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Tian Y, Wang L, Qiu Z, Xu Y, Hua R. Autophagy triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress and C/EBP homologous protein-mediated apoptosis in OGD/R-treated neurons in a caspase-12-independent manner. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1740-1750. [PMID: 34644182 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00649.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that a high level of autophagy was initiated by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and was maintained in neurons even after oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R), accompanied by neuronal apoptosis. This study focused on autophagy-induced apoptosis and its signaling network, especially the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Analysis of primary cultured cortical neurons from mice showed that the autophagy-induced apoptosis depended on caspase-8 and -9 but not on caspase-12. This finding did not mean that the endoplasmic reticulum did not participate in this process. Increases in the levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) biomarkers and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) were induced by autophagy in OGD/R-treated neurons. In addition, as an apoptotic transcription factor induced by ER stress, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression was significantly increased in neurons after OGD/R. This result suggested that the autophagy-BiP-CHOP-caspase (8 and 9)-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway at least partly participated in autophagy-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. It revealed that ER induced apoptosis in neurons suffering from OGD/R injury in an ER stress-CHOP-dependent manner rather than a caspase-12-dependent manner. However, more research on signaling or cross-linking networks and intermediate links is needed. The realization of caspase-12-independent BiP-CHOP neuronal apoptosis pathway has expanded our understanding of the neuronal apoptosis network, which may eventually provide endogenous interventional strategies for OGD/R injury after stroke.NEW & NOTEWORTHY ER stress induced by autophagy mediates caspase-8- and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis pathways by regulating CHOP in neurons exposed to OGD/R. We hypothesized that the autophagy-BiP-CHOP-caspase (8 and 9)-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway at least partly participated in autophagy-induced apoptosis in primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Hua
- Department of Radiology, the Third Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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Zhao S, Wang JM, Yan J, Zhang DL, Liu BQ, Jiang JY, Li C, Li S, Meng XN, Wang HQ. BAG3 promotes autophagy and glutaminolysis via stabilizing glutaminase. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:284. [PMID: 30910998 PMCID: PMC6433946 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is an important molecule that maintains oncogenic features of cancer cells via diverse mechanisms. One of the important functions assigned to BAG3 is implicated in selective macroautophagy/autophagy, which attracts much attention recently. However, the mechanism underlying regulation of autophagy by BAG3 has not been well defined. Here, we describe that BAG3 enhances autophagy via promotion of glutamine consumption and glutaminolysis. Glutaminolysis initiates with deamination of glutamine by glutaminase (GLS), by which yields glutamate and ammonia in mitochondria. The current study demonstrates that BAG3 stabilizes GLS via prohibition its interaction with SIRT5, thereby hindering its desuccinylation at Lys158 and Lys164 sites. As an underlying molecular mechanism, we demonstrate that BAG3 interacts with GLS and decreases SIRT5 expression. The current study also demonstrates that occupation by succinyl at Lys158 and Lys164 sites prohibits its Lys48-linked ubiquitination, thereby preventing its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Collectively, the current study demonstrates that BAG3 enhances autophagy via stabilizing GLS and promoting glutaminolysis. For the first time, this study reports that succinylation competes with ubiquitination to regulate proteasomal GLS degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Jia-Mei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Da-Lin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bao-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Jing-Yi Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Xiao-Na Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.
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Arbogast F, Gros F. Lymphocyte Autophagy in Homeostasis, Activation, and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1801. [PMID: 30127786 PMCID: PMC6087746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism, allowing the degradation of cytoplasmic content via lysosomal activity. Several forms of autophagy are described in mammals. Macroautophagy leads to integration of cytoplasmic portions into vesicles named autophagosomes that ultimately fuse with lysosomes. Chaperone-mediated autophagy is in contrast the direct translocation of protein in lysosomes. Macroautophagy is central to lymphocyte homeostasis. Although its role is controversial in lymphocyte development and in naive cell survival, it seems particularly involved in the maintenance of certain lymphocyte subtypes. Its importance in memory B and T cells biology has recently emerged. Moreover, some effector cells like plasma cells rely on autophagy for survival. Autophagy is central to glucose and lipid metabolism, and to the maintenance of organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In addition macroautophagy, or individual components of its machinery, are also actors in antigen presentation by B cells, a crucial step to receive help from T cells, this crosstalk favoring their final differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Autophagy is deregulated in several autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn’s disease. Some treatments used in these pathologies impact autophagic activity, even if the causal link between autophagy regulation and the efficiency of the treatments has not yet been clearly established. In this review, we will first discuss the mechanisms linking autophagy to lymphocyte subtype survival and the signaling pathways involved. Finally, potential impacts of autophagy modulation in lymphocytes on the course of these diseases will be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Arbogast
- CNRS UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Gros
- CNRS UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The p53 family of transcription factors, including p53, p63, and p73, plays key roles in both biological and pathological processes, including cancer and neural development. Recent Advances: In recent years, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the entire p53 family is involved in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Mechanistically, the p53 proteins control neuronal cell fate, terminal differentiation, and survival, via a complex interplay among the family members. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we discuss the involvement of the p53 family in neurobiology and in pathological conditions affecting the CNS, including neuroinflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the function of the p53 family could improve our general knowledge of the pathogenesis of brain disorders and potentially pave the road for new therapeutic intervention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy .,2 Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University , Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
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Cao YL, Yang YP, Mao CJ, Zhang XQ, Wang CT, Yang J, Lv DJ, Wang F, Hu LF, Liu CF. A role of BAG3 in regulating SNCA/α-synuclein clearance via selective macroautophagy. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:104-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yang F, Yang L, Wataya-Kaneda M, Hasegawa J, Yoshimori T, Tanemura A, Tsuruta D, Katayama I. Dysregulation of autophagy in melanocytes contributes to hypopigmented macules in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:155-164. [PMID: 29146131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) gene mutations lead to constitutive activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, resulting in a broad range of symptoms. Hypopigmented macules are the earliest sign. Although we have already confirmed that topical rapamycin treatment (an mTOR inhibitor) protects patients with TSC against macular hypopigmentation, the pathogenesis of such lesions remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Recently emerging evidence supports a role for autophagy in skin pigmentation. Herein, we investigated the impact of autophagic dysregulation on TSC-associated hypopigmentation. METHODS Skin samples from 10 patients with TSC, each bearing characteristic hypopigmented macules, and 6 healthy donors were subjected to immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analyses. In addition, TSC2-knockdown (KD) was investigated in human epidermal melanocytes by melanin content examination, real-time PCR, western blotting analyses, and intracellular immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Activation of the mTOR signaling pathway decreased melanocytic pigmentation in hypopigmented macules of patients with TSC and in TSC2-KD melanocytes. In addition, LC3 expression (a marker of autophagy) and autophagosome counts increased, whereas, intracellular accumulation of autophagic degradative substrates (p62 and ubiquitinated proteins) was evident in TSC2-KD melanocytes. Furthermore, depigmentation in TSC2-KD melanocytes was accelerated by inhibiting autophagy (ATG7-KD or bafilomycin A1-pretreatment) and was completely reversed by induction of autophagy via mTOR-dependent (rapamycin) or mTOR-independent (SMER28) exposure. Finally, dysregulation of autophagy, marked by increased LC3 expression and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, was also observed in melanocytes of TSC-related hypopigmented macules. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that melanocytes of patients with TSC display autophagic dysregulation, which thereby reduced pigmentation, serving as the basis for the hypomelanotic macules characteristic of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Wataya-Kaneda
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Junya Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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