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Zhang L, Yang X, Shi H, Zhang J, Feng T, Liu D, Zhang X, Chen J, Shi D, Feng L. Identification of two novel B-cell epitopes located on the spike protein of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:135049. [PMID: 39182883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging alpha-coronavirus that causes diarrhea in piglets and results in serious economic losses. During SADS-CoV infection, the spike protein (S) serves as a crucial structural component of the virion, interacting with receptors and eliciting the production of neutralizing antibodies. Due to the potential risk of zoonotic transmission of SADS-CoV, the identification and screening of epitopes on the S glycoproteins will be crucial for development of sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. In this study, we immunized BALB/c mice with recombinant SADS-CoV S trimer protein and generated two S1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): 8D6 and 6E9, which recognized different linear B-cell epitopes. The minimal fragment recognized by mAb 8D6 was mapped to 311NPDQRD316, the minimal fragment recognized by mAb 6E9 was mapped to 492ARFVDRL498. Homology analysis of the regions corresponding to 13 typical strains of different SADS-CoV subtypes showed high conservation of these two epitopes. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the structure of the SADS-CoV S protein, which is valuable for vaccine design and holds potential for developing diagnostic methods to detect SADS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaoman Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Zhang Y, Wu F, Han Y, Wu Y, Huang L, Huang Y, Yan D, Jiang X, Ma J, Xu W. Unraveling the assembly mechanism of SADS-CoV virus nucleocapsid protein: insights from RNA binding, dimerization, and epitope diversity profiling. J Virol 2024; 98:e0092624. [PMID: 39082816 PMCID: PMC11334509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00926-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has caused significant disruptions in porcine breeding and raised concerns about potential human infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SADS-CoV plays a vital role in viral assembly and replication, but its structure and functions remain poorly understood. This study utilized biochemistry, X-ray crystallography, and immunization techniques to investigate the N protein's structure and function in SADS-CoV. Our findings revealed distinct domains within the N protein, including an RNA-binding domain, two disordered domains, and a dimerization domain. Through biochemical assays, we confirmed that the N-terminal domain functions as an RNA-binding domain, and the C-terminal domain is involved in dimerization, with the crystal structure analysis providing visual evidence of dimer formation. Immunization experiments demonstrated that the disordered domain 2 elicited a significant antibody response. These identified domains and their interactions are crucial for viral assembly. This comprehensive understanding of the N protein in SADS-CoV enhances our knowledge of its assembly and replication mechanisms, enabling the development of targeted interventions and therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCE SADS-CoV is a porcine coronavirus that originated from a bat HKU2-related coronavirus. It causes devastating swine diseases and poses a high risk of spillover to humans. The coronavirus N protein, as the most abundant viral protein in infected cells, likely plays a key role in viral assembly and replication. However, the structure and function of this protein remain unclear. Therefore, this study employed a combination of biochemistry and X-ray crystallography to uncover distinct structural domains in the N protein, including RNA-binding domains, two disordered domains, and dimerization domains. Additionally, we made the novel discovery that the disordered domain elicited a significant antibody response. These findings provide new insights into the structure and functions of the SADS-CoV N protein, which have important implications for future studies on SADS-CoV diagnosis, as well as the development of vaccines and anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yongyue Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanwei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Bilotti K, Keep S, Sikkema AP, Pryor JM, Kirk J, Foldes K, Doyle N, Wu G, Freimanis G, Dowgier G, Adeyemi O, Tabatabaei SK, Lohman GJS, Bickerton E. One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of an avian infectious bronchitis virus reverse genetics system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307655. [PMID: 39052682 PMCID: PMC11271894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of particular concern for global food security. Investigation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, via reverse genetics enables deeper understanding of virus biology and a rapid response to emerging variants. Classic methods of reverse genetics for IBV can be time consuming, rely on recombination for the introduction of mutations, and, depending on the system, can be subject to genome instability and unreliable success rates. In this study, we have applied data-optimized Golden Gate Assembly design to create a rapidly executable, flexible, and faithful reverse genetics system for IBV. The IBV genome was divided into 12 fragments at high-fidelity fusion site breakpoints. All fragments were synthetically produced and propagated in E. coli plasmids, amenable to standard molecular biology techniques for DNA manipulation. The assembly can be carried out in a single reaction, with the products used directly in subsequent viral rescue steps. We demonstrate the use of this system for generation of point mutants and gene replacements. This Golden Gate Assembly-based reverse genetics system will enable rapid response to emerging variants of IBV, particularly important to vaccine development for controlling spread within poultry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bilotti
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Sikkema
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Pryor
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ge Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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Xie SZ, Yao K, Li B, Peng C, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Development of a Měnglà virus minigenome and comparison of its polymerase complexes with those of other filoviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:459-468. [PMID: 38782261 PMCID: PMC11279764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), members of the Filoviridae family, are highly pathogenic and can cause hemorrhagic fevers, significantly impacting human society. Bats are considered reservoirs of these viruses because related filoviruses have been discovered in bats. However, due to the requirement for maximum containment laboratories when studying infectious viruses, the characterization of bat filoviruses often relies on pseudoviruses and minigenome systems. In this study, we used RACE technology to sequence the 3'-leader and 5'-trailer of Měnglà virus (MLAV) and constructed a minigenome. Similar to MARV, the transcription activities of the MLAV minigenome are independent of VP30. We further assessed the effects of polymorphisms at the 5' end on MLAV minigenome activity and identified certain mutations that decrease minigenome reporter efficiency, probably due to alterations in the RNA secondary structure. The reporter activity upon recombination of the 3'-leaders and 5'-trailers of MLAV, MARV, and EBOV with those of the homologous or heterologous minigenomes was compared and it was found that the polymerase complex and leader and trailer sequences exhibit intrinsic specificities. Additionally, we investigated whether the polymerase complex proteins from EBOV and MARV support MLAV minigenome RNA synthesis and found that the homologous system is more efficient than the heterologous system. Remdesivir efficiently inhibited MLAV as well as EBOV replication. In summary, this study provides new information on bat filoviruses and the minigenome will be a useful tool for high-throughput antiviral drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhe Xie
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Yao
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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5
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Wang X, Qiu W, Hu G, Diao X, Li Y, Li Y, Li P, Liu Y, Feng Y, Xue C, Cao Y, Xu Z. NS7a of SADS-CoV promotes viral infection via inducing apoptosis to suppress type III interferon production. J Virol 2024; 98:e0031724. [PMID: 38624231 PMCID: PMC11092342 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00317-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly discovered swine coronavirus with potential cross-species transmission risk. Although SADS-CoV-induced host cell apoptosis and innate immunity antagonization has been revealed, underlying signaling pathways remain obscure. Here, we demonstrated that infection of SADS-CoV induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and that viral protein NS7a is mainly responsible for SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis in host cells. Furthermore, we found that NS7a interacted with apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIFM1) to activate caspase-3 via caspase-6 in SADS-CoV-infected cells, and enhanced SADS-CoV replication. Importantly, NS7a suppressed poly(I:C)-induced expression of type III interferon (IFN-λ) via activating caspase-3 to cleave interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and caspase-3 inhibitor protects piglets against SADS-CoV infection in vivo. These findings reveal how SADS-CoV induced apoptosis to inhibit innate immunity and provide a valuable clue to the development of effective drugs for the clinical control of SADS-CoV infection.IMPORTANCEOver the last 20 years, multiple animal-originated coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, have caused millions of deaths, seriously jeopardized human health, and hindered social development, indicating that the study of animal-originated coronaviruses with potential for cross-species transmission is particularly important. Bat-originated swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), discovered in 2017, can not only cause fatal diarrhea in piglets, but also infect multiple human cells, with a potential risk of cross-species transmission, but its pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that NS7a of SADS-CoV suppresses IFN-λ production via apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIFM1)-caspase-6-caspase-3-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway, and caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK) can effectively inhibit SADS-CoV replication and protect infected piglets. Our findings in this study contribute to a better understanding of SADS-CoV-host interactions as a part of the coronaviruses pathogenesis and using apoptosis-inhibitor as a drug as potential therapeutic approaches for prevention and control of SADS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Yufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongtong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu Z, Han Y, Gong M, Sun B, Zhang R, Ding Q. Establishment of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus recapitulating SADS-CoV entry. J Virol 2024; 98:e0195723. [PMID: 38557247 PMCID: PMC11092325 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses pose a continuous threat to human health, with newly identified bat-borne viruses like swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) causing high mortality in piglets. In vitro studies indicate that SADS-CoV can infect cell lines from diverse species, including humans, highlighting its potential risk to human health. However, the lack of tools to study viral entry, along with the absence of vaccines or antiviral therapies, perpetuates this threat. To address this, we engineered an infectious molecular clone of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), replacing its native glycoprotein (G) with SADS-CoV spike (S) and inserting a Venus reporter at the 3' leader region to generate a replication-competent rVSV-Venus-SADS S virus. Serial passages of rVSV-Venus-SADS S led to the identification of an 11-amino-acid truncation in the cytoplasmic tail of the S protein, which allowed more efficient viral propagation due to increased cell membrane anchoring of the S protein. The S protein was integrated into rVSV-Venus-SADS SΔ11 particles, susceptible to neutralization by sera from SADS-CoV S1 protein-immunized rabbits. Additionally, we found that TMPRSS2 promotes SADS-CoV spike-mediated cell entry. Furthermore, we assessed the serum-neutralizing ability of mice vaccinated with rVSV-Venus-SADS SΔ11 using a prime-boost immunization strategy, revealing effective neutralizing antibodies against SADS-CoV infection. In conclusion, we have developed a safe and practical tool for studying SADS-CoV entry and exploring the potential of a recombinant VSV-vectored SADS-CoV vaccine.IMPORTANCEZoonotic coronaviruses, like swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), pose a continual threat to human and animal health. To combat this, we engineered a safe and efficient tool by modifying the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), creating a replication-competent rVSV-Venus-SADS S virus. Through serial passages, we optimized the virus for enhanced membrane anchoring, a key factor in viral propagation. This modified virus, rVSV-Venus-SADS SΔ11, proved susceptible to neutralization, opening avenues for potential vaccines. Additionally, our study revealed the role of TMPRSS2 in SADS-CoV entry. Mice vaccinated with rVSV-Venus-SADS SΔ11 developed potent neutralizing antibodies against SADS-CoV. In conclusion, our work presents a secure and practical tool for studying SADS-CoV entry and explores the promise of a recombinant VSV-vectored SADS-CoV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Zhu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingli Gong
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Liu Z, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu X, Luo Y, Zhu L, Huang K, Sheng F, Du X, Jin M. Seroprevalence of the novel swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus in China assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1367975. [PMID: 38736750 PMCID: PMC11082911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The endemic outbreak of SADS-CoV has resulted in economic losses and potentially threatened the safety of China's pig industry. The molecular epidemiology of SADS-CoV in pig herds has been investigated in many provinces in China. However, there are no data over a long-time span, and there is a lack of extensive serological surveys to assess the prevalence of SADS-CoV in Chinese swine herds since the discovery of SADS-CoV. In this study, an indirect anti-SADS-CoV IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the SADS-CoV S1 protein was established to investigate the seroprevalence of SADS-CoV in Chinese swine herds. Cross-reactivity assays, indirect immunofluorescence, and western blotting assays showed that the developed ELISA had excellent SADS-CoV specificity. In total, 12,978 pig serum samples from 29 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions in China were tested from 2022 to 2023. The results showed that the general seroprevalence of SADS-CoV in China was 59.97%, with seroprevalence ranging from 16.7% to 77.12% in different provinces and from 42.61% to 68.45% in different months. SADS-CoV is widely prevalent in China, and its seroprevalence was higher in Northeast China, North China, and Central China than in other regions. Among the four seasons, the prevalence of SADS-CoV was the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The results of this study provide the general seroprevalence profile of SADS-CoV in China, facilitating the understanding of the prevalence of SADS-CoV in pigs. More importantly, this study is beneficial in formulating preventive and control measures for SADS-CoV and may provide directions for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuezhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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8
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Chen X, Liang Y, Weng Z, Hu C, Peng Y, Sun Y, Gao Q, Huang Z, Tang S, Gong L, Zhang G. ALIX and TSG101 are essential for cellular entry and replication of two porcine alphacoronaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012103. [PMID: 38489378 PMCID: PMC10971774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphacoronaviruses are the primary coronaviruses responsible for causing severe economic losses in the pig industry with the potential to cause human outbreaks. Currently, extensive studies have reported the essential role of endosomal sorting and transport complexes (ESCRT) in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. However, very little information is available about which ESCRT components are crucial for alphacoronaviruses infection. By using RNA interference in combination with Co-immunoprecipitation, as well as fluorescence and electron microscopy approaches, we have dissected the role of ALIX and TSG101 for two porcine alphacoronavirus cellular entry and replication. Results show that infection by two porcine alphacoronaviruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV), is dramatically decreased in ALIX- or TSG101-depleted cells. Furthermore, PEDV entry significantly increases the interaction of ALIX with caveolin-1 (CAV1) and RAB7, which are crucial for viral endocytosis and lysosomal transport, however, does not require TSG101. Interestingly, PEAV not only relies on ALIX to regulate viral endocytosis and lysosomal transport, but also requires TSG101 to regulate macropinocytosis. Besides, ALIX and TSG101 are recruited to the replication sites of PEDV and PEAV where they become localized within the endoplasmic reticulum and virus-induced double-membrane vesicles. PEDV and PEAV replication were significantly inhibited by depletion of ALIX and TSG101 in Vero cells or primary jejunal epithelial cells, indicating that ALIX and TSG101 are crucial for PEDV and PEAV replication. Collectively, these data highlight the dual role of ALIX and TSG101 in the entry and replication of two porcine alphacoronaviruses. Thus, ESCRT proteins could serve as therapeutic targets against two porcine alphacoronaviruses infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongnan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhao Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingshuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengqiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
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9
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Liu C, Huang W, He X, Feng Z, Chen Q. Research Advances on Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:448. [PMID: 38338091 PMCID: PMC10854734 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a virulent pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in piglets. The virus was first discovered in Guangdong Province, China, in 2017 and has since emerged in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangxi Provinces. The outbreak exhibited a localized and sporadic pattern, with no discernable temporal continuity. The virus can infect human progenitor cells and demonstrates considerable potential for cross-species transmission, representing a potential risk for zoonotic transmission. Therefore, continuous surveillance of and comprehensive research on SADS-CoV are imperative. This review provides an overview of the temporal and evolutionary features of SADS-CoV outbreaks, focusing on the structural characteristics of the virus, which serve as the basis for discussing its potential for interspecies transmission. Additionally, the review summarizes virus-host interactions, including the effects on host cells, as well as apoptotic and autophagic behaviors, and discusses prevention and treatment modalities for this viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Weili Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xinyan He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; (C.L.); (W.H.); (X.H.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
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10
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Liu D, Shi D, Shi H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zeng M, Feng T, Yang X, Zhang X, Chen J, Jing Z, Ji Z, Zhang J, Feng L. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Suppresses Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection by Blocking Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2023; 15:2406. [PMID: 38140647 PMCID: PMC10747074 DOI: 10.3390/v15122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging porcine intestinal coronavirus that can cause acute diarrhea, vomiting, rapid weight loss, and high mortality in newborn piglets. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is a molecular mediator of innate antiviral immunity and converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Previous studies have reported that CH25H and 25HC have an antiviral effect against multiple viruses. However, the interplay between SADS-CoV infection and CH25H or 25HC is still uncertain. Here, we found that CH25H and its enzymatic product 25HC restrained SADS-CoV replication by blocking membrane fusion. Our results show that CH25H was upregulated by SADS-CoV infection in vitro and in vivo, and that it was an IFN-stimulated gene in porcine ileum epithelial cells. Moreover, CH25H and CH25H mutants lacking catalytic activity can inhibit SADS-CoV replication. Furthermore, 25HC significantly suppressed SADS-CoV infection by inhibiting virus entry. Notably, we confirmed that CH25H and 25HC blocked SADS-CoV spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Our data provide a possible antiviral therapy against SADS-CoV and other conceivable emerging coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Shi
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (L.F.); Tel.: +86-189-4606-6048 (L.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin 150069, China; (D.L.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (M.Z.); (T.F.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (Z.J.); (J.Z.)
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11
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Zhou X, Zhang M, Zhang H, Ma H, Zhou J, Cao H, Guo G, Ma N, He Q, Yang Y, Lang Y, Huang Y, Li W. Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17102. [PMID: 38069424 PMCID: PMC10707209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a member of the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus, primarily affects piglets under 7 days old, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. It has the potential to infect human primary and passaged cells in vitro, indicating a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. In this study, we successfully generated and purified six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically targeting the spike protein of SADS-CoV, whose epitope were demonstrated specificity to the S1A or S1B region by immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three of these mAbs were capable of neutralizing SADS-CoV infection on HeLa-R19 and A549. Furthermore, we observed that SADS-CoV induced the agglutination of erythrocytes from both humans and rats, and the hemagglutination inhibition capacity and antigen-antibody binding capacity of the antibodies were assessed. Our study reveals that mAbs specifically targeting the S1A domain demonstrated notable efficacy in suppressing the hemagglutination phenomenon induced by SADS-CoV. This finding represents the first instance of narrowing down the protein region responsible for SADS-CoV-mediated hemagglutination to the S1A domain, and reveals that the cell attachment domains S1A and S1B are the main targets of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaru Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanghao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ningning Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yaowei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.M.); (J.Z.); (H.C.); (G.G.); (N.M.); (Q.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Yao YL, Luo Y, Wang Q, Geng R, Chen Y, Liu MQ, Li B, Chen J, Wu CG, Jia JK, Luo JY, He YT, Jiang TT, Zhu Y, Hu B, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Identification of TMEM53 as a novel SADS-CoV restriction factor that targets viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249120. [PMID: 37584551 PMCID: PMC10467534 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTZoonotic transmission of coronaviruses (CoVs) poses a serious public health threat. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), originating from a bat HKU2-related CoV, causes devastating swine diseases and poses a high risk of spillover to humans. Currently, licensed therapeutics that can prevent potential human outbreaks are unavailable. Identifying the cellular proteins that restrict viral infection is imperative for developing effective interventions and therapeutics. We utilized a large-scale human cDNA screening and identified transmembrane protein 53 (TMEM53) as a novel cell-intrinsic SADS-CoV restriction factor. The inhibitory effect of TMEM53 on SADS-CoV infection was found to be independent of canonical type I interferon responses. Instead, TMEM53 interacts with non-structural protein 12 (NSP12) and disrupts viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex assembly by interrupting NSP8-NSP12 interaction, thus suppressing viral RdRp activity and RNA synthesis. Deleting the transmembrane domain of TMEM53 resulted in the abrogation of TMEM53-NSP12 interaction and TMEM53 antiviral activity. Importantly, TMEM53 exhibited broad antiviral activity against multiple HKU2-related CoVs. Our findings reveal a novel role of TMEM53 in SADS-CoV restriction and pave the way to host-directed therapeutics against HKU2-related CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Guang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Kun Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Tong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Chen Y, Liu X, Zheng JN, Yang LJ, Luo Y, Yao YL, Liu MQ, Xie TT, Lin HF, He YT, Zhou P, Hu B, Tian RJ, Shi ZL. N-linked glycoproteins and host proteases are involved in swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 2023; 97:e0091623. [PMID: 37772826 PMCID: PMC10617469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00916-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gaining insight into the cell-entry mechanisms of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is critical for investigating potential cross-species infections. Here, we demonstrated that pretreatment of host cells with tunicamycin decreased SADS-CoV attachment efficiency, indicating that N-linked glycosylation of host cells was involved in SADS-CoV entry. Common N-linked sugars Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac did not interact with the SADS-CoV S1 protein, suggesting that these molecules were not involved in SADS-CoV entry. Additionally, various host proteases participated in SADS-CoV entry into diverse cells with different efficiencies. Our findings suggested that SADS-CoV may exploit multiple pathways to enter cells, providing insights into intervention strategies targeting the cell entry of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Lin Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-ting Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Feng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Tong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Jun Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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14
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Zhou L, Li C, Zhang R, Li Q, Sun Y, Feng Y, Lan T, Ma J. Identification of a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724714 inhibits SADS-CoV related swine diarrhea coronaviruses infection in vitro. Virol Sin 2023; 38:778-786. [PMID: 37406816 PMCID: PMC10590692 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 has caused unprecedented panic among all mankind, pointing the major importance of effective treatment. Since the emergence of the swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) at the end of 2017, multiple reports have indicated that the bat-related SADS-CoV possesses a potential threat for cross-species transmission. Vaccines and antiviral drugs development deserve more attention. In this study, we found that the HER2 phosphorylation inhibitor (CP-724714) inhibited SADS-CoV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Further validation demonstrated that CP-724714 affected at the post-entry stage of SADS-CoV infection cycle. Also, efficient SADS-CoV infection required the activation of HER2 and its cascade Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway. In addition, CP-724714 has a broad-spectrum anti-swine diarrhea coronaviruses activity, and can dose-dependently combat SADS-CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection in vitro with a specificity index of greater than 21.98, 9.38, 95.23 and 31.62, respectively. These results highlight the potential utility of CP-724714 or antiviral drugs targeting with HER2 and its cascade Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signaling pathway as host-targeted SADS-CoV and other related coronaviruses therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianniu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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15
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Guo Z, Jin Q, Li P, Xing G, Lu Q, Zhang G. Potential cross-species transmission risks of emerging swine enteric coronavirus to human beings. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28919. [PMID: 37386904 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Vet Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Labrotary, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Taveira N. Antivirals and Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10315. [PMID: 37373462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
New antivirals are urgently needed to treat respiratory diseases caused by RNA viruses [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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17
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Huang HX, Zhao CC, Lei XX, Zhang XY, Li YY, Lan T, Zhao BP, Lu JY, Sun WC, Lu HJ, Jin NY. Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) Nsp5 antagonizes type I interferon signaling by cleaving DCP1A. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196031. [PMID: 37283741 PMCID: PMC10239798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is a recently discovered enteric coronavirus, is the major aetiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhoea and intestinal pathological damage in pigs, and it has caused significant economic losses to the swine industry. Nonstructural protein 5, also called 3C-like protease, cleaves viral polypeptides and host immune-related molecules to facilitate viral replication and immune evasion. Here, we demonstrated that SADS-CoV nsp5 significantly inhibits the Sendai virus (SEV)-induced production of IFN-β and inflammatory cytokines. SADS-CoV nsp5 targets and cleaves mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (DCP1A) via its protease activity to inhibit the IRF3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in order to decrease IFN-β and inflammatory cytokine production. We found that the histidine 41 and cystine 144 residues of SADS-CoV nsp5 are critical for its cleavage activity. Additionally, a form of DCP1A with a mutation in the glutamine 343 residue is resistant to nsp5-mediated cleavage and has a stronger ability to inhibit SADS-CoV infection than wild-type DCP1A. In conclusion, our findings reveal that SADS-CoV nsp5 is an important interferon antagonist and enhance the understanding of immune evasion by alpha coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen-chen Zhao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Lei
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin-yu Zhang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-ying Li
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bao-peng Zhao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing-yi Lu
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-chao Sun
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-jun Lu
- Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ning-yi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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18
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Duan Y, Yuan C, Suo X, Li Y, Shi L, Cao L, Kong X, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Wang Q. Bat-Origin Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Is Lethal to Neonatal Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0019023. [PMID: 36877051 PMCID: PMC10062167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00190-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for diverse coronaviruses, including swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). SADS-CoV has been reported to have broad cell tropism and inherent potential to cross host species barriers for dissemination. We rescued synthetic wild-type SADS-CoV using one-step assembly of a viral cDNA clone by homologous recombination in yeast. Furthermore, we characterized SADS-CoV replication in vitro and in neonatal mice. We found that SADS-CoV caused severe watery diarrhea, weight loss, and a 100% fatality rate in 7- and 14-day-old mice after intracerebral infection. We also detected SADS-CoV-specific N protein in the brain, lungs, spleen, and intestines of infected mice. Furthermore, SADS-CoV infection triggers excessive cytokine expression that encompasses a broad array of proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), interferon beta (IFN-β), IFN-γ, and IFN-λ3. This study highlights the importance of identifying neonatal mice as a model for developing vaccines or antiviral drugs against SADS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE SADS-CoV is the documented spillover of a bat coronavirus that causes severe disease in pigs. Pigs are in frequent contact with both humans and other animals and theoretically possess a greater chance, compared to many other species, of promoting cross-species viral transmission. SADS-CoV has been reported to have broad cell tropism and inherent potential to cross host species barriers for dissemination. Animal models are an essential feature of the vaccine design toolkit. Compared with neonatal piglets, the mouse is small, making it an economical choice for animal models for SADS-CoV vaccine design. This study showed the pathology of neonatal mice infected with SADS-CoV, which should be very useful for vaccine and antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Duan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuepeng Suo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
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19
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Lu SJ, Ma MY, Yan XG, Zhao FJ, Hu WY, Ding QW, Ren HJ, Xiang YQ, Zheng LL. Development and application of a low-priced duplex quantitative PCR assay based on SYBR Green I for the simultaneous detection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine sapelovirus. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:106-115. [PMID: 37981902 PMCID: PMC10581527 DOI: 10.17221/79/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine sapelovirus (PSV) are two viruses that can cause diarrhoea in pigs and bring great economic loss to the pig industry. In this research, a duplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay based on SYBR Green I was developed to simultaneously detect PDCoV and PSV. No specific melting peaks were found in other porcine diarrhoea-associated viruses, indicating that the method developed in this study had good specificity. The detection limits of PDCoV and PSV were 1.0 × 101 copies μl-1 and 1.0 × 102 copies μl-1, respectively. The duplex real-time qPCR assay tested two hundred and three (203) intestinal and faecal samples collected from diarrhoeal and asymptomatic pigs. The positive rates of PDCoV and PSV were 20.2% and 23.2%, respectively. The co-infection rate of PDCoV and PSV was 13.8%. To evaluate the accuracy of the developed method, conventional PCR and singular TaqMan real-time qPCR assays for PDCoV/PSV were also used to detect the samples. The results showed that the duplex real-time qPCR assay was consistent with the singular assays, but its sensitivity was higher than conventional PCR methods. This duplex real-time qPCR assay provides a rapid, sensitive and reliable method in a clinic to simultaneously detect PDCoV and PSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qiang Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
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20
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Shi D, Zhou L, Shi H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu D, Feng T, Zeng M, Chen J, Zhang X, Xue M, Jing Z, Liu J, Ji Z, He H, Guo L, Wu Y, Ma J, Feng L. Autophagy is induced by swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus through the cellular IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway after an interaction of viral membrane-associated papain-like protease and GRP78. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011201. [PMID: 36888569 PMCID: PMC9994726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. For instance, cellular autophagy could be harnessed by viruses to facilitate replication. However, it is still uncertain about the interplay of autophagy and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in cells. In this study, we reported that SADS-CoV infection could induce a complete autophagy process both in vitro and in vivo, and an inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased SADS-CoV production, thus suggesting that autophagy facilitated the replication of SADS-CoV. We found that ER stress and its downstream IRE1 pathway were indispensable in the processes of SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. We also demonstrated that IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, neither PERK-EIF2S1 nor ATF6 pathways, was essential during SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. Importantly, our work provided the first evidence that expression of SADS-CoV PLP2-TM protein induced autophagy through the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of viral PLP2-TMF451-L490 domain and substrate-binding domain of GRP78 was identified to activate the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, and thus resulting in autophagy, and in turn, enhancing SADS-CoV replication. Collectively, these results not only showed that autophagy promoted SADS-CoV replication in cultured cells, but also revealed that the molecular mechanism underlying SADS-CoV-induced autophagy in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
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21
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Zeng S, Peng O, Hu F, Xia Y, Geng R, Zhao Y, He Y, Xu Q, Xue C, Cao Y, Zhang H. Metabolomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells during swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1079297. [PMID: 36530441 PMCID: PMC9751206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1079297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA virus belonging to Coronaviridae family, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Alphacoronavirus genus. As one of the main causes of swine diarrhea, SADS-CoV has brought huge losses to the pig industry. Although we have a basic understanding of SADS-CoV, the research on the pathogenicity and interactions between host and virus are still limited, especially the metabolic changes induced by SADS-CoV infection. Here, we utilized a combination of untargeted metabolomics and lipomics to analyze the metabolic alteration in SADS-CoV infected cells. Significant changes were observed in 1257 of 2225 metabolites identified in untargeted metabolomics, while the number of lipomics was 435 out of 868. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that amino acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ferroptosis were disrupted during viral infection, suggesting that these metabolic pathways may partake in pathological processes related to SADS-CoV pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings gain insights into the cellular metabolic disorder during SADS-CoV infection, offer a valuable resource for further exploration of the relationship between virus and host metabolic activities, and provide potential targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hao Zhang,
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22
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Niu JW, Li JH, Guan JL, Deng KH, Wang XW, Li G, Zhou X, Xu MS, Chen RA, Zhai SL, He DS. Development of a multiplex RT-PCR method for the detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1033864. [PMID: 36425116 PMCID: PMC9679136 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1033864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric coronaviruses are pathogens that cause viral diarrhea in pigs and are widely prevalent worldwide. Moreover, studies have shown that some porcine enteric coronaviruses can infect humans and poultry. In order to effectively monitor these viruses, it is necessary to establish a multiple detection method to understand their prevalence and conduct in-depth research. Common porcine enteric coronaviruses include Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Pigs infected with these viruses have the common clinical symptoms that are difficult to distinguish. A quadruplex RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) method for the simultaneous detection of PEDV, PDCoV, TGEV and SADS-CoV was developed. Four pairs of specific primers were designed for the PEDV M gene, PDCoV N gene, TGEV S gene and SADS-CoV RdRp gene. Multiplex RT-PCR results showed that the target fragments of PDCoV, SADS-CoV, PEDV and TGEV could be amplified by this method. and the specific fragments with sizes of 250 bp, 368 bp, 616 bp and 801 bp were amplified, respectively. This method cannot amplify any fragment of nucleic acids of Seneca Valley virus (SVV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV), and has good specificity. The lowest detection limits of PDCoV, PEDV, TGEV and SADS-CoV were 5.66 × 105 copies/μL, 6.48 × 105 copies/μL, 8.54 × 105 copies/μL and 7.79 × 106 copies/μL, respectively. A total of 94 samples were collected from pig farms were analyzed using this method. There were 15 positive samples for PEDV, 3 positive samples for mixed infection of PEDV and PDCoV, 2 positive samples for mixed infection of PEDV and TGEV, and 1 positive sample for mixed infection of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV. Multiplex RT-PCR method could detect four intestinal coronaviruses (PEDV, PDCoV, TGEV, and SADS-CoV) in pigs efficiently, cheaply and accurately, which can be used for clinical large-scale epidemiological investigation and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Hui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
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23
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Zeng S, Zhao Y, Peng O, Xia Y, Xu Q, Li H, Xue C, Cao Y, Zhang H. Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Autophagy to Promote Its Replication via the Akt/mTOR Pathway. iScience 2022; 25:105394. [PMID: 36281226 PMCID: PMC9581643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Increasingly studies have demonstrated that viruses could utilize autophagy to promote their own replication. However, the relationship between SADS-CoV and autophagy remains unknown. Here, we reported that SADS-CoV infection-induced autophagy and pharmacologically increased autophagy were conducive to viral proliferation. Conversely, suppression of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of autophagy-related protein impeded viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated the underlying mechanism by which SADS-CoV triggered autophagy through the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Importantly, we identified integrin α3 (ITGA3) as a potential antiviral target upstream of Akt/mTOR and autophagy pathways. Knockdown of ITGA3 enhanced autophagy and consequently increased the replication of SADS-CoV. Collectively, our studies revealed a novel mechanism that SADS-CoV-induced autophagy to facilitate its proliferation via Akt/mTOR pathway and found that ITGA3 was an effective antiviral factor for suppressing viral infection. SADS-CoV triggers autophagy pathway to facilitate its proliferation Inhibition of autophagy flux impairs SADS-CoV replication SADS-CoV negatively regulates Akt/mTOR pathway to induce autophagy ITGA3 prevents SADS-CoV production through autophagy inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China,Corresponding author
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24
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Chen Y, You Y, Wang S, Jiang L, Tian L, Zhu S, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Antiviral Drugs Screening for Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911250. [PMID: 36232553 PMCID: PMC9569988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses as possible cross-species viruses have caused several epidemics. The ongoing emergency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed severe threats to the global economy and public health, which has generated great concerns about zoonotic viruses. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), an alpha-coronavirus, was responsible for mass piglet deaths, resulting in unprecedented economic losses, and no approved drugs or vaccines are currently available for SADS-CoV infection. Given its potential ability to cause cross-species infection, it is essential to develop specific antiviral drugs and vaccines against SADS-CoV. Drug screening was performed on a total of 3523 compound-containing drug libraries as a strategy of existing medications repurposing. We identified five compounds (gemcitabine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, methylene blue and cepharanthine) exhibiting inhibitory effects against SADS-CoV in a dose-dependent manner. Cepharanthine and methylene blue were confirmed to block viral entry, and gemcitabine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid and methylene blue could inhibit viral replication after SADS-CoV entry. This is the first report on SADS-CoV drug screening, and we found five compounds from drug libraries to be potential anti-SADS-CoV drugs, supporting the development of antiviral drugs for a possible outbreak of SADS-CoV in the future.
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25
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Comprehensive Subcellular Localization of Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Proteins. J Virol 2022; 96:e0077222. [PMID: 35972293 PMCID: PMC9472759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00772-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for diverse coronaviruses, including swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). SADS-CoV was first identified in diarrheal piglets in 2017. As a novel alphacoronavirus, SADS-CoV shares ~95% identity with bat alphacoronavirus HKU2. SADS-CoV has been reported to have broad cell tropism and inherent potential to cross host species barriers for dissemination. Thus far, no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines are available to treat infections with SADS-CoV. Therefore, knowledge of the protein-coding gene set and a subcellular localization map of SADS-CoV proteins are fundamental first steps in this endeavor. Here, all SADS-CoV genes were cloned separately into Flag-tagged plasmids, and the subcellular localizations of viral proteins, with the exception of nsp11, were detected using confocal microscopy techniques. As a result, nsp1, nsp3-N, nsp4, nsp5, nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp10, nsp14, and nsp15 were localized in the cytoplasm and nuclear spaces, and these viral proteins may perform specific functions in the nucleus. All structural and accessory proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasm. NS7a and membrane protein M colocalized with the Golgi compartment, and they may regulate the assembly of SADS-CoV virions. Maturation of SADS-CoV may occur in the late endosomes, during which envelope protein E is involved in the assembly and release of the virus. In summary, the present study demonstrates for the first time the location of all the viral proteins of SADS-CoV. These fundamental studies of SADS-CoV will promote studies of basic virology of SADS-CoV and support preventive strategies for animals with infection of SADS-CoV. IMPORTANCE SADS-CoV is the first documented spillover of a bat coronavirus that causes severe diseases in domestic animals. Our study is an in-depth annotation of the newly discovered swine coronavirus SADS-CoV genome and viral protein expression. Systematic subcellular localization of SADS-CoV proteins can have dramatic significance in revealing viral protein biological functions in the subcellular locations. Furthermore, our study promote understanding the fundamental science behind the novel swine coronavirus to pave the way for treatments and cures.
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26
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Lethal Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Suckling Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0006522. [PMID: 35993737 PMCID: PMC9472626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a recently emerging bat-borne coronavirus responsible for high mortality rates in piglets. In vitro studies have indicated that SADS-CoV has a wide tissue tropism in different hosts, including humans. However, whether this virus potentially threatens other animals remains unclear. Here, we report the experimental infection of wild-type BALB/c and C57BL/6J suckling mice with SADS-CoV. We found that mice less than 7 days old are susceptible to the virus, which caused notable multitissue infections and damage. The mortality rate was the highest in 2-day-old mice and decreased in older mice. Moreover, a preliminary neuroinflammatory response was observed in 7-day-old SADS-CoV-infected mice. Thus, our results indicate that SADS-CoV has potential pathogenicity in young hosts. IMPORTANCE SADS-CoV, which likely has originated from bat coronaviruses, is highly pathogenic to piglets and poses a threat to the swine industry. Little is known about its potential to disseminate to other animals. No efficient treatment is available, and the quarantine strategy is the only preventive measure. In this study, we demonstrated that SADS-CoV can efficiently replicate in suckling mice younger than 7 days. In contrast to infected piglets, in which intestinal tropism is shown, SADS-CoV caused infection and damage in all murine tissues evaluated in this study. In addition, neuroinflammatory responses were detected in some of the infected mice. Our work provides a preliminary cost-effective model for the screening of antiviral drugs against SADS-CoV infection.
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27
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Kim J, Yoon J, Park JE. Furin cleavage is required for swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2176-2183. [PMID: 35976165 PMCID: PMC9518401 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) was reported in China in 2017 and is a causative agent of porcine enteric disease. Recent studies indicate that cells from various hosts are susceptible to SADS-CoV, suggesting the zoonotic potential of this virus. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which this virus enters cells. In this study, we investigated the role of furin in SADS-CoV spike (S)-mediated cell-cell fusion and entry. We found that the SADS-CoV S protein induced the fusion of various cells. Cell-cell fusion was inhibited by the proprotein convertase inhibitor dec-RVKR-cmk, and between cells transfected with mutant S proteins resistant to furin cleavage. These findings revealed that furin-induced cleavage of the SADS-CoV S protein is required for cell-cell fusion. Using mutagenesis analysis, we demonstrated that furin cleaves the SADS-CoV S protein near the S1/S2 cleavage site, 446RYVR449 and 543AVRR546. We used pseudotyped viruses to determine whether furin-induced S cleavage is also required for viral entry. Pseudotyped viruses expressing S proteins with a mutated furin cleavage site could be transduced into target cells, indicating that furin-induced cleavage is not required for pseudotyped virus entry. Our data indicate that S cleavage is critical for SADS-CoV S-mediated cell-cell fusion and suggest that furin might be a host target for SADS-CoV antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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28
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Development and Clinical Applications of a 5-Plex Real-Time RT-PCR for Swine Enteric Coronaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071536. [PMID: 35891517 PMCID: PMC9324624 DOI: 10.3390/v14071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A PEDV/PDCoV/TGEV/SADS-CoV/XIPC 5-plex real-time RT-PCR was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of four swine enteric coronaviruses (PEDV, PDCoV, TGEV and SADS-CoV) in one PCR reaction (XIPC serves as an exogenous internal positive control). The 5-plex PCR had excellent analytical specificity, analytical sensitivity, and repeatability based on the testing of various viral and bacterial pathogens, serial dilutions of virus isolates, and in vitro transcribed RNAs. The 5-plex PCR had comparable diagnostic performance to a commercial PEDV/TGEV/PDCoV reference PCR, based on the testing of 219 clinical samples. Subsequently, 1807 clinical samples collected from various U.S. states during 2019–2021 were tested by the 5-plex PCR to investigate the presence of SADS-CoV in U.S. swine and the frequency of detecting swine enteric CoVs. All 1807 samples tested negative for SADS-CoV. Among the samples positive for swine enteric CoVs, there was a low frequency of detecting TGEV, an intermediate frequency of detecting PDCoV, and a high frequency of detecting PEDV. Although there is no evidence of SADS-CoV presence in the U.S. at present, the availability of the 5-plex PCR will enable us to conduct ongoing surveillance to detect and differentiate these viruses in swine samples and other host species samples as some of these coronaviruses can cause cross-species infection.
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29
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Tse LV, Meganck RM, Araba KC, Yount BL, Shaffer KM, Hou YJ, Munt JE, Adams LE, Wykoff JA, Morowitz JM, Dong S, Magness ST, Marzluff WF, Gonzalez LM, Ehre C, Baric RS. Genomewide CRISPR knockout screen identified PLAC8 as an essential factor for SADS-CoVs infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118126119. [PMID: 35476513 PMCID: PMC9170153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118126119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of coronaviruses poses an ongoing threat to human populations. Endemic outbreaks of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) have caused severe economic losses in the pig industry and have the potential to cause human outbreaks. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific antivirals against SADS-CoV, and our limited understanding of SADS-CoV host entry factors could hinder prompt responses to a potential human outbreak. Using a genomewide CRISPR knockout screen, we identified placenta-associated 8 protein (PLAC8) as an essential host factor for SADS-CoV infection. Knockout of PLAC8 abolished SADS-CoV infection, which was restored by complementing PLAC8 from multiple species, including human, rhesus macaques, mouse, pig, pangolin, and bat, suggesting a conserved infection pathway and susceptibility of SADS-CoV among mammals. Mechanistically, PLAC8 knockout does not affect viral entry; rather, knockout cells displayed a delay and reduction in viral subgenomic RNA expression. In a swine primary intestinal epithelial culture (IEC) infection model, differentiated cultures have high levels of PLAC8 expression and support SADS-CoV replication. In contrast, expanding IECs have low levels of PLAC8 expression and are resistant to SADS-CoV infection. PLAC8 expression patterns translate in vivo; the immunohistochemistry of swine ileal tissue revealed high levels of PLAC8 protein in neonatal compared to adult tissue, mirroring the known SADS-CoV pathogenesis in neonatal piglets. Overall, PLAC8 is an essential factor for SADS-CoV infection and may serve as a promising target for antiviral development for potential pandemic SADS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping V. Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Kenza C. Araba
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Kendall M. Shaffer
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Yixuan J. Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jennifer E. Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Lily E. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jason A. Wykoff
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jeremy M. Morowitz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - William F. Marzluff
- Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
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30
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Zhou Z, Qiu Y, Ge X. The taxonomy, host range and pathogenicity of coronaviruses and other viruses in the Nidovirales order. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 34778878 PMCID: PMC8062217 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent emergence of coronavirus (CoV) epidemics has seriously threatened public health and stock farming. The major hosts for CoVs are birds and mammals. Although most CoVs inhabit their specific natural hosts, some may occasionally cross the host barrier to infect livestock and even people, causing a variety of diseases. Since the beginning of the new century, increasing attention has been given to research on CoVs due to the emergence of highly pathogenic and genetically diverse CoVs that have caused several epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. CoVs belong to the Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order. Recently, advanced techniques for viral detection and viral genome analyses have enabled characterization of many new nidoviruses than ever and have greatly expanded the Nidovirales order with new classification and nomenclature. Here, we first provide an overview of the latest research progress in the classification of the Nidovirales order and then introduce the host range, genetic variation, genomic pattern and pathogenic features of epidemic CoVs and other epidemic viruses. This information will promote understanding of the phylogenetic relationship and infectious transmission of various pathogenic nidoviruses, including epidemic CoVs, which will benefit virological research and viral disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xingyi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, 27 Tianma Rd., Changsha, Hunan China
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31
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Identification of ZDHHC17 as a Potential Drug Target for Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0234221. [PMID: 34700373 PMCID: PMC8546599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02342-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and spread of zoonotic viruses highlights that animal-sourced viruses are the biggest threat to global public health. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an HKU2-related bat coronavirus that was spilled over from Rhinolophus bats to swine, causing large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea disease in piglets in China. Unlike other porcine coronaviruses, SADS-CoV possesses broad species tissue tropism, including primary human cells, implying a significant risk of cross-species spillover. To explore host dependency factors for SADS-CoV as therapeutic targets, we employed genome-wide CRISPR knockout library screening in HeLa cells. Consistent with two independent screens, we identified the zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 17 (ZDHHC17 or ZD17) as an important host factor for SADS-CoV infection. Through truncation mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the DHHC domain of ZD17 that is involved in palmitoylation is important for SADS-CoV infection. Mechanistic studies revealed that ZD17 is required for SADS-CoV genomic RNA replication. Treatment of infected cells with the palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) significantly suppressed SADS-CoV infection. Our findings provide insight on SADS-CoV-host interactions and a potential therapeutic application.
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32
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Guo YY, Wang PH, Pan YQ, Shi RZ, Li YQ, Guo F, Xing L. The Characteristics of Spike Glycoprotein Gene of Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Strain CH/FJWT/2018 Isolated in China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:687079. [PMID: 34368275 PMCID: PMC8339410 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.687079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) is a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by acute vomiting and watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets. The causative agent for SADS is the swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), an alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae. Currently, SADS-CoV was identified only in Guangdong and Fujian provinces of China, not in any other regions or countries in the world. To explore the genetic diversity of SADS-CoV isolates, herein we comparatively analyzed 44 full-length genomes of viruses isolated in Guangdong and Fujian provinces during 2017-2019. The spike glycoprotein gene of SADS-CoV strain CH/FJWT/2018 isolated in Fujian province is distinct from that of other viral isolates in either spike glycoprotein gene-based phylogenetic analysis or whole genome-based gene similarity analysis. Moreover, at least 7 predicted linear B cell epitopes in the spike glycoprotein of CH/FJWT/2018 would be affected by amino acid variations when compared with a representative virus isolated in Guangdong province. The spike glycoprotein of coronaviruses determines viral host range and tissue tropism during virus infection via specific interactions with the cellular receptor and also plays critical roles in eliciting the production of neutralizing antibodies. Since SADS-CoVs have a broad cell tropism, the results in this report further emphasize that the spike glycoprotein gene is a pivotal target in the surveillance of SADS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rui-Zhu Shi
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya-Qian Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
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33
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Si G, Niu J, Zhou X, Xie Y, Chen Z, Li G, Chen R, He D. Use of dual priming oligonucleotide system-based multiplex RT-PCR assay to detect five diarrhea viruses in pig herds in South China. AMB Express 2021; 11:99. [PMID: 34196816 PMCID: PMC8246137 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a specific and simple method based on the dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) system was developed to simultaneously detect transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine rotavirus A (PRV-A), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), associated with the major enteric RNA viruses in pigs. The DPO system-based multiplex RT-PCR method simplified the primer design and did not require optimization of the annealing temperature. Specificity analysis revealed that the method could specifically detect TGEV, PEDV, PRV-A, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV without any cross-amplification of other circulating swine viruses. The limit of detection of the method was as low as 103-104 copies/μL plasmid of each virus. The method also had good repeatability, and obvious results were seen in three repeat experiments with an interval of 45 days. This optimized multiplex RT-PCR method was used to evaluate 181 clinical swine samples that were collected from four provinces of China between September 2016 and August 2018. The results showed that the positive detection rates of PEDV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV, PRV-A, and TGEV were 30.94% (56/181), 17.67% (32/181), 11.6% (21/181), 9.39% (17/181), and 0.55% (1/181), respectively. Mixed infection of two or more viruses was also common. The DPO system-based multiplex RT-PCR could be a useful tool for detecting enteric virus infections. This method has the advantages of easy operation, low cost, high detection efficiency, and short running time for early diagnosis in clinical cases.
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34
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Transcriptional Landscape of Vero E6 Cells during Early Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040674. [PMID: 33919952 PMCID: PMC8070899 DOI: 10.3390/v13040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly emerged and highly pathogenic virus that is associated with fatal diarrhea disease in piglets, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry. At present, the research on the pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of host-virus interactions of SADS-CoV are limited and remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the global gene expression profiles of SADS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells at 12, 18, and 24 h post-infection (hpi) using the RNA-sequencing. As a result, a total of 3324 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, most of which showed a down-regulated expression pattern. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs are mainly involved in signal transduction, cellular transcription, immune and inflammatory response, and autophagy. Collectively, our results provide insights into the changes in the cellular transcriptome during early infection of SADS-CoV and may provide information for further study of molecular mechanisms.
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