as lipid formulations, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), solid dispersions, and cyclodextrins (CDs). We also consider alternative routes of administration to the oral and parenteral ones currently used. Improved solubility, stability of preparations, and pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters confirm the potential of these new formulations in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
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Froelich A, Osmałek T, Jadach B, Puri V, Michniak-Kohn B. Microemulsion-Based Media in Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:201. [PMID: 33540856 PMCID: PMC7912993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nose-to-brain drug delivery has recently attracted enormous attention as an alternative to other delivery routes, including the most popular oral one. Due to the unique anatomical features of the nasal cavity, drugs administered intranasally can be delivered directly to the central nervous system. The most important advantage of this approach is the ability to avoid the blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain and blocking the entry of exogenous substances to the central nervous system. Moreover, selective brain targeting could possibly avoid peripheral side effects of pharmacotherapy. The challenges associated with nose-to-brain drug delivery are mostly due to the small volume of the nasal cavity and insufficient drug absorption from nasal mucosa. These issues could be minimized by using a properly designed drug carrier. Microemulsions as potential drug delivery systems offer good solubilizing properties and the ability to enhance drug permeation through biological membranes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current status of the research focused on microemulsion-based systems for nose-to-brain delivery with special attention to the most extensively investigated neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Froelich
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Tomasz Osmałek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Barbara Jadach
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (T.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Vinam Puri
- Center for Dermal Research and Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Center for Dermal Research and Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (V.P.); (B.M.-K.)
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Rathod M, Suthar D, Patel H, Shelat P, Parejiya P. Microemulsion based nasal spray: A systemic approach for non-CNS drug, its optimization, characterization and statistical modelling using QbD principles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Helal HM, Mortada SM, Sallam MA. Paliperidone-Loaded Nanolipomer System for Sustained Delivery and Enhanced Intestinal Permeation: Superiority to Polymeric and Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1946-1959. [PMID: 27914041 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paliperidone (PPD) is the most recent second-generation atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. An immediate release dose causes extrapyramidal side effects. In this work, a novel nanolipomer carrier system for PPD with enhanced intestinal permeability and sustained release properties has been developed and optimized. PPD was successfully encapsulated into a lipomer consisting of a specific combination of biocompatible materials including poly-ε-caprolactone as a polymeric core, Lipoid S75, and Gelucire® 50/13 as a lipid shell and polyvinyl alcohol as a stabilizing agent. The lipomer system was characterized by dynamic light scattering, TEM, DSC, and FTIR. An optimized lipomer formulation possessed a particle size of 168 nm, PDI of 0.2, zeta potential of -23 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 87.27% ± 0.098. Stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids investigated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency measurements ensured the integrity of the nanoparticles upon oral administration. PPD-loaded nanolipomers demonstrated a superior sustained release behavior up to 24 h and better ex vivo intestinal permeation for PPD compared to the corresponding polymeric and solid lipid nanoparticles and drug suspension. The in vitro hemocompatibility test on red blood cells revealed no hemolytic effect of PPD-loaded lipomers which reflects its safety. The elaborated nanohybrid carrier system represents a promising candidate for enhancing the absorption of PPD providing a 2.6-fold increase in the intestinal permeation flux compared to the drug suspension while maintaining a sustained release behavior. It is a convenient alternative to the commercially available dosage form of PPD.
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Erel G, Kotmakçı M, Akbaba H, Sözer Karadağlı S, Kantarcı AG. Nanoencapsulated chitosan nanoparticles in emulsion-based oral delivery system: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of insulin loaded formulation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Patel MR, Patel MH, Patel RB. Preparation and in vitro/ex vivo evaluation of nanoemulsion for transnasal delivery of paliperidone. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-016-0527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Patel MR, Patel RB, Parikh JR, Patel BG. Formulation consideration and skin retention study of microemulsion containing tazarotene for targeted therapy of acne. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Patel MR, Patel RB, Parikh JR, Patel BG. Novel microemulsion-based gel formulation of tazarotene for therapy of acne. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:921-932. [PMID: 26334480 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1081610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel microemulsion based gel formulation containing tazarotene for targeted topical therapy of acne. Psudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant for microemulsion formation. The optimized microemulsion formulation containing 0.05% tazarotene was formulated by spontaneous microemulsification method consisting of 10% Labrafac CC, mixed emulsifiers 15% Labrasol-Cremophor-RH 40 (1:1), 15% Capmul MCM, and 60% distilled water (w/w) as an external phase. All plain and tazarotene-loaded microemulsions were clear and showed physicochemical parameters for desired topical delivery and stability. The permeation profiles of tazarotene through rat skin from optimized microemulsion formulation followed the Higuchi model for controlled permeation. Microemulsion-based gel was prepared by incorporating Carbopol®971P NF in optimized microemulsion formulation having suitable skin permeation rate and skin uptake. Microemulsion-based gel showed desired physicochemical parameters and demonstrated advantage over marketed formulation in improving the skin tolerability of tazarotene indicating its potential in improving its topical delivery. The developed microemulsion-based gel may be a potential drug delivery vehicle for targeted topical delivery of tazarotene in the treatment of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunali Rashmin Patel
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy , New Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Jolly R Parikh
- c Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology , A.R. College of Pharmacy and G. H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Bharat G Patel
- d Department of Pharmacology , Charotar University of Science and Technology , Changa , Gujarat , India
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Patel MR, Patel RB, Parikh JR, Patel BG. Novel isotretinoin microemulsion-based gel for targeted topical therapy of acne: formulation consideration, skin retention and skin irritation studies. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Patel MR, Patel RB, Bhatt KK, Patel BG, Gaikwad RV. Paliperidone microemulsion for nose-to-brain targeted drug delivery system: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:346-54. [PMID: 24865295 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.914602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of present study was to develop and evaluate paliperidone (PALI) loaded microemulsion (PALI-ME) for intranasal delivery in the treatment of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The PALI-ME was formulated by the spontaneous microemulsification method and characterized for physicochemical parameters. Pharmacodynamic assessments (apomorphine-induced compulsive behavior and spontaneous motor activity) were performed using mice. All formulations were tagged with (99m)Tc (technetium). Pharmacokinetic evaluation of PALI in the brain was investigated using Swiss albino rats. Brain scintigraphy imaging was performed in rabbits. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PALI-ME was found stable with average droplet size of 20.01 ± 1.28 nm. In pharmacodynamic studies, significant (p < 0.05) deference in parameters estimated, were found between the treated and control groups. (99m)Tc-tagged PALI solution (PALI-SOL)/PALI-ME/PALI muco-adhesive ME (PALI-MME) was found to be stable and suitable for in vivo studies. Brain-to-blood ratio at all sampling points up to 8 h following intranasal administration of PALI-MME compared to intravenous PALI-ME was found to be 6-8 times higher signifying greater extent of distribution of the PALI in brain. Rabbit brain scintigraphy demonstrated higher intranasal uptake of the PALI into the brain. CONCLUSION This investigation demonstrates a prompt and larger extent of transport of PALI into the brain through intranasal PALI-MME, which may prove beneficial for treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunali R Patel
- a Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology , Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy , New Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Rashmin B Patel
- b Department of Pharmceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance , A.R. College of Pharmacy & G.H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy , Vallabh Vidynagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Kashyap K Bhatt
- b Department of Pharmceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance , A.R. College of Pharmacy & G.H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy , Vallabh Vidynagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Bharat G Patel
- c Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy , Charotar University of Science and Technology , Changa , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Rajiv V Gaikwad
- d Veterinary Nuclear Medicine Center , Bombay Veterinary College , Mumbai , India
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Patel RB, Patel MR, Bhatt KK, Patel BG, Gaikwad RV. Evaluation of brain targeting efficiency of intranasal microemulsion containing olanzapine: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic consideration. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:307-15. [PMID: 24845478 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.912694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate olanzapine (OZP) -loaded microemulsions (OZPME) for intranasal delivery in the treatment of schizophrenia. The OZPME was formulated by the spontaneous microemulsification method and characterized for physicochemical parameters. Pharmacodynamic assessments (apomorphine - induced compulsive behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity) were performed using mice. All formulations were radiolabeled with technetium-99 ((99m)Tc), and biodistribution of drug in the brain was investigated using Swiss albino rats. Brain scintigraphy imaging in rabbits was performed to determine the uptake of the OZP into the brain. OZPME were found clear and stable with average globule size of 23.87 ± 1.07 nm. In pharmacodynamic assessments, significant (p < 0.05) difference in parameters estimated were found between the treated and control groups. (99m)Tc-labeled OZP solution (OZPS)/OZPME/OZP mucoadhesive microemulsion (OZPMME) were found to be stable and suitable for in vivo studies. Brain/blood ratio at all sampling points up to 8 h following intranasal administration of OZPMME compared to intravenous OZPME was found to be five to six times higher signifying larger extent of distribution of the OZP in brain. Drug targeting efficiency and direct drug transport were found to be highest for intranasal OZPMME, compared to intravenous OZPME. Furthermore, rabbit brain scintigraphy also demonstrated higher intranasal uptake of the OZP into the brain. This investigation demonstrates a prompt and larger extent of transport of OZP into the brain through intranasal OZPMME, which may prove beneficial for treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin B Patel
- a A. R. College of Pharmacy & G. H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Mrunali R Patel
- b Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy , New Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Kashyap K Bhatt
- b Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy , New Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Bharat G Patel
- c Charotar University of Science and Technology , Changa , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Rajiv V Gaikwad
- d Veterinary Nuclear Medicine Center , Bombay Veterinary College , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
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Patel RB, Patel MR, Bhatt KK, Patel BG, Gaikwad RV. Microemulsion-based drug delivery system for transnasal delivery of Carbamazepine: preliminary brain-targeting study. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:207-13. [PMID: 24825492 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.908980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the development and evaluation of Carbamazepine (CMP)-loaded microemulsions (CMPME) for intranasal delivery in the treatment of epilepsy. The CMPME was prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method and characterized for physicochemical parameters. All formulations were radiolabeled with (99m)Tc (technetium) and biodistribution of CMP in the brain was investigated using Swiss albino rats. Brain scintigraphy imaging in rats was also performed to determine the uptake of the CMP into the brain. CMPME were found crystal clear and stable with average globule size of 34.11 ± 1.41 nm. (99m)Tc-labeled CMP solution (CMPS)/CMPME/CMP mucoadhesive microemulsion (CMPMME) were found to be stable and suitable for in vivo studies. Brain/blood ratio at all sampling points up to 8 h following intranasal administration of CMPMME compared to intravenous CMPME was found to be 2- to 3-fold higher signifying larger extent of distribution of the CMP in brain. Drug targeting efficiency and direct drug transport were found to be highest for CMPMME post-intranasal administration compared to intravenous CMP. Rat brain scintigraphy also demonstrated higher intranasal uptake of the CMP into the brain. This investigation demonstrates a prompt and larger extent of transport of CMP into the brain through intranasal CMPMME, which may prove beneficial for treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin Bharatbhai Patel
- a A. R. College of Pharmacy & G. H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy , Vallabh Vidynagar , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Kashyap K Bhatt
- b Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy , New Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Bharat G Patel
- c Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology , Charotar University of Science and Technology , Changa , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Rajiv V Gaikwad
- d Veterinary Nuclear Medicine Center , Bombay Veterinary College , Mumbai , India
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