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Li J, Li S, Yu S, Yang J, Ke J, Li H, Chen H, Lu M, Sy MS, Gao Z, Li C. Persistent ER stress causes GPI anchor deficit to convert a GPI-anchored prion protein into pro-PrP via the ATF6-miR449c-5p-PIGV axis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104982. [PMID: 37390992 PMCID: PMC10388210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response are cells' survival strategies to thwart disruption of proteostasis. Tumor cells are continuously being challenged by ER stress. The prion protein, PrP, normally a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein exists as a pro-PrP retaining its GPI-peptide signal sequence in human pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Higher abundance of pro-PrP indicates poorer prognosis in PDAC patients. The reason why PDAC cells express pro-PrP is unknown. Here, we report that persistent ER stress causes conversion of GPI-anchored PrP to pro-PrP via a conserved ATF6-miRNA449c-5p-PIGV axis. Mouse neurons and AsPC-1, a PDAC cell line, express GPI-anchored PrP. However, continuous culture of these cells with the ER stress inducers thapsigargin or brefeldin A results in the conversion of a GPI-anchored PrP to pro-PrP. Such a conversion is reversible; removal of the inducers allows the cells to re-express a GPI-anchored PrP. Mechanistically, persistent ER stress increases the abundance of an active ATF6, which increases the level of miRNA449c-5p (miR449c-5p). By binding the mRNA of PIGV at its 3'-UTRs, miR449c-5p suppresses the level of PIGV, a mannosyltransferase pivotal in the synthesis of the GPI anchor. Reduction of PIGV leads to disruption of the GPI anchor assembly, causing pro-PrP accumulation and enhancing cancer cell migration and invasion. The importance of ATF6-miR449c-5p-PIGV axis is recapitulated in PDAC biopsies as the higher levels of ATF6 and miR449c-5p and lower levels of PIGV are markers of poorer outcome for patients with PDAC. Drugs targeting this axis may prevent PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingFeng Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - SaSa Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShuPei Yu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingRu Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - MingJian Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - ZhenXing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
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Li H, Yang J, Li J, Gao Z, Xu J, Li C. Protocol to differentiate glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored prion protein from pro-prion protein in cancer cells. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102298. [PMID: 37329508 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor synthesis lead to the production of pro-proteins with altered functions. However, pro-protein-specific antibodies for functional analysis are lacking. Here, we present a protocol to differentiate GPI-anchored prion protein (PrP) from pro-PrP in cancer cells using a complementary approach applicable to other GPI-anchored proteins. We first describe steps for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment and flow-cytometry-based detection. We then detail the carboxypeptidase Y (CPDY) assay including antibody immobilization, affinity purification, CPDY treatment, and western-blot-based detection. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, No. 107 North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832008, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China.
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Tuğrul B, Balcan E, Öztel Z, Çöllü F, Gürcü B. Prion protein-dependent regulation of p53-MDM2 crosstalk during endoplasmic reticulum stress and doxorubicin treatments might be essential for cell fate in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Exp Cell Res 2023:113656. [PMID: 37245583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of doxorubicin and tunicamycin treatment alone or in combination on MDM-, Cul9-and prion protein (PrP)-mediated subcellular regulation of p53 in the context of apoptosis and autophagy. MTT analysis was performed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the agents. Apoptosis was monitorized by ELISA, flow cytometry and JC-1 assay. Monodansylcadaverine assay was performed for autophagy. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to determine p53, MDM2, CUL9 and PrP levels. Doxorubicin increased p53, MDM2 and CUL9 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of p53 and MDM2 was higher at the 0.25 μM concentration of tunicamycin compared to the control, but it decreased at 0.5 μM and 1 μM concentrations. CUL9 expression was significantly decreased only after treatment of tunicamycin at 0.25 μM. According to its glycosylation status, the upper band of PrP increased only in combination treatment. In combination treatment, p53 expression was higher than control, whereas MDM2 and CUL9 expressions were decreased. Combination treatments may make MCF-7 cells more susceptible to apoptosis rather than autophagy. In conclusion, PrP may be important in determining the fate of cell death through crosstalk between proteins such as p53 and MDM2 under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Further studies are needed to obtain in-depth information on these potential molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tuğrul
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Balcan
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Zübeyde Öztel
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Çöllü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Beyhan Gürcü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
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Gao SS, Shi R, Sun J, Tang Y, Zheng Z, Li JF, Li H, Zhang J, Leng Q, Xu J, Chen X, Zhao J, Sy MS, Feng L, Li C. GPI-anchored ligand-BioID2-tagging system identifies Galectin-1 mediating Zika virus entry. iScience 2022; 25:105481. [PMID: 36404916 PMCID: PMC9668739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of host factors facilitating pathogen entry is critical for preventing infectious diseases. Here, we report a tagging system consisting of a viral receptor-binding protein (RBP) linked to BioID2, which is expressed on the cell surface via a GPI anchor. Using VSV or Zika virus (ZIKV) RBP, the system (BioID2- RBP(V)-GPI; BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI) faithfully identifies LDLR and AXL, the receptors of VSV and ZIKV, respectively. Being GPI-anchored is essential for the probe to function properly. Furthermore, BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI expressed in human neuronal progenitor cells identifies galectin-1 on cell surface pivotal for ZIKV entry. This conclusion is further supported by antibody blocking and galectin-1 silencing in A549 and mouse neural cells. Importantly, Lgals1−/− mice are significantly more resistant to ZIKV infection than Lgals1+/+ littermates are, having significantly lower virus titers and fewer pathologies in various organs. This tagging system may have broad applications for identifying protein-protein interactions on the cell surface. A tagging system for identifying ligand-receptor interactions is developed Receptor binding domain determines the specificity of the system Being GPI-anchored is pivotal for the tagging system to function properly Galectin-1 is identified as an entry factor essential for ZIKV infection
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Li H, Wang R, Yu Z, Shi R, Zhang J, Gao S, Shao M, Cui S, Gao Z, Xu J, Sy MS, Li C. Tumor Necrosis Factor α Reduces SNAP29 Dependent Autolysosome Formation to Increase Prion Protein Level and Promote Tumor Cell Migration. Virol Sin 2020; 36:458-475. [PMID: 33237393 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) is best known as a mediator of inflammation and immunity, and also plays important roles in tumor biology. However, the role of TNFα in tumor biology is complex and not completely understood. In a human melanoma cell line, M2, and a lung carcinoma cell line, A549, TNFα up-regulates prion protein (PrP) level, and promotes tumor cell migration in a PrP dependent manner. Silencing PRNP abrogates TNFα induced tumor cell migration; this phenotype is reversed when PRNP is re-introduced. Treatment with TNFα activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which then mitigates autophagy by reducing the expression of Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3). Down regulation of FOXP3 reduces the transcription of synaptosome associated protein 29 (SNAP29), which is essential in the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome creating autolysosome. FOXP3 being a bona fide transcription factor for SNAP29 is confirmed in a promoter binding assay. Accordingly, silencing SNAP29 in these cell lines also up-regulates PrP, and promotes tumor cell migration without TNFα treatment. But, when SNAP29 or FOXP3 is silenced in these cells, they are no longer respond to TNFα. Thus, a reduction in autophagy is the underlying mechanism by which expression of PrP is up-regulated, and tumor cell migration is enhanced upon TNFα treatment. Disrupting the TNFα-NF-κB-FOXP3-SNAP29 signaling axis may provide a therapeutic approach to mitigate tumor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Run Shi
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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6
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Gao Z, Peng M, Chen L, Yang X, Li H, Shi R, Wu G, Cai L, Song Q, Li C. Prion Protein Protects Cancer Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Apoptosis. Virol Sin 2019; 34:222-234. [PMID: 31020572 PMCID: PMC6513834 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive reaction for cells to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In many types of cancers, such as lung cancer and pancreatic cancer, cancer cells may harness ER stress to facilitate their survival and growth. Prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylated cell surface protein that has been shown to be up-regulated in many cancer cells. Since PrP is a protein prone to misfolding, ER stress can result in under-glycosylated PrP, which in turn may activate ER stress. To assess whether ER stress leads to the production of under-glycosylated PrP and whether under-glycosylated PrP may contribute to ER stress thus leading to cancer cell apoptosis, we treated different cancer cells with brefeldin A (BFA), thapsigargin (Thps), and tunicamycin (TM). We found that although BFA, Thps, and TM treatment activated UPR, only ATF4 was consistently activated by these reagents, but not other branches of ER stress. However, the canonical PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 did not account for the observed activation of ATF4 in lung cancer cells. In addition, BFA, but neither Thps nor TM, significantly stimulated the expression of cytosolic PrP. Finally, we found that the levels of PrP contributed to anti-apoptosis activity of BFA-induced cancer cell death. Thus, the pathway of BFA-induced persistent ER stress may be targeted for lung and pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Zhang H, Gao S, Pei R, Chen X, Li C. Hepatitis C virus-induced prion protein expression facilitates hepatitis C virus replication. Virol Sin 2017; 32:503-510. [PMID: 29076011 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 180 million people worldwide. Significant progress has been made since the establishment of in vitro HCV infection models in cells. However, the replication of HCV is complex and not completely understood. Here, we found that the expression of host prion protein (PrP) was induced in an HCV replication cell model. We then showed that increased PrP expression facilitated HCV genomic replication. Finally, we demonstrated that the KKRPK motif on the N-terminus of PrP bound nucleic acids and facilitated HCV genomic replication. Our results provided important insights into how viruses may harness cellular protein to achieve propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wu GR, Mu TC, Gao ZX, Wang J, Sy MS, Li CY. Prion protein is required for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-triggered nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18747-18759. [PMID: 28900035 PMCID: PMC5704461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is required for the pathogenesis of prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrP remain ambiguous. Here, we identified PrP as being critical for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-triggered signaling in a human melanoma cell line, M2, and a pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma cell line, BxPC-3. In M2 cells, TNFα up-regulates the expression of p-IκB-kinase α/β (p-IKKα/β), p-p65, and p-JNK, but down-regulates the IκBα protein, all of which are downstream signaling intermediates in the TNF receptor signaling cascade. When PRNP is deleted in M2 cells, the effects of TNFα are no longer detectable. More importantly, p-p65 and p-JNK responses are restored when PRNP is reintroduced into the PRNP null cells. TNFα also activates NF-κB and increases TNFα production in wild-type M2 cells, but not in PrP-null M2 cells. Similar results are obtained in the BxPC-3 cells. Moreover, TNFα activation of NF-κB requires ubiquitination of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TNFα treatment increases the binding between PrP and the deubiquitinase tumor suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD), in these treated cells, binding of CYLD to RIP1 and TRAF2 is reduced. We conclude that PrP traps CYLD, preventing it from binding and deubiquitinating RIP1 and TRAF2. Our findings reveal that PrP enhances the responses to TNFα, promoting proinflammatory cytokine production, which may contribute to inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tian-Chen Mu
- the Department of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and
| | - Chao-Yang Li
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China, .,the Wuhan Brain Hospital, No. 5 Huiji Road, Jiang'an District, Wuhan 430010, China
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9
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Glycan-deficient PrP stimulates VEGFR2 signaling via glycosaminoglycan. Cell Signal 2016; 28:652-62. [PMID: 27006333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Whether the two N-linked glycans are important in prion, PrP, biology is unresolved. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the two glycans are clearly not important in the cell surface expression of transfected human PrP. Compared to fully-glycosylated PrP, glycan-deficient PrP preferentially partitions to lipid raft. In CHO cells glycan-deficient PrP also interacts with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), resulting in VEGFR2 activation and enhanced Akt phosphorylation. Accordingly, CHO cells expressing glycan-deficient PrP lacking the GAG binding motif or cells treated with heparinase to remove GAG show diminished Akt signaling. Being in lipid raft is critical, chimeric glycan-deficient PrP with CD4 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains is absent in lipid raft and does not activate Akt signaling. CHO cells bearing glycan-deficient PrP also exhibit enhanced cellular adhesion and migration. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which glycan-deficient PrP, GAG, and VEGFR2 interact, activating VEGFR2 and resulting in changes in cellular behavior.
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Yang L, Gao Z, Hu L, Wu G, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Wong BS, Xin W, Sy MS, Li C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Modification Machinery Deficiency Is Responsible for the Formation of Pro-Prion Protein (PrP) in BxPC-3 Protein and Increases Cancer Cell Motility. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3905-17. [PMID: 26683373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as BxPC-3, PrP exists as a pro-PrP retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) peptide signaling sequence. Here, we report the identification of another pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, AsPC-1, which expresses a mature GPI-anchored PrP. Comparison of the 24 genes involved in the GPI anchor modification pathway between AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 revealed 15 of the 24 genes, including PGAP1 and PIG-F, were down-regulated in the latter cells. We also identified six missense mutations in DPM2, PIG-C, PIG-N, and PIG-P alongside eight silent mutations. When BxPC-3 cells were fused with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous PrP, pro-PrP was successfully converted into mature GPI-anchored PrP. Expression of the individual gene, such as PGAP1, PIG-F, or PIG-C, into BxPC-3 cells does not result in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C sensitivity of PrP. However, when PIG-F but not PIG-P is expressed in PGAP1-expressing BxPC-3 cells, PrP on the surface of the cells becomes phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-sensitive. Thus, low expression of PIG-F and PGAP1 is the major factor contributing to the accumulation of pro-PrP. More importantly, BxPC-3 cells expressing GPI-anchored PrP migrate much slower than BxPC-3 cells bearing pro-PrP. In addition, GPI-anchored PrP-bearing AsPC-1 cells also migrate slower than pro-PrP bearing BxPC-3 cells, although both cells express filamin A. "Knocking out" PRNP in BxPC-3 cell drastically reduces its migration. Collectively, these results show that multiple gene irregularity in BxPC-3 cells is responsible for the formation of pro-PrP, and binding of pro-PrP to filamin A contributes to enhanced tumor cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- the Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- the Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Chaoyang Li
- the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
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