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Wiszpolska M, Lepiarczyk E, Maździarz MA, Paukszto Ł, Makowczenko KG, Lipka A, Łopieńska-Biernat E, Makowska K, Gonkowski S, Correia-de-Sá P, Majewska M. The Carcinogenic Potential of Bisphenol A in the Liver Based on Transcriptomic Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5014. [PMID: 37894381 PMCID: PMC10605469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental toxin widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics. A correlation exists between BPA tissue contamination and the occurrence of pathological conditions, including cancer. First-passage detoxification of high BPA amounts in the liver promotes hepatotoxicity and morphological alterations of this organ, but there is a lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena. This prompted us to investigate changes in the liver transcriptomics of 3-month-old female mice exposed to BPA (50 mg/kg) in drinking water for 3 months. Five female mice served as controls. The animals were euthanized, the livers were collected, and RNA was extracted to perform RNA-seq analysis. The multistep transcriptomic bioinformatics revealed 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BPA-exposed samples. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations indicated that DEGs have been assigned to many biological processes, including "macromolecule modification" and "protein metabolic process". Several of the revealed DEGs have been linked to the pathogenesis of severe metabolic liver disorders and malignant tumors, in particular hepatocellular carcinoma. Data from this study suggest that BPA has a significant impact on gene expression in the liver, which is predictive of the carcinogenic potential of this compound in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wiszpolska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mateusz A Maździarz
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karol G Makowczenko
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lipka
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Pan X, Tan J, Yin X, Liu Q, Zheng L, Su Z, Zhou Q, Chen N. The roles of mutated SPINK1 gene in prostate cancer cells. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:238-247. [PMID: 36112498 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SPINK1-positive prostate cancer (PCa) has been identified as an aggressive PCa subtype. However, there is a lack of definite studies to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the loss of SPINK1 expression in most PCa cells except 22Rv1 cells, which are derived from a human prostatic carcinoma xenograft, CWR22R. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of SPINK1 protein positive/negative expression and its biological roles in PCa cell lines. SPINK1 mRNA was highly expressed in 22Rv1 cells compared with LNCaP, C4-2B, DU145, and PC-3 cells, and the protein was only detected in 22Rv1 cells. Among these cell lines, the wild-type SPINK1 coding sequence was only found in 22Rv1 cells, and two mutation sites, the c.194G>A missense mutation and the c.210T>C synonymous mutation, were found in other cell lines. Our further research showed that the mutations were associated with a reduction in SPINK1 mRNA and protein levels. Functional experiments indicated that SPINK1 promoted PC-3 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while knockdown of SPINK1 attenuated 22Rv1 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The wild-type SPINK1 gene can promote the malignant behaviors of cells more than the mutated ones. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that SPINK1 decreased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase and increased the percentage of S phase cells. We demonstrated that the c.194G>A and c.210T>C mutations in the SPINK1 gene decreased the mRNA and protein levels. The wild-type SPINK1 gene is related to aggressive biological behaviors of PCa cells and may be a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Pan
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junya Tan
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianqi Liu
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linmao Zheng
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhengzheng Su
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Pathology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Chen YT, Tseng TT, Tsai HP, Kuo SH, Huang MY, Wang JY, Chai CY. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) promotes proliferation, migration, invasion and radiation resistance in rectal cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy: a potential target for precision medicine. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1912-1927. [PMID: 36053457 PMCID: PMC9515043 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-1 (SPINK1), a trypsin kinase inhibitor, is known to be associated with inflammation and pathogenesis. The aim in this study was to demonstrate the clinicopathological role and progression of SPINK1 in rectal cancer (RC) patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Immunohistochemical staining for SPINK1 protein expression in 111 RC cases revealed high SPINK1 expression was significantly associated with perineural invasion and poor CCRT response in pre-CCRT specimens. In addition, multivariable analyses showed that pre-CCRT SPINK1 expression was a significant prognostic marker of both overall and disease-free survival in RC patients receiving pre-operative CCRT; furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated SPINK1 interacted with EGFR to promote the abilities of proliferation, migration and invasion attenuated by SPINK1 si-RNA via ERK, p38, and JNK pathways. SPINK1 was also found to regulate radio-resistance in CRC cell lines. In conclusion, SPINK1 expression is an independent prognostic marker in patients receiving pre-operative CCRT, and SPINK1 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion via EGFR-downstream ERK, p38 and JNK pathways. The phenotypes of radiosensitivity that could be reversed with attenuation of SPINK1 levels suggest that targeting SPINK1 might offer a strategy for optimal precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsun Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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4
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Zafari N, Khosravi F, Rezaee Z, Esfandyari S, Bahiraei M, Bahramy A, Ferns GA, Avan A. The role of the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer and the potential therapeutic approaches. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24585. [PMID: 35808903 PMCID: PMC9396196 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high prevalence is recognized as the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death globally. Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the network of tumor cells, stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessel cells, and fibroblasts that comprise the tumor microenvironment (TME) to identify new therapeutic interventions. METHODS Databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, were searched to provide an overview of the recent research progress related to targeting the TME as a novel therapeutic approach. RESULTS Tumor microenvironment as a result of the cross talk between these cells may result in either advantages or disadvantages in tumor development and metastasis, affecting the signals and responses from the surrounding cells. Whilst chemotherapy has led to an improvement in CRC patients' survival, the metastatic aspect of the disease remains difficult to avoid. CONCLUSIONS The present review emphasizes the structure and function of the TME, alterations in the TME, its role in the incidence and progression of CRC, the effects on tumor development and metastasis, and also the potential of its alterations as therapeutic targets. It should be noted that providing novel studies in this field of research might help us to achieve practical therapeutic strategies based on their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zafari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health InstituteHormozgan University of Medical SciencesBandar AbbasIran
| | - Zahra Rezaee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sahar Esfandyari
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohamad Bahiraei
- Department of Radiology, Besat HospitalHamedan University of Medical SciencesHamedanIran
| | - Afshin Bahramy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical SchoolDivision of Medical EducationSussexUK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Basic Medical Sciences InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Medical Genetics Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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5
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Suwa T, Kobayashi M, Shirai Y, Nam JM, Tabuchi Y, Takeda N, Akamatsu S, Ogawa O, Mizowaki T, Hammond EM, Harada H. SPINK1 as a plasma marker for tumor hypoxia and a therapeutic target for radiosensitization. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148135. [PMID: 34747365 PMCID: PMC8663551 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with tumor radioresistance; therefore, a predictive marker for tumor hypoxia and a rational target to overcome it have been sought to realize personalized radiotherapy. Here, we show that serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) meets these 2 criteria. SPINK1 expression was induced upon hypoxia (O2 < 0.1%) at the transcription initiation level in a HIF-dependent manner, causing an increase in secreted SPINK1 levels. SPINK1 proteins were detected both within and around hypoxic regions of xenografted and clinical tumor tissues, and their plasma levels increased in response to decreased oxygen supply to xenografts. Secreted SPINK1 proteins enhanced radioresistance of cancer cells even under normoxic conditions in EGFR-dependent and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-dependent (Nrf2-dependent) manners and accelerated tumor growth after radiotherapy. An anti-SPINK1 neutralizing antibody exhibited a radiosensitizing effect. These results suggest that SPINK1 secreted from hypoxic cells protects the surrounding and relatively oxygenated cancer cells from radiation in a paracrine manner, justifying the use of SPINK1 as a target for radiosensitization and a plasma marker for predicting tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suwa
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Shirai
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizowaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Lin TC. Functional Roles of SPINK1 in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083814. [PMID: 33916984 PMCID: PMC8067593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) is a secreted protein known as a protease inhibitor of trypsin in the pancreas. However, emerging evidence shows its function in promoting cancer progression in various types of cancer. SPINK1 modulated tumor malignancies and induced the activation of the downstream signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells, due to the structural similarity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The discoverable SPINK1 somatic mutations, expressional signatures, and prognostic significances in various types of cancer have attracted attention as a cancer biomarker in clinical applications. Emerging findings further clarify the direct and indirect biological effects of SPINK1 in regulating cancer proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, transdifferentiation, and cancer stemness, warranting the exploration of the SPINK1-mediated molecular mechanism to identify a therapeutic strategy. In this review article, we first integrate the transcriptomic data of different types of cancer with clinical information and recent findings of SPINK1-mediated malignant phenotypes. In addition, a comprehensive summary of SPINK1 expression in a pan-cancer panel and individual cell types of specific organs at the single-cell level is presented to indicate the potential sites of tumorigenesis, which has not yet been reported. This review aims to shed light on the roles of SPINK1 in cancer and provide guidance and potential directions for scientists in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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7
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Wang ZC, Li Y, Wang KL, Wang L, You BS, Zhao DF, Liu ZQ, Fang RZ, Wang JQ, Zhang W, Zhang JM, Xu WH. miR-5089-5p suppresses castration-resistant prostate cancer resistance to enzalutamide and metastasis via miR-5089-5p/SPINK1/ MAPK/MMP9 signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14418-14433. [PMID: 32694237 PMCID: PMC7425449 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Whether serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) being associated with enzalutamide (Enz) resistance and metastasis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has not been clear. SPINK1 promoted Enz resistance by upregulating Androgen receptor splicing variant 7 (ARv7), and enhanced the invasion/migration of Enz-resistant cells via ERK/p38/ MMP9 signaling. Furthermore, miR-5089-5p suppressed SPINK1 mRNA through direct binding to its 3'UTR, and reversed its pro-proliferative and pro-metastatic effects. Mice bearing SPINK1-knockdown Enz-resistant PCa tumors showed significantly longer survival compared with those bearing wild-type tumors, while treatment with miR-5089-5p inhibitor abrogated the protective effects of SPINK1 knockdown. Taken together, SPINK1 can be used as a biomarker of resistance to Enz, and the miR-5089-5p/SPINK1/MAPK/MMP9 axis is a suitable therapeutic target against Enz-resistant and metastatic CRPC. Methods: The expression of SPINK1 in Enz-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines was detected through next-generation sequencing data and metastatic PCa patients. In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the role of SPINK1 in Enz-resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesia, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ke-Liang Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bo-Sen You
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dan-Feng Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rui-Zhe Fang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jin-Ming Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Scientific Research in Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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8
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Huang K, Xie W, Wang S, Li Q, Wei X, Chen B, Hua Y, Li S, Peng B, Shen S. High SPINK1 Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis and Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J INVEST SURG 2020; 34:1011-1020. [PMID: 32066292 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2020.1728443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) is highly expressed and promotes tumor progress in different cancers. This study aimed to evaluate SPINK1's prognostic value and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progress. METHODS We use tissue micro-arrays containing 273 tumor and paired para-tumor tissues to evaluate SPINK1's prognostic value in HCC. CCK8 cell proliferation assay, wound healing assays, transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to explore the effect of SPINIK1 on HCC cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to verify the prognosis value of SPINK1 in HCC and explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS SPINK1 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues than paired para-tumor tissues (P < 0.001). Higher SPINK1 expression in tumor was significantly associated with portal vein tumor thrombus formation (P = 0.019) and shorter overall survival (P = 0.029). SPINK1 expression in tumor tissue was an independent predictor for overall survival. SPINK1 increased proliferation (P < 0.001), enhanced migration and invasion ability of HCC cell lines (P < 0.001). GSEA revealed that glycine, serine, threonine and bile acid metabolism may be the underlying mechanism of SPINK1 in HCC. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, high SPINK1 expression is associated with poor prognosis of HCC. SPINK1 promotes proliferation, migration and invasion ability of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Huang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Xie
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shutong Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Hua
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiang Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baogang Peng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shunli Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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9
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Tazarotene-Induced Gene 1 (TIG1) Interacts with Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-Type 2 (SPINK2) to Inhibit Cellular Invasion of Testicular Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6171065. [PMID: 31886233 PMCID: PMC6899300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6171065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) encodes a protein that is a retinoid-regulated tumor suppressor. TIG1 is expressed in most normal tissues, and downregulation of TIG1 expression in multiple cancers is caused by promoter hypermethylation. Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor-2 (SPINK2) is a serine protease inhibitor, and the SPINK protein family has been shown to inhibit the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In addition, increased levels of uPA and the uPA receptor were observed in testicular cancer tissues. This study demonstrated that TIG1 interacts with SPINK2 in NT2/D1 testicular carcinoma cells. TIG1 and SPINK2 were highly expressed in normal testis tissues, while low expression levels of TIG1 and SPINK2 were found in testicular cancer tissues. TIG1 inhibited cell invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NT2/D1 cells. SPINK2 enhanced TIG1-regulated uPA activity and EMT suppression, while silencing SPINK2 alleviated TIG1-mediated EMT regulation, cell migration, and invasion. Therefore, the results suggest that the interaction between TIG1 and SPINK2 plays an important role in the inhibition of testicular cancer cell EMT, and suppression is mediated through downregulation of the uPA/uPAR signaling pathway.
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10
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Guo M, Zhou X, Han X, Zhang Y, Jiang L. SPINK1 is a prognosis predicting factor of non-small cell lung cancer and regulates redox homeostasis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6899-6908. [PMID: 31788129 PMCID: PMC6865551 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1) is a trypsin kinase inhibitor, which is involved in the development of inflammation, cell proliferation and cancer development and progression. However, the prognostic value of SPINK1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its ability to regulate intrinsic redox homeostasis have, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously investigated. In the present study, it was revealed that SPINK1 is highly expressed in NSCLC tissue samples compared with normal tissue samples, and may be a potential prognostic marker of NSCLC. Functional analyses demonstrated that SPINK1 promoted tumor cell growth and inhibited apoptosis through maintaining redox homeostasis by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathways. It has been proposed that SPINK1 could be a prognostic marker of NSCLC and a novel antioxidant promoter under oxidative stress conditions in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqing Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Luning Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
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11
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Xu L, Lu C, Huang Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Liu C, Chen J, Le H. SPINK1 promotes cell growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma and acts as a novel prognostic biomarker. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30545439 PMCID: PMC6330943 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.12.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) plays a role in protecting the pancreas against premature activation of trypsinogen and is involved in cancer progression. SPINK1 promoted LAC cells growth, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, we found that SPINK1 promoted LAC cells migration and invasion via up-regulating matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12). We observed that SPINK1 expression was only up-regulated in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) tissues, and was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival. Our results indicate that SPINK1 might be a potential biomarker for LAC that promotes progression by MMP12. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(12): 648-653].
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Changchang Lu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jihang Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Xincheng Wang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Chaowu Liu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Hanbo Le
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Zhoushan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhoushan 316000, China
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12
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Mehner C, Radisky ES. Bad Tumors Made Worse: SPINK1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:10. [PMID: 30778387 PMCID: PMC6369215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mehner
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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13
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Räsänen K, Dang KX, Mustonen H, Ho TH, Lintula S, Koistinen H, Stenman UH, Haglund C, Stenman J. MAPK inhibitors induce serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) secretion in BRAF V600E-mutant colorectal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2017; 12:224-238. [PMID: 29193645 PMCID: PMC5792734 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a central role in colorectal cancers (CRC). In particular, BRAF V600E-mutant tumors, which represent around 10% of CRCs, are refractory to current therapies. Overexpression and secretion of serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) are observed in around 50% of CRCs, and its serum level can be used as a biomarker for poor prognosis. Utilizing a recently developed extendable blocking probe assay, we analyzed the BRAF mutation status in a CRC patient cohort (N = 571) using tissue-derived RNA as the starting material. From the same RNA samples, we measured the relative SPINK1 expression levels using a quantitative real-time PCR method. Expression of mutant BRAF V600E correlated with poor prognosis, as did low expression of SPINK1 mRNA. Further, BRAF V600E correlated negatively with SPINK1 levels. In order to investigate the effect of MAPK pathway-targeted therapies on SPINK1 secretion, we conducted in vitro studies using both wild-type and V600E CRC cell lines. BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, and subsequent MAPK pathway inhibitors trametinib and SCH772984, significantly increased SPINK1 secretion in V600E CRC cell lines Colo205 and HT-29 with a concomitant decrease in trypsin-1 and -2 secretion. Notably, no SPINK1 increase or trypsin-1 decrease was observed in BRAF wild-type CRC cell line Caco-2 in response to MAPK pathway inhibitors. In further mechanistic studies, we observed that only trametinib was able to diminish completely both MEK and ERK phosphorylation in the V600E CRC cells. Furthermore, the key regulator of integrated stress response, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), was downregulated both at mRNA and at protein level in response to trametinib treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that sustained inhibition of not only MAPK pathway activation, but also ATF-4 and trypsin, might be beneficial in the therapy of BRAF V600E-mutant CRC and that SPINK1 levels may serve as an indicator of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kien X Dang
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Mustonen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tho H Ho
- Department of Genomics, BPARC, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Susanna Lintula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medicum, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakob Stenman
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pan X, Zhang X, Gong J, Tan J, Yin X, Tang Q, Shu K, Shen P, Zeng H, Chen N. The expression profile and prognostic value of SPINK1 in initially diagnosed bone metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 2016; 76:823-33. [PMID: 27159572 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SPINK1 has been described to be mutually exclusively expressed in prostate cancer (PCa), but its expression profiles and the probable roles in bone metastatic PCa have not been thoroughly explored. METHODS Total of 155 biopsy specimens from initially diagnosed bone metastatic PCa were obtained between 2009.1 and 2012.12. SPINK1 and ERG were detected by using immunohistochemical staining. Factors included age, ECOG score, clinical T stage, Gleason scores (GS), expression of SPINK1 and ERG, baseline PSA, baseline ALP, baseline HGB and PSA normalization, and the association of SPINK1 and ERG with clinical outcomes (CRPC-free survival and overall survival) were analyzed. RESULTS Totally, SPINK1 and ERG were mutually independently expressed in the primary tissues of those patients, and their positivity were only 13.5% (21/155) and 10.9% (17/155), respectively. Positive expression of SPINK1 was completely detected in cases with primary Gleason score 4 or 5; on the contrary, the frequency of ERG was much lower. Correlative analysis only found that SPINK1 was linked with PSA response to androgen deprivation therapy (χ(2) = 11.101, P = 0.001). Survival analysis showed that, ERG was not associated with clinical outcomes in all cases, especially in cases with higher GS (8-10) (n = 90); but SPINK1 was an independent prognostic factor which was associated with adverse CFS of patients with GS 8-10 (CFS: HR = 5.141, 95%CI: 1.108-25.552, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS It is the first time to simultaneously detect SPINK1 and ERG expression in initially diagnosed bone metastatic PCa. The over-expression of SPINK1 was not only related to poor PSA response, but also significantly associated with the occurrence of CRPC, especially in those with much more aggressive phenotype (GS 8-10). So, SPINK1 could be considered as a useful prognostic predictor for bone metastatic PCa at the time of diagnosis, and further prospective studies are needed to verify the conclusions. Prostate 76:823-833, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyi Pan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junya Tan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qidun Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunpeng Shu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Chen YT, Tsao SC, Tsai HP, Wang JY, Chai CY. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as a prognostic marker in stage IV colon cancer patients receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:jclinpath-2016-203638. [PMID: 27107100 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type-1 (SPINK1), a trypsin kinase inhibitor, has well established associations with inflammation, cancer cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. However, the role of SPINK1 has not been investigated in stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of SPINK1 as a biomarker for predicting how patients with end stage CRC respond to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used for semiquantitative analysis of SPINK1 protein expression in 51 CRC cases. Expression of SPINK1 protein was then analysed to identify correlations with clinicopathological variables. RESULTS High SPINK1 expression was significantly associated with males (p=0.018). Kaplan-Meier analyses also showed that patients with high SPINK1 expression had significantly longer overall survival compared with controls (p=0.004). Multivariable analyses showed that SPINK1 expression and tumour size were significantly associated with prognosis (HR 0.416 and 0.437; 95% CI 0.217 to 0.797 and 0.236 to 0.810; p=0.008 and p=0.009, respectively) in these stage IV CRC cases. CONCLUSIONS High SPINK1 expression is associated with a good prognosis in stage IV CRC cases receiving cetuximab based targeted therapy. As SPINK1 expression is also an independent prognostic marker in these patients, it has potential use as a biomarker for clinical decision making and for designing personalised targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Tsao
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Division of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Karabulut M, Gunaldi M, Alis H, Afsar CU, Karabulut S, Serilmez M, Akarsu C, Seyit H, Aykan NF. Serum nectin-2 levels are diagnostic and prognostic in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:160-71. [PMID: 26184725 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nectins are a family of integral protein and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules involved in the formation of functioning adherence and tight junctions. Aberrant expression is associated with cancer progression, apoptosis and cell proliferation but little is known how these effects change in cell behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of nectin-2 with regard to diagnostic, predictive and prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred and forty CRC patients were enrolled in this study. Serum nectin-2 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Age- and sex-matched 40 healthy controls were included in the analysis. RESULTS Median age of patients was 60 years old, range 24-84 years. The localization of tumor in majority of the patients was colon (n = 81, 58 %). Non-metastatic (stage II and III) and metastatic patients' baseline serum nectin-2 levels were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group (p < 0.001; for two group). However, known clinical variables including response to CTx (chemotherapy) were not found to be correlated with serum nectin-2 concentrations (p > 0.05). While non-metastatic group patients with elevated serum nectin-2 levels showed significant adverse effect on PFS, metastatic group patients with elevated serum nectin-2 levels showed no significant adverse effect on PFS (p = 0.05 and p = 0.29, respectively). On the other hand, our study results did not show statistically significant serum nectin-2 concentrations regarding overall survival rates. CONCLUSION Serum levels of nectin-2 may have diagnostic roles for CRC patients. Moreover, our study results show the prognostic role of nectin-2 in non-metastatic group patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karabulut
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Gunaldi
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Alis
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C U Afsar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ministry of Health, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - S Karabulut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Serilmez
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Akarsu
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Seyit
- Clinic of General Surgery, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N F Aykan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Räsänen K, Itkonen O, Koistinen H, Stenman UH. Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer. Clin Chem 2015; 62:449-57. [PMID: 26656134 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) was originally isolated from the urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. It was later shown to be produced by many other tumors and several normal tissues. It had earlier been isolated from the pancreas and was hence called pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). It belongs to a family of protease inhibitors presently called serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK). In the SPINK family TATI/PSTI is SPINK1, which is the name used in this review. CONTENT In addition to being a protease inhibitor, SPINK1 also acts as an acute-phase reactant and a growth factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis. Overexpression of SPINK1 predicts an unfavorable outcome in several cancers and determination of SPINK1 in serum can be used to identify patients at increased risk of aggressive disease. Thus serum SPINK1 can be used as a prognostic tumor marker. Because SPINK1 acts as a growth factor and an inhibitor of apoptosis in some cancers, it has also been suggested that it can be a therapeutic target in cancer. However, because SPINK1 is the major physiological inhibitor of trypsin, inhibition of SPINK1 may increase the risk of pancreatitis. SUMMARY Taking into account the many functions of SPINK1, assessing the role of SPINK1 in cancer has several potentially important clinical applications ranging from a biomarker to a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Itkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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