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Jiang Q, Tao B, Gao G, Sun M, Wang H, Li J, Wang Z, Shang A. Filum Terminale: A Comprehensive Review with Anatomical, Pathological, and Surgical Considerations. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:167-176. [PMID: 35500871 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conus medullaris is the distal tapering end of the spinal cord, and the filum terminale (FT) is regarded as a bundle of non-functional fibrous tissue; therefore, some scholars call it the spinal ligament, while others describe the human FT as "remnants of the spinal cord." It was later found that in the human spinal cord, the FT is composed of an intradural segment and an epidural segment, and the end of the FT is connected to the coccyx periosteum. Because some nerve tissue is also found in the FT, as research progresses, FT may have the potential for transplantation. A lack of exhaustive overviews on the FT in the present literature prompted us to conduct this review. Considering that a current comprehensive review seemed to be the need of the hour, herein, we attempted to summarize previous research and theories on the FT, elucidate its anatomy, and understand its pathological involvement in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Jiang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Benzhang Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tianjin Medical University
| | - Gan Gao
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengchun Sun
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School, Nankai University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junyang Li
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China; Medical School, Nankai University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Aijia Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Yang J, Cheng X, Qi J, Xie B, Zhao X, Zheng K, Zhang Z, Qiu M. EGF Enhances Oligodendrogenesis from Glial Progenitor Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:106. [PMID: 28442994 PMCID: PMC5387051 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling plays a positive role in myelin development and repair, but little is known about its biological effects on the early generation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells. In this study, we investigated the role of EGF in early OL development with isolated glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells. It was found that EGF collaborated with Platelet Derived Growth Factor-AA (PDGFaa) to promote the survival and self-renewal of GRP cells, but predisposed GRP cells to develop into O4- early-stage oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the absence of or PDGFaa. In OPCs, EGF synergized with PDGFaa to maintain their O4 negative antigenic phenotype. Upon PDGFaa withdrawal, EGF promoted the terminal differentiation of OPCs by reducing apoptosis and increasing the number of mature OLs. Together, these data revealed that EGF is an important mitogen to enhance oligodendroglial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Yang
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Cheng
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Qi
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Li S, Liang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang M, Li F. Targeting β-secretase with RNAi in neural stem cells for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:3095-106. [PMID: 25206630 PMCID: PMC4158703 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.33.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several major pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease, including apoptosis of cholinergic neurons, overactivity or overexpression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and inflammation. In this study, we synthesized a 19-nt oligonucleotide targeting BACE1, the key enzyme in amyloid beta protein (Aβ) production, and introduced it into the pSilenCircle vector to construct a short hairpin (shRNA) expression plasmid against the BACE1 gene. We transfected this vector into C17.2 neural stem cells and primary neural stem cells, resulting in downregulation of the BACE1 gene, which in turn induced a considerable reduction in reducing Aβ protein production. We anticipate that this technique combining cell transplantation and gene therapy will open up novel therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease, particularly because it can be used to simultaneously target several pathogenetic changes in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengliang Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zibin Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minjuan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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Jellinger KA, Attems J. Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23576887 PMCID: PMC3622466 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/kjellinger] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogenous process related to a large variety of molecular changes involving multiple neuronal networks, due to alterations of neurons (synapses, axons, dendrites, etc), particularly affecting strategically important regions, such as hippocampus and prefrontal areas. A substantial proportion of nondemented, cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects show at least mild to moderate, and rarely even severe, Alzheimer-related lesions, probably representing asymptomatic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and/or mixed pathologies. While the substrate of resilience to cognitive decline in the presence of abundant pathologies has been unclear, recent research has strengthened the concept of cognitive or brain reserve, based on neuroplasticity or the ability of the brain to manage or counteract age-related changes or pathologies by reorganizing its structure, connections, and functions via complex molecular pathways and mechanisms that are becoming increasingly better understood. Part of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis in specific areas of the brain, in particular the hippocampal formation important for memory function, the decline of which is common even in “healthy” aging. To obtain further insights into the mechanisms of brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis, as the basis for prevention and potential therapeutic options, is a major challenge of modern neurosciences.
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Jha RM, Chrenek R, Magnotti LM, Cardozo DL. The isolation, differentiation, and survival in vivo of multipotent cells from the postnatal rat filum terminale. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65974. [PMID: 23762453 PMCID: PMC3675200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are undifferentiated cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that are capable of self-renewal and can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. Current sources of mammalian NSCs are confined to regions of the CNS that are critical to normal function and surgically difficult to access, which limits their therapeutic potential in human disease. We have found that the filum terminale (FT), a previously unexplored, expendable, and easily accessible tissue at the caudal end of the spinal cord, is a source of multipotent cells in postnatal rats and humans. In this study, we used a rat model to isolate and characterize the potential of these cells. Neurospheres derived from the rat FT are amenable to in vitro expansion in the presence of a combination of growth factors. These proliferating, FT-derived cells formed neurospheres that could be induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes by exposure to serum and/or adhesive substrates. Through directed differentiation using sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in combination with various neurotrophic factors, FT-derived neurospheres generated motor neurons that were capable of forming neuromuscular junctions in vitro. In addition, FT-derived progenitors that were injected into chick embryos survived and could differentiate into both neurons and glia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan Chrenek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Magnotti
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David L. Cardozo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Zheng M, Liu J, Ruan Z, Tian S, Ma Y, Zhu J, Li G. Intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 inhibits neurogenesis and down-regulates IFN-γ and NF-κB expression in hippocampus of adult mouse brain. Amyloid 2013; 20:13-20. [PMID: 23286786 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2012.755122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is widely recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ1-42 a major component of amyloid plaques, has shown synaptotoxicity associated with impaired long-term potentiation and cognitive deficits. Alteration of neurogenesis in AD patients has been reported, while little is known about how Aβ1-42 affects hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain. In this study, we injected human Aβ1-42 peptide into hippocampal CA1 area of adult mouse brain bilaterally and evaluated histological change and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain showed that Aβ1-42-injection resulted in an extensive neurodegeneration in the Aβ-accumulated area and CA3 in hippocampus. Immunostaining showed that intrahippocampal Aβ1-42-injection dramatically decreased the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) compared to the vehicle injection. Moreover, a significant decrease in the number of BrdU/double-cortin double-positive cells in Aβ1-42-injected hippocampus was observed, suggesting that Aβ1-42-injection inhibited progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in subgranular zone of the DG in the adult brain. We also found that the Aβ1-42-mediated decline of neurogenesis was associated with decreased protein levels of cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the hippocampus. These results suggest that Aβ1-42 inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain possibly through down-regulation of INF-γ and NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a new insight into Aβ1-42-mediated decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meige Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jellinger KA, Attems J. Neuropathological approaches to cerebral aging and neuroplasticity. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 15:29-43. [PMID: 23576887 PMCID: PMC3622466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral aging is a complex and heterogenous process related to a large variety of molecular changes involving multiple neuronal networks, due to alterations of neurons (synapses, axons, dendrites, etc), particularly affecting strategically important regions, such as hippocampus and prefrontal areas. A substantial proportion of nondemented, cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects show at least mild to moderate, and rarely even severe, Alzheimer-related lesions, probably representing asymptomatic preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and/or mixed pathologies. While the substrate of resilience to cognitive decline in the presence of abundant pathologies has been unclear, recent research has strengthened the concept of cognitive or brain reserve, based on neuroplasticity or the ability of the brain to manage or counteract age-related changes or pathologies by reorganizing its structure, connections, and functions via complex molecular pathways and mechanisms that are becoming increasingly better understood. Part of neuroplasticity is adult neurogenesis in specific areas of the brain, in particular the hippocampal formation important for memory function, the decline of which is common even in "healthy" aging. To obtain further insights into the mechanisms of brain plasticity and adult neurogenesis, as the basis for prevention and potential therapeutic options, is a major challenge of modern neurosciences.
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Zhang C, Wang ZJ, Lok KH, Yin M. β-amyloid42 induces desensitization of CXC chemokine receptor-4 via formyl peptide receptor in neural stem/progenitor cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:131-8. [PMID: 22293341 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and progressive loss of neurons are two main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Supplement of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a promising strategy for repair of the neurodegenerative diseases. However, hostile microenvironment of neurodegenerative brain is harmful for the neuroregeneration. Aβ(42) promoted the proliferation of NSPCs. Moreover, Aβ(42) (10-1000 nM) promoted the migration of NSPCs in a dose-dependent manner. The attraction of NSPCs toward Aβ(42) was significantly offset by 10 μM cyclosporin H, a potent and selective formyl peptide receptor antagonist. After incubation with Aβ(42) for 9 d, the migration ability of NSPCs was significantly decreased (p<0.05). The expression of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) were significantly decreased in NSPCs. The expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was up-regulated on the membrane of NSPCs correspondingly. Our results suggested that Aβ(42) decreases the migratory capacity of NSPCs by FPR heterologous desensitization after long time incubation, and GRK2 in NSPCs may be responsible for the damaged migratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
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Shoae-Hassani A, Sharif S, Tabatabaei SAM, Verdi J. Could the endogenous opioid, morphine, prevent neural stem cell proliferation? Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kazma M, Izrael M, Revel M, Chebath J, Yanai J. Survival, differentiation, and reversal of heroin neurobehavioral teratogenicity in mice by transplanted neural stem cells derived from embryonic stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:315-23. [PMID: 19746435 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies in animal models of neurobehavioral defects are normally derived from neural stem cells (NSC) of the developing cortex. However, the clinical feasibility of NSC therapies would be greatly improved by deriving transplanted cells and from a tissue culture source that is self-renewing, containing cells that potentially differentiate into the desired neuronal phenotypes. These cultures can be engineered to contain the appropriate factors to support their therapeutic action and likely evoke lesser immune reactions. In the current study, we employed our model of mice neurobehaviorally impaired via prenatal exposure to heroin, to test the therapeutic efficacy of NSC derived from murine embryonic stem cells culture (ESC). The culture contained elongated bipolar cells, 90% of which are positive for nestin, the intermediate filament protein found in neural precursors. After removal of growth factors, the NSC differentiated into neurons (34.0% +/- 3.8% NF-160 positive), including cholinergic cells (ChAT positive), oligodendrocytes (29.9% +/- 4.2% O(4)), and astrocytes (36.1% +/- 4.7% GFAP positive). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed the immunocytochemical findings. Mice made deficient in Morris maze behavior by prenatal heroin exposure (10 mg/kg heroin s.c. on gestational days 9-18) were transplanted into the hippocampus region on postnatal day 35 with the ES culture-derived NSC (ES-NSC) labeled with dialkylcarbocyanine (Dil) cell tracker. Dil+ and NF160+ cells were detected in the hippocampal region (50% +/- 8% survival). The transplantation completely restored maze performance to normal; e.g., on day 3, transplantation improved the behavior from the deficient level of 11.9-sec latency to the control of 5.6-sec latency (44.5% improvement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Kazma
- The Ross Laboratory for Studies in Neural Birth Defects, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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