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Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of an Oral Multiple Nanoemulsive System for Co-Delivery of Pemetrexed and Quercetin. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030158. [PMID: 30213140 PMCID: PMC6161295 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-administration of conventional and natural chemotherapeutics offers synergistic anticancer efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. In this study, an oral co-delivery system for pemetrexed (PMX) and quercetin (QCN) was designed based on water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsion (NE), which is highly absorbable because it enhances the intestinal membrane permeability of PMX and aqueous solubility of QCN. To create this system, an ion-pairing complex of PMX with Nα-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester (DCK) was formed and further incorporated with QCN into the NE, yielding PMX/DCK-QCN-NE. The results revealed synergistic inhibitory effects on human lung carcinoma (A549) cell proliferation and migration after combined treatment with PMX/DCK and QCN. The intestinal membrane permeability and cellular uptake of PMX/DCK and QCN from the NE were significantly improved via facilitated transport of PMX by the interaction of DCK with bile acid transporters, as well as NE formulation-mediated alterations in the membrane structure and fluidity, which resulted in 4.51- and 23.9-fold greater oral bioavailability of PMX and QCN, respectively, than each free drug. Tumor growth in A549 cell-bearing mice was also maximally suppressed by 62.7% after daily oral administration of PMX/DCK-QCN-NE compared with controls. Thus, PMX/DCK-QCN-NE is a promising oral nanocarrier of PMX and QCN for synergistic anticancer efficacy and long-term chemotherapy.
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Charoongchit P, Suksiriworapong J, Mao S, Sapin-Minet A, Maincent P, Junyaprasert VB. Investigation of cationized triblock and diblock poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers for oral delivery of enoxaparin: In vitro approach. Acta Biomater 2017; 61:180-192. [PMID: 28782723 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers grafted with a cationic ligand, propargyltrimethyl ammonium iodide (PTA), to fabricate the cationized triblock (P(CatCLCL)2-PEG) and diblock (P(CatCLCL)-mPEG) copolymers were investigated their potential use for oral delivery of enoxaparin (ENX). Influences of various PTA contents and different structures of the copolymers on molecular characteristics, ENX encapsulation, particle characteristics, and capability of drug transport across Caco-2 cells were elucidated. The results showed that P(CatCLCL)2-PEG and P(CatCLCL)-mPEG copolymers self-aggregated and encapsulated ENX into spherical particles of ∼200-450nm. The increasing amount of PTA on the copolymers increased encapsulation efficiency of over 90%. The ENX release from both types of the cationized copolymer particles was pH-dependent which was retarded at pH 1.2 and accelerated at pH 7.4, supporting the drug protection in the acidic environment and possible release in the blood circulation. The toxicity of ENX-loaded particles on Caco-2 cells decreased when decreasing the amount of PTA. The triblock and diblock particles dramatically enhanced ENX uptake and transport across Caco-2 cells as compared to the ENX solution. However, the different structures of the copolymers slightly affected ENX transport. These results suggested that P(CatCLCL)2-PEG and P(CatCLCL)-mPEG copolymers would be potential carriers for oral delivery of ENX. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The anionic drugs such as proteins, peptides or polysaccharides are generally administered via invasive route causing patient incompliance and high cost of hospitalization. The development of biomaterials for non-invasive delivery of those drugs has gained much attention, especially for oral delivery. However, they have limitation due to non-biocompatibility and poor drug bioavailability. In this study, the novel poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers grafted with propargyltrimethyl ammonium iodide, a small cationic ligand, were introduced to use as a carrier for oral delivery of enoxaparin, a highly negatively charged drug. The study showed that these cationized copolymers could achieve high enoxaparin entrapment efficiency, protect drug release in an acidic environment and enhance enoxaparin permeability across Caco-2 cells, the intestinal cell model. These characteristics of the cationized copolymers make them a potential candidate for oral delivery of anionic drugs for biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimchanok Charoongchit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Jiraphong Suksiriworapong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Anne Sapin-Minet
- CITHEFOR EA3452 "Drug targets, formulation and preclinical assessment", Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lorraine, Nancy 54001, France.
| | - Philippe Maincent
- CITHEFOR EA3452 "Drug targets, formulation and preclinical assessment", Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lorraine, Nancy 54001, France.
| | - Varaporn Buraphacheep Junyaprasert
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Innovative Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Strategies to Overcome Heparins' Low Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9030037. [PMID: 27367704 PMCID: PMC5039490 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Even after a century, heparin is still the most effective anticoagulant available with few side effects. The poor oral absorption of heparins triggered the search for strategies to achieve oral bioavailability since this route has evident advantages over parenteral administration. Several approaches emerged, such as conjugation of heparins with bile acids and lipids, formulation with penetration enhancers, and encapsulation of heparins in micro and nanoparticles. Some of these strategies appear to have potential as good delivery systems to overcome heparin’s low oral bioavailability. Nevertheless, none have reached the market yet. Overall, this review aims to provide insights regarding the oral bioavailability of heparin.
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Zhang L, Navaratna T, Thurber GM. A Helix-Stabilizing Linker Improves Subcutaneous Bioavailability of a Helical Peptide Independent of Linker Lipophilicity. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1663-72. [PMID: 27327034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stabilized peptides address several limitations to peptide-based imaging agents and therapeutics such as poor stability and low affinity due to conformational flexibility. There is also active research in developing these compounds for intracellular drug targeting, and significant efforts have been invested to determine the effects of helix stabilization on intracellular delivery. However, much less is known about the impact on other pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma clearance and bioavailability. We investigated the effect of different fluorescent helix-stabilizing linkers with varying lipophilicity on subcutaneous (sc) bioavailability using the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor ligand exendin as a model system. The stabilized peptides showed significantly higher protease resistance and increased bioavailability independent of linker hydrophilicity, and all subcutaneously delivered conjugates were able to successfully target the islets of Langerhans with high specificity. The lipophilic peptide variants had slower absorption and plasma clearance than their respective hydrophilic conjugates, and the absolute bioavailability was also lower likely due to the longer residence times in the skin. Their ease and efficiency make double-click helix stabilization chemistries a useful tool for increasing the bioavailability of peptide therapeutics, many of which suffer from rapid in vivo protease degradation. Helix stabilization using linkers of varying lipophilicity can further control sc absorption and clearance rates to customize plasma pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tejas Navaratna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Al-Hilal TA, Alam F, Park JW, Kim K, Kwon IC, Ryu GH, Byun Y. Prevention effect of orally active heparin conjugate on cancer-associated thrombosis. J Control Release 2014; 195:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Al-Hilal TA, Park J, Alam F, Chung SW, Park JW, Kim K, Kwon IC, Kim IS, Kim SY, Byun Y. Oligomeric bile acid-mediated oral delivery of low molecular weight heparin. J Control Release 2013; 175:17-24. [PMID: 24333628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal transporters are limited to the transport of small molecular substrates. Here, we describe the development of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)-targeted high-affinity oligomeric bile acid substrates that mediate the transmembrane transport of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Several oligomers of deoxycholic acid (oligoDOCA) were synthesized to investigate the substrate specificity of ASBT. To see the binding of oligoDOCA on the substrate-binding pocket of ASBT, molecular docking was used and the dissociation rate constants (KD) were measured using surface plasmon resonance. The KD for tetrameric DOCA (tetraDOCA) was 50-fold lower than that for monomeric DOCA, because tetraDOCA interacted with several hydrophobic grooves in the substrate-binding pocket of ASBT. The synthesized oligoDOCA compounds were subsequently chemically conjugated to macromolecular LMWH. In vitro, tetraDOCA-conjugated LMWH (LHe-tetraD) had highest selectivity for ASBT during its transport. Orally administered LHe-tetraD showed remarkable systemic anticoagulation activity and high oral bioavailability of 33.5±3.2% and 19.9±2.5% in rats and monkeys, respectively. Notably, LHe-tetraD successfully prevented thrombosis in a rat model of deep vein thrombosis. These results represent a major advancement in ASBT-mediated LMWH delivery and may facilitate administration of many important therapeutic macromolecules through a non-invasive oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jooho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Farzana Alam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Seung Woo Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 534-729, South Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, South Korea; Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Enhanced bioavailability of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds through drug complex/in situ gelling formulation. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:63-70. [PMID: 24004566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BCS class III hydrophilic compounds are often associated with low oral bioavailability due to their poor epithelial permeability in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we reported an approach of incorporating a drug complex into an in situ gelling muco-adhesive carrier to achieve an improved bioavailability of a poorly absorbed hydrophilic compound. A new molecular entity (RWJ-445167) from Johnson and Johnson was used as a model compound. The compound was first complexed with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The complex was then incorporated into an in situ gelling muco-adhesive carrier Cremophor for formulation characterization and rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The study results showed that RWJ-445167 bound to SLS at a stoichiometric ratio. By complexing with SLS, the compound became lipophilic. The aqueous solubility of RWJ-445167 dropped to 0.58 mg/mL for the complex from 61 mg/mL for the free compound, while the partitioning coefficient of the complex increased to 7.59, compared with 0.05 of the free compound. In the rat PK study, with duodenal administration, the complex in the in situ-gelling formulation achieved 28.24% of bioavailability, compared to 4.26% of the free compound solution. The enhanced bioavailability was also significantly higher than those in the RWJ-445167/SLS physical mixture in Cremophor (14.91%), the complex in non-gelling carrier PEG 400 (9.95%) and the RWJ-445167/SLS physical mixture in PEG 400 carrier (8.60%). The study demonstrates that incorporation of a drug complex into an in situ gelling formulation provides a new approach to improving bioavailability of BCS class III drugs.
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Lemmer HJR, Hamman JH. Paracellular drug absorption enhancement through tight junction modulation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 10:103-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.745509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Khatun Z, Nurunnabi M, Cho KJ, Lee YK. Oral delivery of near-infrared quantum dot loaded micelles for noninvasive biomedical imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:3880-3887. [PMID: 22839507 DOI: 10.1021/am301048m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to design, develop, and characterize an optical imaging agent for oral administration. The hydrophobic, nanosized (7 nm), near-infrared (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) have been loaded into deoxycholic acid (DOCA) conjugated low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) micelles. The QD-loaded LMWH-DOCA (Q-LHD) nanoparticles have been characterized by electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) which shows the average particle size was 130-220 nm in diameter. The Q-LHD nanoparticles also show the excellent stability in different pH conditions, and the release profile demonstrates the slow release of QDs after 5 days of oral administration. Concfocal laser microscopic scanning images show that the Q-LHD nanoparticles penetrate the cell membrane and are located inside the cell membrane. The real time pharmacokinetics studies show the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination profile of Q-LHD nanoparticles, observed by the Kodak molecular imaging system (KMIS). This study has demonstrated that the orally administered Q-LHD nanoparticles are absorbed in the small intestine through the bile acid transporter and eliminated through the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehedina Khatun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 380-702, Republic of Korea
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Imaging of the GI tract by QDs loaded heparin-deoxycholic acid (DOCA) nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:1461-8. [PMID: 22944403 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an approach to deliver non invasive, near-IR imaging agent using oral delivery system. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-deoxycholic acid (DOCA)/(LHD) nanoparticles formed by a self-assembly method was prepared to evaluate their physicochemical properties and oral absorption in vitro and in vivo. Near-IR QDs were prepared and loaded into LHD nanoparticles for imaging of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract absorption. Q-LHD nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape with diameters of 194-217 nm. The size and fluorescent intensity of the Q-LHD nanoparticles were stable in 10% FBS solution and retained their fluorescent even after 5 days of incubation. Cell viability of Q-LHD nanoparticles maintained in the range of 80-95% for 24h incubation. No damage was found in tissues or organs during animal experiments. The in vivo oral absorption of Q-LHD was observed in SKH1 mice for 3h under different doses. From the results, we confirmed that Q-LHD was absorbed mostly into the ileum of small intestine containing intestinal bile acid transporter as observed in TEM and molecular imaging system. Our designed nanoparticles could be administered orally for bio-imaging and studying the bio-distribution of drug.
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Sonia T, Sharma CP. An overview of natural polymers for oral insulin delivery. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:784-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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