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Zhang J, Wickizer C, Ding W, Van R, Yang L, Zhu B, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang C, Shen S, Wang C, Shao Y, Ran C. In vivo three-dimensional brain imaging with chemiluminescence probes in Alzheimer's disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310131120. [PMID: 38048460 PMCID: PMC10723133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging is highly desirable for providing precise distribution of the target-of-interest in disease models. However, such 3D imaging is still far from wide applications in biomedical research; 3D brain optical molecular imaging, in particular, has rarely been reported. In this report, we designed chemiluminescence probes with high quantum yields, relatively long emission wavelengths, and high signal-to-noise ratios to fulfill the requirements for 3D brain imaging in vivo. With assistance from density-function theory (DFT) computation, we designed ADLumin-Xs by locking up the rotation of the double bond via fusing the furan ring to the phenyl ring. Our results showed that ADLumin-5 had a high quantum yield of chemiluminescence and could bind to amyloid beta (Aβ). Remarkably, ADLumin-5's radiance intensity in brain areas could reach 4 × 107 photon/s/cm2/sr, which is probably 100-fold higher than most chemiluminescence probes for in vivo imaging. Because of its strong emission, we demonstrated that ADLumin-5 could be used for in vivo 3D brain imaging in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Weihua Ding
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Liuyue Yang
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yongle Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yulong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA02129
| | - Shiqian Shen
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Changning Wang
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK73019
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Boston, MA02129
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Zhang J, Wickizer C, Ding W, Van R, Yang L, Zhu B, Yang J, Zhang C, Shen S, Shao Y, Ran C. In Vivo Three-dimensional Brain Imaging with Chemiluminescence Probes in Alzheimer's Disease Models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.02.547411. [PMID: 37461700 PMCID: PMC10350002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.02.547411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging is highly desirable for providing precise distribution of the target-of-interest in disease models. However, such 3D imaging is still far from wide applications in biomedical research; 3D brain optical molecular imaging, in particular, has rarely been reported. In this report, we designed chemiluminescence probes with high quantum yields (QY), relatively long emission wavelengths, and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) to fulfill the requirements for 3D brain imaging in vivo. With assistance from density-function theory (DFT) computation, we designed ADLumin-Xs by locking up the rotation of the double-bond via fusing the furan ring to the phenyl ring. Our results showed that ADLumin-5 had a high quantum yield of chemiluminescence and could bind to amyloid beta (Aβ). Remarkably, ADLumin-5's radiance intensity in brain areas could reach 4×107 photon/s/cm2/sr, which is probably 100-fold higher than most chemiluminescence probes for in vivo imaging. Because of its strong emission, we demonstrated that ADLumin-5 could be used for in vivo 3D brain imaging in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Carly Wickizer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Weihua Ding
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Liuyue Yang
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Biyue Zhu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- MGH Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Qiao W, Li Y, Ning K, Luo Q, Gong H, Yuan J. Differential synthetic illumination based on multi-line detection for resolution and contrast enhancement of line confocal microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16093-16106. [PMID: 37157695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Line confocal (LC) microscopy is a fast 3D imaging technique, but its asymmetric detection slit limits resolution and optical sectioning. To address this, we propose the differential synthetic illumination (DSI) method based on multi-line detection to enhance the spatial resolution and optical sectioning capability of the LC system. The DSI method allows the imaging process to simultaneously accomplish on a single camera, which ensures the rapidity and stability of the imaging process. DSI-LC improves X- and Z-axis resolution by 1.28 and 1.26 times, respectively, and optical sectioning by 2.6 times compared to LC. Furthermore, the spatially resolved power and contrast are also demonstrated by imaging pollen, microtubule, and the fiber of the GFP fluorescence-labeled mouse brain. Finally, Video-rate imaging of zebrafish larval heart beating in a 665.6 × 332.8 µm2 field-of-view is achieved. DSI-LC provides a promising approach for 3D large-scale and functional imaging in vivo with improved resolution, contrast, and robustness.
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Marone A, Tang W, Kim Y, Chen T, Danias G, Guo C, Gartshteyn Y, Khalili L, Kim H, Hielscher A, Askanase AD. Evaluation of SLE arthritis using frequency domain optical imaging. Lupus Sci Med 2021; 8:e000495. [PMID: 34462335 PMCID: PMC8407225 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects the joints in up to 95% of patients. The diagnosis and evaluation of SLE arthritis remain challenging in both practice and clinical trials. Frequency domain optical imaging (FDOI) has been previously used to assess joint involvement in inflammatory arthritis. The objective of this study was to evaluate FDOI in SLE arthritis. METHODS Ninety-six proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints from 16 patients with SLE arthritis and 60 PIP joints from 10 age-matched, gender-matched and race/ethnicity-matched controls were examined. A laser beam with a wavelength of 670 nm, 1 mm in diameter and intensity modulated at 300 MHz and 600 MHz was directed onto the dorsal surface of each joint, scanning across a sagittal plane. The transmitted light intensities and phase shifts were measured with an intensified charge-coupled device camera. The data were analysed using Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machine algorithms. RESULTS The amplitude and phase of the transmitted light were significantly different between SLE and control PIPs (p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of cross-validated models showed an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC)of 0.89 with corresponding sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 79%, and accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSION This study is the first evaluation of optical methods in the assessment of SLE arthritis; there was a statistically significant difference in the FDOI signals between patients with SLE and healthy volunteers. The results show that FDOI may have the potential to provide an objective, user-independent, evaluation of SLE PIP joints arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Youngwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tommy Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - George Danias
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cathy Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yevgeniya Gartshteyn
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leila Khalili
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Hielscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Anca D Askanase
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Song M. Imaging Three-Dimensional Microvascular Networks of Brain with Synchrotron Radiation Microangiography. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:331-332. [PMID: 32239457 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Song
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Porter DDL, Morton PD. Clearing techniques for visualizing the nervous system in development, injury, and disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 334:108594. [PMID: 31945400 PMCID: PMC10674098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern clearing techniques enable high resolution visualization and 3D reconstruction of cell populations and their structural details throughout large biological samples, including intact organs and even entire organisms. In the past decade, these methods have become more tractable and are now being utilized to provide unforeseen insights into the complexities of the nervous system. While several iterations of optical clearing techniques have been developed, some are more suitable for specific applications than others depending on the type of specimen under study. Here we review findings from select studies utilizing clearing methods to visualize the developing, injured, and diseased nervous system within numerous model systems and species. We note trends and imbalances in the types of research questions being addressed with clearing methods across these fields in neuroscience. In addition, we discuss restrictions in applying optical clearing methods for postmortem tissue from humans and large animals and emphasize the lack in continuity between studies of these species. We aim for this review to serve as a key outline of available tissue clearing methods used successfully to address issues across neuronal development, injury/repair, and aging/disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisha D L Porter
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Abstract
The global population is ageing at an accelerating speed. The ability to perform working memory tasks together with rapid processing becomes increasingly difficult with increases in age. With increasing national average life spans and a rise in the prevalence of age-related disease, it is pertinent to discuss the unique perspectives that can be gained from imaging the aged brain. Differences in structure, function, blood flow, and neurovascular coupling are present in both healthy aged brains and in diseased brains and have not yet been explored to their full depth in contemporary imaging studies. Imaging methods ranging from optical imaging to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to newer technologies such as photoacoustic tomography each offer unique advantages and challenges in imaging the aged brain. This paper will summarize first the importance and challenges of imaging the aged brain and then offer analysis of potential imaging modalities and their representative applications. The potential breakthroughs in brain imaging are also envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Humayun
- Photoacoustic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Bürgers J, Pavlova I, Rodriguez-Gatica JE, Henneberger C, Oeller M, Ruland JA, Siebrasse JP, Kubitscheck U, Schwarz MK. Light-sheet fluorescence expansion microscopy: fast mapping of neural circuits at super resolution. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:015005. [PMID: 30796881 PMCID: PMC6368534 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.1.015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The goal of understanding the architecture of neural circuits at the synapse level with a brain-wide perspective has powered the interest in high-speed and large field-of-view volumetric imaging at subcellular resolution. Here, we developed a method combining tissue expansion and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to allow extended volumetric super resolution high-speed imaging of large mouse brain samples. We demonstrate the capabilities of this method by performing two color fast volumetric super resolution imaging of mouse CA1 and dentate gyrus molecular-, granule cell-, and polymorphic layers. Our method enables an exact evaluation of granule cell and neurite morphology within the context of large cell ensembles spanning several orders of magnitude in resolution. We found that imaging a brain region of 1 mm 3 in super resolution using light-sheet fluorescence expansion microscopy is about 17-fold faster than imaging the same region by a current state-of-the-art high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bürgers
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Irina Pavlova
- University of Bonn Medical School, Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christian Henneberger
- University of Bonn Medical School, Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Oeller
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan A. Ruland
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan P. Siebrasse
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kubitscheck
- University of Bonn, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin K. Schwarz
- University of Bonn Medical School, Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, Bonn, Germany
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Godefroy D, Rostène W, Anouar Y, Goazigo ARL. Tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the mouse transparent brain and adrenal glands. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:367-375. [PMID: 30206700 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Working on catecholamine systems for years, the neuropharmacologist Arvid Carlsson has made a number of important and pioneering discoveries, which have highlighted the key role of these neuronal and peripheral neurotransmitters in brain functions and adrenal regulations. Since then, major advances have been made concerning the distribution of the catecholaminergic systems in particular by studying their rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Recently new methods of tissue transparency coupled with in toto immununostaining and three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies allow to precisely map TH immunoreactive pathways in the mouse brain and adrenal glands. High magnification images and movies obtained with combined technologies (iDISCO+ and light-sheet microscopy) are presented in this review dedicated to the pioneer work of Arvid Carlsson and his collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Godefroy
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, Paris, France
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-St-Aignan, France
| | - William Rostène
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, Paris, France.
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-St-Aignan, France
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Du H, Hou P, Zhang W, Li Q. Advances in CLARITY-based tissue clearing and imaging. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1567-1576. [PMID: 30186373 PMCID: PMC6122402 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLARITY is a novel tissue clearing technique that transforms intact biological tissues into a nanoporous hydrogel-tissue hybrid, preserving anatomical structures, proteins and nucleic acids. The hydrogel-based structure is transparent after the removal of lipids and permits several rounds of immunostaining and imaging. This technique provides an ideal way for researchers to examine the central nervous system (i.e., mouse brain and spinal cord) intact. CLARITY was selected as one of ten breakthroughs in 2013 by Science. However, the original CLARITY technique still has severe technical limitations which impede its application in wider fields. Therefore, many modified clearing methods based on CLARITY have emerged. As all CLARITY-based tissue clearing techniques involve similar procedures, the present review attempted to divide these methods into individual procedures in order to provide new ways to test and combine tissue clearing methods. Furthermore, the combination of clearing methods could help to determine the optimal method for clearing and imaging large samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Du
- Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Peihong Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Human Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiyu Li
- Department of Anatomy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Woo J, Lee EY, Park HS, Park JY, Cho YE. Novel Passive Clearing Methods for the Rapid Production of Optical Transparency in Whole CNS Tissue. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29806831 DOI: 10.3791/57123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of CLARITY, a bioelectrochemical clearing technique that allows for three-dimensional phenotype mapping within transparent tissues, a multitude of novel clearing methodologies including CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis), SWITCH (system-wide control of interaction time and kinetics of chemicals), MAP (magnified analysis of the proteome), and PACT (passive clarity technique), have been established to further expand the existing toolkit for the microscopic analysis of biological tissues. The present study aims to improve upon and optimize the original PACT procedure for an array of intact rodent tissues, including the whole central nervous system (CNS), kidneys, spleen, and whole mouse embryos. Termed psPACT (process-separate PACT) and mPACT (modified PACT), these novel techniques provide highly efficacious means of mapping cell circuitry and visualizing subcellular structures in intact normal and pathological tissues. In the following protocol, we provide a detailed, step-by-step outline on how to achieve maximal tissue clearance with minimal invasion of their structural integrity via psPACT and mPACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University; The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | | | - Hyo-Suk Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine; The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Jeong Yoon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine; The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Yong Eun Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University; The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Biomedical Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine;
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12
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Huang B, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Ma L. Unconditioned- and Conditioned- Stimuli Induce Differential Memory Reconsolidation and β-AR-Dependent CREB Activation. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:53. [PMID: 28848401 PMCID: PMC5554378 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consolidated long-term fear memories become labile and reconsolidated upon retrieval by the presentation of conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US). Whether CS-retrieval or US-retrieval will trigger different memory reconsolidation processes is unknown. In this study, we introduced a sequential fear conditioning paradigm in which footshock (FS) was paired with two distinct sounds (CS-A and CS-B). The treatment with propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist, after US (FS)-retrieval impaired freezing behavior evoked by either CS-A or CS-B. Betaxolol, a selective β1-AR antagonist, showed similar effects. However, propranolol treatment after retrieval by one CS (e.g., CS-A) only inhibited freezing behavior evoked by the same CS (i.e., CS-A), not the other CS (CS-B). These data suggest that β-AR is critically involved in reconsolidation of fear memory triggered by US- and CS-retrieval, whereas β-AR blockade after US-retrieval disrupts more CS-US associations than CS-retrieval does. Furthermore, significant CREB activation in almost the whole amygdala and hippocampus was observed after US-retrieval, but CS-retrieval only stimulated CREB activation in the lateral amygdala and the CA3 of hippocampus. In addition, propranolol treatment suppressed memory retrieval-induced CREB activation. These data indicate that US-retrieval activates more memory traces than CS-retrieval does, leading to memory reconsolidation of more CS-US associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Translational Neuroscience, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Translational Neuroscience, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Translational Neuroscience, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Translational Neuroscience, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Translational Neuroscience, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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