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Patel AM, Liu YS, Davies SP, Brown RM, Kelly DA, Scheel-Toellner D, Reynolds GM, Stamataki Z. The Role of B Cells in Adult and Paediatric Liver Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729143. [PMID: 34630404 PMCID: PMC8495195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are multitasking cells that direct the immune response by producing pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, by presenting processed antigen for T cell activation and co-stimulation, and by turning into antibody-secreting cells. These functions are important to control infection in the liver but can also exacerbate tissue damage and fibrosis as part of persistent inflammation that can lead to end stage disease requiring a transplant. In transplantation, immunosuppression increases the incidence of lymphoma and often this is of B cell origin. In this review we bring together information on liver B cell biology from different liver diseases, including alcohol-related and metabolic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary and primary sclerosing cholangitis, viral hepatitis and, in infants, biliary atresia. We also discuss the impact of B cell depletion therapy in the liver setting. Taken together, our analysis shows that B cells are important in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and that further research is necessary to fully characterise the human liver B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzoo M. Patel
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuxin S. Liu
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott P. Davies
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Brown
- Department of Histopathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre A. Kelly
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Scheel-Toellner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M. Reynolds
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation markers in naïve HCV-RNA positive patients without clinical evidences of autoimmune/lymphoproliferative disorders. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:927-33. [PMID: 27289333 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV can lead to both chronic liver disease and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. A strong association exists between HCV and mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC). METHODS Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), rheumatoid factor Ig-G (RF-IgG), free light chain κ and λ (FLC-κ, FLC-λ) levels and κ/λ ratio were evaluated in 50/420 subjects unexpectedly resulted anti-HCV positive after routine screenings for non-hepathological procedures. RESULTS Three/fifty patients had HCV-RNA undetectable in the serum and were excluded from the analysis. Thirty-nine/fifty patients had laboratory evidence of circulating cryoglobulins without liver disease and MC-related symptoms. Among them, 17 resulted ANA-positive. The mean cryocrit was higher in ANA-positive patients, while no other demographic/clinical differences were observed between the groups. Significantly higher levels of RF-IgG were observed in ANA-positive vs ANA-negative patients. κ and λ FLC were higher in ANA-positive patients. A ROC analysis, based on ANA-positivity vs ANA-negativity, confirmed a high sensitivity and specificity of RF-IgG test. CONCLUSIONS Published data concerning MC come mostly from symptomatic vasculitis. We analyzed HCV-patients without MC symptoms, founding cryoglobulins in the majority of them. The increased levels of FR-IgG and FLC in CGs-ANA-positive patients, suggest these test could be used to identify a state of silent autoimmune and/or lymphoproliferative condition before the transition to a frank disease in naïve HCV-patients without symptoms of extrahepatic manifestations.
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Anti-nuclear antibody detection in cryoprecipitates: distinctive patterns in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:50-6. [PMID: 25445409 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-nuclear antibodies are immunoglobulins directed against nuclear antigens. They are associated with many autoimmune disorders, but are frequently found in patients infected with hepatitis C virus, possibly indicating an underlying common origin. Likewise, mixed cryoglobulinemia often accompanies autoimmune diseases and hepatitis C infection. AIM To compare anti-nuclear antibodies and immunoglobulin content of cryoprecipitates from hepatitis C virus-positive patients in order to assess their predictive value in the onset of hepatitis C virus-driven extrahepatic disorders. METHODS Serum from 40 hepatitis C virus-positive patients and 50 controls with rheumatoid arthritis was processed for cryoglobulin detection: all subjects presented with Type III mixed cryoglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin content and immunoglobulin subclasses of cryoprecipitates were assessed by immunofixation and tested by ELISA for rheumatoid factor. Cryoprecipitates were also analysed for anti-nuclear antibodies by indirect immuno-fluorescence to identify specific patterns typical of each condition. RESULTS Anti-nuclear antibody patterns differed significantly; 26 infected subjects (65%) were IgG3 positive: of these, 25 were also anti-nuclear antibody-positive (96.1%). CONCLUSIONS IgG3 are autoreactive clones unrelated to viral recognition and possibly involved in autoimmune disorders. Altogether, these results may represent useful diagnostic device for early detection of hepatitis C virus-induced autoimmune diseases.
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He Y, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Fan C, Ji G, Wang Y, Ma Z, Lian J, Hao C, Yao ZQ, Jia Z. CD100 up-regulation induced by interferon-α on B cells is related to hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113338. [PMID: 25436996 PMCID: PMC4249883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives CD100, also known as Sema4D, is a member of the semaphorin family and has important regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. The role of CD100 expression on B cells in immune regulation during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. Materials and Methods We longitudinally investigated the altered expression of CD100, its receptor CD72, and other activation markers CD69 and CD86 on B cells in 20 chronic HCV-infected patients before and after treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha (Peg-IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV) by flow cytometry. Results The frequency of CD5+ B cells as well as the expression levels of CD100, CD69 and CD86 was significantly increased in chronic HCV patients and returned to normal in patients with sustained virological response after discontinuation of IFN-α/RBV therapy. Upon IFN-α treatment, CD100 expression on B cells and the two subsets was further up-regulated in patients who achieved early virological response, and this was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Moreover, the increased CD100 expression via IFN-α was inversely correlated with the decline of the HCV-RNA titer during early-phase treatment. Conclusions Peripheral B cells show an activated phenotype during chronic HCV infection. Moreover, IFN-α therapy facilitates the reversion of disrupted B cell homeostasis, and up-regulated expression of CD100 may be indirectly related to HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxi Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqiu Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tucci FA, Broering R, Lutterbeck M, Schlaak JF, Küppers R. Intrahepatic B-cell follicles of chronically hepatitis C virus-infected individuals lack signs of an ectopic germinal center reaction. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1842-50. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia A. Tucci
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Duisburg-Essen; University Hospital; Essen Germany
| | - Melanie Lutterbeck
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Duisburg-Essen; University Hospital; Essen Germany
| | - Joerg F. Schlaak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Duisburg-Essen; University Hospital; Essen Germany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research); University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB); University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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Lu M, Wen Y. Interaction of viruses with host immune system and immunomodulation in chronic viral infections. Virol Sin 2014; 29:1-2. [PMID: 24470264 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany,
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