1
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Ye N, Cruz J, Peng X, Ma J, Zhang A, Cheng X. Remyelination is enhanced by Astragalus polysaccharides through inducing the differentiation of oligodendrocytes from neural stem cells in cuprizone model of demyelination. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147459. [PMID: 33794147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination is the hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Promoting remyelination is an important strategy to treat MS. Our previous study showed that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the main bioactive component of Astragalus membranaceus, could prevent demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. To investigate the effects of APS on remyelination and the underlying mechanisms, in this study we set up a cuprizone-induced demyelination model in mice and treated them with APS. It was found that APS relieved the neurobehavioral dysfunctions caused by demyelination, and efficaciously facilitated remyelination in vivo. In order to determine whether the mechanism of enhancing remyelination was associated with the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), biomarkers of NSCs, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons were measured in the corpus callosum tissues of mice through Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. Data revealed that APS suppressed the stemness of NSCs, reduced the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes, and promoted the differentiation into oligodendrocytes and neurons. This phenomenon was confirmed in the differentiation model of C17.2 NSCs cultured in vitro. Since Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway has been proven to be crucial to the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes, we examined expression levels of the key molecules in this pathway in vivo and in vitro, and eventually found APS activated this signaling pathway. Together, our results demonstrated that APS probably activated Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway first, then induced NSCs to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and promoted remyelination, which suggested that APS might be a potential candidate in treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Jennifer Cruz
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China; Doctoral Program of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine, The Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine, FL 33301, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ma
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Aiming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Min-Hang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China.
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2
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Katayama K, Arai Y, Murata K, Saito S, Nagata T, Takashima K, Yoshida A, Masumura M, Koda S, Okada H, Muto T. Discovery and structure-activity relationships of spiroindolines as novel inducers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115348. [PMID: 32046916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of spiroindoline derivatives was discovered for use as inducers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation, resulting from optimization of screening hit 1. Exploration of structure-activity relationships led to compound 18, which showed improved potency (rOPC EC50 = 0.0032 μM). Furthermore, oral administration of compound 18 significantly decreased clinical severity in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Katayama
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Arai
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Murata
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shoichi Saito
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nagata
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kouhei Takashima
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Makoto Masumura
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuichi Koda
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Muto
- Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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3
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. Protective effects of pharmacological therapies in animal models of multiple sclerosis: a review of studies 2014-2019. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1220-1234. [PMID: 31960801 PMCID: PMC7047782 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of relapsing-remitting MS and is reversible. Once there is considerable loss of axons, MS patients enter a secondary progressive stage. Disease-modifying drugs currently in use for MS suppress the immune system and reduce relapse rates but are not effective in the progressive stage. Various animal models of MS (mostly mouse and rat) have been established and proved useful in studying the disease process and response to therapy. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal studies reviewed here showed that a chronic progressive disease can be induced by immunization with appropriate amounts of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein together with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pertussis toxin in Freund's adjuvant. The clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease were prevented or reduced by treatment with certain pharmacological agents given prior to, at, or after peak disease, and the agents had protective effects as shown by inhibiting demyelination and damage to neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes. In the cuprizone-induced toxicity animal studies, the pharmacological agents tested were able to promote remyelination and increase the number of oligodendrocytes when administered therapeutically or prophylactically. A monoclonal IgM antibody protected axons in the spinal cord and preserved motor function in animals inoculated with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. In all these studies the pharmacological agents were administered singly. A combination therapy may be more effective, especially using agents that target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, as they may exert synergistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA; Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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4
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Parvalbumin expression in oligodendrocyte-like CG4 cells causes a reduction in mitochondrial volume, attenuation in reactive oxygen species production and a decrease in cell processes' length and branching. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10603. [PMID: 31332265 PMCID: PMC6646370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forebrain glial cells - ependymal cells and astrocytes -acquire upon injury- a "reactive" phenotype associated with parvalbumin (PV) upregulation. Since free radicals, e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and that PV-upregulation in glial cells is inversely correlated with the level of oxidative stress, we hypothesized that PV-upregulation might also protect oligodendrocytes by decreasing ROS production. Lentiviral transduction techniques allowed for PV overexpression in CG4 oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Depending on the growth medium CG4 cells can be maintained in an OPC-like state, or induced to differentiate into an oligodendrocyte (OLG)-like phenotype. While increased levels of PV had no effect on cell proliferation and invasiveness in vitro, PV decreased the mitochondria volume in CG4 cell bodies, as well as the mitochondrial density in CG4 processes in both OPC-like and OLG-like states. In line with the PV-induced global decrease in mitochondrial volume, elevated PV levels reduced transcript levels of mitochondrial transcription factors involved in mitochondria biogenesis. In differentiated PV-overexpressing CG4 cells with a decreased mitochondrial volume, UV-induced ROS production was lower than in control CG4 cells hinting towards a possible role of PV in counteracting oxidative stress. Unexpectedly, PV also decreased the length of processes in undifferentiated CG4 cells and moreover diminished branching of differentiated CG4 cell processes, strongly correlated with the decreased density of mitochondria in CG4 cell processes. Thus besides conferring a protective role against oxidative stress, PV in a cell autonomous fashion additionally affects process' growth and branching in CG4 cells.
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5
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Jin M, Li Q, Gu Y, Wan B, Huang J, Xu X, Huang R, Zhang Y. Leonurine suppresses neuroinflammation through promoting oligodendrocyte maturation. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1470-1485. [PMID: 30556290 PMCID: PMC6349161 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal inflammation and remyelination failure are major hallmarks of multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this study, we found that leonurine, a bioactive alkaloid, alleviated EAE disease severity along with reduced central nervous system inflammation and myelin damage. During the pathogenesis of EAE, leonurine dramatically suppressed the recruitment of encephalitogenic T cells into the central nervous system, whereas did not impair periphery immune responses and microglia activation. Mechanistically, leonurine protected mice against demyelination along with enhanced remyelination through promoting the maturation of oligodendrocytes in both EAE and cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse models. Moreover, we identified that the expression of demethylase jumonji domain-containing protein D3 was significantly enhanced upon treatment of leonurine, which suppressed the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine-27 and enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation accordingly. Collectively, our study identified the therapeutic effect of leonurine on EAE model, which potentially represents a promising therapeutic strategy for multiple sclerosis, even other demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanbai Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Thompson KK, Nissen JC, Pretory A, Tsirka SE. Tuftsin Combines With Remyelinating Therapy and Improves Outcomes in Models of CNS Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2784. [PMID: 30555470 PMCID: PMC6283261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, it does not address inflammatory signals that continue to induce neuronal damage and inhibit effectiveness of repair mechanisms. Our lab has previously characterized the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide, tuftsin, which induces an anti-inflammatory shift in microglia and macrophages. This targeted anti-inflammatory agent improves physical deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we sought to determine whether tuftsin is also effective in combination with benztropine, an FDA-approved drug that stimulates remyelination, in both EAE and in the cuprizone model of demyelination. We show that combining these two agents to promote anti-inflammatory and remyelinating mechanisms alleviates symptoms in EAE and lessens pathological hallmarks in both MS models. Importantly, tuftsin is required to transform the inflammatory CNS environment normally present in EAE/MS into one of an anti-inflammatory nature, and benztropine is required in the cuprizone model to improve remyelination. Our data further support tuftsin's beneficial immunomodulatory activity in the context of EAE, and show that when studying remyelination in the absence of an autoimmune insult, tuftsin still activated microglia toward an anti-inflammatory fate, but benztropine was necessary for significant repair of the damaged myelin. Overall, tuftsin effectively combined with benztropine to significantly improve MS-like pathologies in both models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jillian C Nissen
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Pretory
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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7
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Enhancing Remyelination through a Novel Opioid-Receptor Pathway. J Neurosci 2018; 36:11831-11833. [PMID: 27881770 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2859-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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8
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Guo YE, Suo N, Cui X, Yuan Q, Xie X. Vitamin C promotes oligodendrocytes generation and remyelination. Glia 2018; 66:1302-1316. [PMID: 29423921 PMCID: PMC6001564 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte‐formed myelin sheaths play important roles in the neuronal functions in the central nervous system. In demyelinating diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, the myelin sheaths are damaged and the remyelinating process is somehow hindered. Restoration of the myelin sheaths requires the differentiation of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). To discover small molecule compounds that might promote the OPC to OL differentiation, a high‐throughput screening system is established and L‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (As‐2P), a stable form of Vitamin C (Vc), is found to greatly enhance the OPC to OL differentiation. As‐2P promotes gradual expression of OL lineage markers, including O4, CNPase and MBP, in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. It also facilitates the formation of myelin sheaths in OPC‐neuron co‐culture. As‐2P also promotes the repair of the myelin sheaths in vivo and provides significant therapeutic effect in a cuprizone‐mediated demyelination animal model. Interestingly, As‐2P's function in promoting OPC differentiation is not related to its antioxidant activity. And an intracellular rather than an extracellular mechanism might be involved. Considering the safe use of Vc as a dietary supplement for many years, it might also be used as an alternative medicine for CNS demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-E Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qianting Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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9
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Yang J, Cheng X, Qi J, Xie B, Zhao X, Zheng K, Zhang Z, Qiu M. EGF Enhances Oligodendrogenesis from Glial Progenitor Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:106. [PMID: 28442994 PMCID: PMC5387051 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling plays a positive role in myelin development and repair, but little is known about its biological effects on the early generation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells. In this study, we investigated the role of EGF in early OL development with isolated glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells. It was found that EGF collaborated with Platelet Derived Growth Factor-AA (PDGFaa) to promote the survival and self-renewal of GRP cells, but predisposed GRP cells to develop into O4- early-stage oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the absence of or PDGFaa. In OPCs, EGF synergized with PDGFaa to maintain their O4 negative antigenic phenotype. Upon PDGFaa withdrawal, EGF promoted the terminal differentiation of OPCs by reducing apoptosis and increasing the number of mature OLs. Together, these data revealed that EGF is an important mitogen to enhance oligodendroglial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Yang
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Cheng
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Qi
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- The Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, USA
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10
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Poutiainen P, Jaronen M, Quintana FJ, Brownell AL. Precision Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Future of PET Imaging of Inflammation and Reactive Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27695400 PMCID: PMC5023680 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques can enhance diagnosis to achieve successful treatment, as well as reveal underlying pathogenic mechanisms in disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The cooperation of advanced multimodal imaging techniques and increased knowledge of the MS disease mechanism allows both monitoring of neuronal network and therapeutic outcome as well as the tools to discover novel therapeutic targets. Diverse imaging modalities provide reliable diagnostic and prognostic platforms to better achieve precision medicine. Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been considered the golden standard in MS research and diagnosis. However, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can provide functional information of molecular biology in detail even prior to anatomic changes, allowing close follow up of disease progression and treatment response. The recent findings support three major neuroinflammation components in MS: astrogliosis, cytokine elevation, and significant changes in specific proteins, which offer a great variety of specific targets for imaging purposes. Regardless of the fact that imaging of astrocyte function is still a young field and in need for development of suitable imaging ligands, recent studies have shown that inflammation and astrocyte activation are related to progression of MS. MS is a complex disease, which requires understanding of disease mechanisms for successful treatment. PET is a precise non-invasive imaging method for biochemical functions and has potential to enhance early and accurate diagnosis for precision therapy of MS. In this review we focus on modulation of different receptor systems and inflammatory aspect of MS, especially on activation of glial cells, and summarize the recent findings of PET imaging in MS and present the most potent targets for new biomarkers with the main focus on experimental MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Merja Jaronen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J. Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
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11
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Accetta R, Damiano S, Morano A, Mondola P, Paternò R, Avvedimento EV, Santillo M. Reactive Oxygen Species Derived from NOX3 and NOX5 Drive Differentiation of Human Oligodendrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:146. [PMID: 27313511 PMCID: PMC4889614 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules that mediate stress response, apoptosis, DNA damage, gene expression and differentiation. We report here that differentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin forming cells in the CNS, is driven by ROS. To dissect the OL differentiation pathway, we used the cell line MO3-13, which display the molecular and cellular features of OL precursors. These cells exposed 1-4 days to low levels of H2O2 or to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA) increased the expression of specific OL differentiation markers: the specific nuclear factor Olig-2, and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), which was processed and accumulated selectively in membranes. The induction of differentiation genes was associated with the activation of ERK1-2 and phosphorylation of the nuclear cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB). PKC mediates ROS-induced differentiation because PKC depletion or bis-indolyl-maleimide (BIM), a PKC inhibitor, reversed the induction of differentiation markers by H2O2. H2O2 and PMA increased the expression of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases, NOX3 and NOX5. Selective depletion of these proteins inhibited differentiation induced by PMA. Furthermore, NOX5 silencing down regulated NOX3 mRNA levels, suggesting that ROS produced by NOX5 up-regulate NOX3 expression. These data unravel an elaborate network of ROS-generating enzymes (NOX5 to NOX3) activated by PKC and necessary for differentiation of OLs. Furthermore, NOX3 and NOX5, as inducers of OL differentiation, represent novel targets for therapies of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis, associated with impairment of OL differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Accetta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morano
- Laboratori di Ricerca Preclinica e Traslazionale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Paternò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico V Avvedimento
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples, Italy
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12
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Du C, Duan Y, Wei W, Cai Y, Chai H, Lv J, Du X, Zhu J, Xie X. Kappa opioid receptor activation alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11120. [PMID: 27040771 PMCID: PMC4822006 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune damage to the central nervous system. All the current drugs for MS target the immune system. Although effective in reducing new lesions, they have limited effects in preventing the progression of disability. Promoting oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination and recovery of neurons are the new directions of MS therapy. The endogenous opioid system, consisting of MOR, DOR, KOR and their ligands, has been suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of MS. However, the exact receptor and mechanism remain elusive. Here we show that genetic deletion of KOR exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas activating KOR with agonists alleviates the symptoms. KOR does not affect immune cell differentiation and function. Instead, it promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination both in vitro and in vivo. Our study suggests that targeting KOR might be an intriguing way to develop new MS therapies that may complement the existing immunosuppressive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhui Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiling Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-Based Bio-Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Vela L, Caballero I, Fang L, Liu Q, Ramón F, Díez E, de Los Frailes M. Discovery of Enhancers of the Secretion of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:437-45. [PMID: 26984928 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116638821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease that involves activation of T cells, microglia, and astrocytes. There is a clear unmet medical need for MS, as current therapies reduce the relapse rate, but are unable to prevent the neurological deterioration. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that can also positively modulate the immune response, by inducing the inhibition of myelin-reactive TH17 differentiation, and by promoting oligodendrocyte-mediated myelination. The aim of this project was to find central nervous system (CNS)-permeable and orally available small molecules that upregulate production of endogenous LIF. We describe here the development of a phenotypic assay and screening of 1.7 million compounds to identify LIF enhancers using U87 MG cells. Five chemically tractable series of compounds and a few singletons were selected for further progression. Some of them were also active in a different LIF-expressing cell line and in primary rat astrocytes. Although further studies would be required to deconvolute the targets involved in LIF induction and to confirm activity of hits in more disease-relevant assays, our results have demonstrated the potential of the phenotypic approach to identify specific and chemically tractable small molecules that trigger the production of LIF in relevant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vela
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Caballero
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leiping Fang
- GSK (China) R&D Company Limited, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Liu
- GSK (China) R&D Company Limited, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Fernando Ramón
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Díez
- Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Kucharova K, Stallcup WB. NG2-proteoglycan-dependent contributions of oligodendrocyte progenitors and myeloid cells to myelin damage and repair. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:161. [PMID: 26338007 PMCID: PMC4559177 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by several cell types in demyelinated lesions and has important effects on the biology of these cells. Here we determine the cell-type-specific roles of NG2 in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and myeloid cell contributions to demyelination and remyelination. METHODS We have used Cre-Lox technology to dissect the cell-type-specific contributions of NG2 to myelin damage and repair. Demyelination is induced by microinjection of 1 % lysolecithin into the spinal cord white matter of control, OPC-specific NG2-null (OPC-NG2ko), and myeloid-specific NG2-null (My-NG2ko) mice. The status of OPCs, myeloid cells, axons, and myelin is assessed by light, immunofluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy. RESULTS In OPC-NG2ko mice 1 week after lysolecithin injection, the OPC mitotic index is reduced by 40 %, resulting in 25 % fewer OPCs at 1 week and a 28 % decrease in mature oligodendrocytes at 6 weeks post-injury. The initial demyelinated lesion size is not affected in OPC-NG2ko mice, but lesion repair is delayed by reduced production of oligodendrocytes. In contrast, both the initial extent of demyelination and the kinetics of lesion repair are decreased in My-NG2ko mice. Surprisingly, the OPC mitotic index at 1 week post-injury is also reduced (by 48 %) in My-NG2ko mice, leading to a 35 % decrease in OPCs at 1 week and a subsequent 34 % reduction in mature oligodendrocytes at 6 weeks post-injury. Clearance of myelin debris is also reduced by 40 % in My-NG2ko mice. Deficits in myelination detected by immunostaining for myelin basic protein are confirmed by toluidine blue staining and by electron microscopy. In addition to reduced myelin repair, fewer axons are found in 6-week lesions in both OPC-NG2ko and My-NG2ko mice, emphasizing the importance of myelination for neuron survival. CONCLUSIONS Reduced generation of OPCs and oligodendrocytes in OPC-NG2ko mice correlates with reduced myelin repair. Diminished demyelination in My-NG2ko mice may stem from a reduction (approximately 70 %) in myeloid cell recruitment to lesions. Reduced macrophage/microglia numbers may then result in decreased myelin repair via diminished clearance of myelin debris and reduced stimulatory effects on OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kucharova
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - William B Stallcup
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Wang X, Zheng X, Ma C, Zhao L. Role of TRIF Small Interference RNA (siRNA) in Chronic Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:2583-7. [PMID: 26324415 PMCID: PMC4562682 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease causing multifocal demyelination and axonal injuries in the central nervous system (CNS). Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) is an important adaptor protein for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can modulate the immune response via regulating cytokine secretion. This study investigated the potential function of TRIF in MS mice via small interference RNA (siRNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Isolated mouse lymphocytes were processed using TRIF siRNA, followed by RT-PCR assay to quantify TRIF expression level. An experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was prepared in C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG 35-55. TRIF siRNA or controlled siRNA were intravenously applied to evaluate the neurological function of animals. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were observed. RESULTS Specific siRNA effectively decreased the TRIF expression in mouse dendritic cells and this siRNA improved the EAE severity and neurological scores. Further assays showed that both IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the siRNA treatment group were significantly lower than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The expression of TRIF can be down-regulated by siRNA, thereby alleviating the severity of EAE via its inhibition of interleukin and cytokine release. This may provide new insights for future treatment of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/immunology
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genetic Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Wang
- Department of Gerontological Neurology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Chong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Gerontological Neurology, Heilongjiang Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P.R. China
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Liang P, Le W. Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:435-44. [PMID: 26254059 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining the cellular homeostasis. One of its functions is to degrade unnecessary organelles and proteins for energy recycling or amino-acids for cell survival. Ablation of autophagy leads to neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a permanent neurological impairment typical of chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder, is an auto-immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Autophagy is tightly linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems during the autoimmune process, and several studies have shown that autophagy directly participates in the progress of MS or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a mouse model of MS). Dysfunction of mitochondria that intensively influences the autophagy pathway is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of MS. Autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5 and immune-related GTPase M (IRGM) 1 are increased, while ATG16L2 is decreased, in T-cells in EAE and active relapsing-remitting MS brains. Administration of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR), ameliorates relapsing-remitting EAE. Inflammation and oxidative stress are increased in MS lesions and EAE, but Lamp2 and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio are decreased. Furthermore, autophagy in various glial cells plays important roles in regulating neuro-inflammation in the CNS, implying potential roles in MS. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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