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Vasishta S, Ammankallu S, Umakanth S, Keshava Prasad TS, Joshi MB. DNA methyltransferase isoforms regulate endothelial cell exosome proteome composition. Biochimie 2024; 223:98-115. [PMID: 38735570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathological stimuli in vascular disorders induce DNA methylation based epigenetic reprogramming in endothelial cells, which leads to perturbed gene expression and subsequently results in endothelial dysfunction (ED). ED is also characterized by release of exosomes with altered proteome leading to paracrine interactions in vasculature and subsequently contributing to manifestation, progression and severity of vascular complications. However, epigenetic regulation of exosome proteome is not known. Hence, our present study aimed to understand influence of DNA methylation on exosome proteome composition and their influence on endothelial cell (EC) function. DNMT isoforms (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) were overexpressed using lentivirus in ECs. Exosomes were isolated and characterized from ECs overexpressing DNMT isoforms and C57BL/6 mice plasma treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. 3D spheroid assay was performed to understand the influence of exosomes derived from cells overexpressing DNMTs on EC functions. Further, the exosomes were subjected to TMT labelled proteomics analysis followed by validation. 3D spheroid assay showed increase in the pro-angiogenic activity in response to exosomes derived from DNMT overexpressing cells which was impeded by inclusion of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Our results showed that exosome proteome and PTMs were significantly modulated and were associated with dysregulation of vascular homeostasis, metabolism, inflammation and endothelial cell functions. In vitro and in vivo validation showed elevated DNMT1 and TGF-β1 exosome proteins due to DNMT1 and DNMT3A overexpression, but not DNMT3B which was mitigated by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine indicating epigenetic regulation. Further, exosomes induced ED as evidenced by reduced expression of phospho-eNOSser1177. Our study unveils epigenetically regulated exosome proteins, aiding management of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampara Vasishta
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruthi Ammankallu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575020, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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2
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Yu T, Xu Q, Chen X, Deng X, Chen N, Kou MT, Huang Y, Guo J, Xiao Z, Wang J. Biomimetic nanomaterials in myocardial infarction treatment: Harnessing bionic strategies for advanced therapeutics. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100957. [PMID: 38322664 PMCID: PMC10844134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and its associated poor prognosis pose significant risks to human health. Nanomaterials hold great potential for the treatment of MI due to their targeted and controlled release properties, particularly biomimetic nanomaterials. The utilization of biomimetic strategies based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cell membranes will serve as the guiding principle for the development of nanomaterial therapy in the future. In this review, we present an overview of research progress on various exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, cardiomyocytes, or induced pluripotent stem cells in the context of myocardial infarction (MI) therapy. These exosomes, utilized as cell-free therapies, have demonstrated the ability to enhance the efficacy of reducing the size of the infarcted area and preventing ischaemic reperfusion through mechanisms such as oxidative stress reduction, polarization modulation, fibrosis inhibition, and angiogenesis promotion. Moreover, EVs can exert cardioprotective effects by encapsulating therapeutic agents and can be engineered to specifically target the infarcted myocardium. Furthermore, we discuss the use of cell membranes derived from erythrocytes, stem cells, immune cells and platelets to encapsulate nanomaterials. This approach allows the nanomaterials to camouflage themselves as endogenous substances targeting the region affected by MI, thereby minimizing toxicity and improving biocompatibility. In conclusion, biomimetic nano-delivery systems hold promise as a potentially beneficial technology for MI treatment. This review serves as a valuable reference for the application of biomimetic nanomaterials in MI therapy and aims to expedite the translation of NPs-based MI therapeutic strategies into practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qiaxin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Xiujiao Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Nenghua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Man Teng Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yanyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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3
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Li J, Lin A, Jiang R, Chen P, Xu C, Hou Y. Exosomes-mediated drug delivery for the treatment of myocardial injury. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:292-299. [PMID: 38222684 PMCID: PMC10783224 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become a major cause of death worldwide. Myocardial injury (MI) caused by myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and drug overdose can lead to impaired cardiac function, culminating in serious consequences such as angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Exosomes exhibit high biocompatibility and target specificity, rendering them an important non-cellular therapy for improving MI. Exosomes are diminutive vesicles that encapsulate nucleic acids and proteins. Exosomes derived from cardiac stem cells themselves have therapeutic effects, and they can also serve as carriers to deliver therapeutic drugs to recipient cells, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect. The molecules within exosomes are encapsulated in a lipid bilayer, allowing them to stably exist in body fluids without being affected by nucleases. Therefore, the utilization of exosomes as drug delivery systems (DDS) for disease treatment has been extensively investigated and is currently undergoing clinical trials. This review summarizes the therapeutic effects of exosomes on MI and provides an overview of current research progress on their use as DDS in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
| | - Aiqin Lin
- Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
| | - Rui Jiang
- Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
| | | | - Chengyang Xu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
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4
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Laura Francés J, Pagiatakis C, Di Mauro V, Climent M. Therapeutic Potential of EVs: Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1907. [PMID: 37509546 PMCID: PMC10377624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their different biological functions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have great potential from a therapeutic point of view. They are released by all cell types, carrying and delivering different kinds of biologically functional cargo. Under pathological events, cells can increase their secretion of EVs and can release different amounts of cargo, thus making EVs great biomarkers as indicators of pathological progression. Moreover, EVs are also known to be able to transport and deliver cargo to different recipient cells, having an important role in cellular communication. Interestingly, EVs have recently been explored as biological alternatives for the delivery of therapeutics, being considered natural drug delivery carriers. Because cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, in this review, we will discuss the up-to-date knowledge regarding the biophysical properties and biological components of EVs, focusing on myocardial infarction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, three very different types of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Pagiatakis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Vittoria Di Mauro
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Cell-Based and Selected Cell-Free Therapies for Myocardial Infarction: How Do They Compare to the Current Treatment Options? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810314. [PMID: 36142245 PMCID: PMC9499607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of cardiomyocyte death or dysfunction frequently caused by myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern society. Paradoxically, only limited and non-curative therapies for heart failure or MI are currently available. As a result, over the past two decades research has focused on developing cell-based approaches promoting the regeneration of infarcted tissue. Cell-based therapies for myocardial regeneration include powerful candidates, such as multipotent stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), bone-marrow-derived stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and hematopoietic stem cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These possess unique properties, such as potency to differentiate into desired cell types, proliferation capacity, and patient specificity. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated modest improvement in the myocardial regeneration and reduced infarcted areas upon transplantation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells. Another cell population that need to be considered as a potential source for cardiac regeneration are telocytes found in different organs, including the heart. Their therapeutic effect has been studied in various heart pathologies, such as MI, arrhythmias, or atrial amyloidosis. The most recent cell-free therapeutic tool relies on the cardioprotective effect of complex cargo carried by small membrane-bound vesicles—exosomes—released from stem cells via exocytosis. The MSC/iPSC-derived exosomes could be considered a novel exosome-based therapy for cardiovascular diseases thanks to their unique content. There are also other cell-free approaches, e.g., gene therapy, or acellular cardiac patches. Therefore, our review provides the most recent insights into the novel strategies for myocardial repair based on the regenerative potential of different cell types and cell-free approaches.
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6
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Liu W, Feng Y, Wang X, Ding J, Li H, Guan H, Chen Z. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells-derived exosomes enhance cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8850-8865. [PMID: 35361041 PMCID: PMC9161948 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of human health issues worldwide. The sudden and continuous occlusion of the coronary artery results in myocardial hypoxic-ischemic necrosis, which is accompanied by inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis, leading to pathological cardiac remodeling. Exosome-based therapy is a promising cell-free approach for repairing the ischemic myocardium. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanism of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-derived exosomes on AMI. The results indicated that the localized injection of HUVECs-derived exosomes in the infarcted area could significantly improve cardiac function in AMI mouse models. It could also ameliorate myocardial fibrosis and decrease infarct size after AMI. Additionally, HUVECs-derived exosomes had cardioprotective effects on the H9C2 cells in hypoxic culture conditions, including increased cell viability and decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In both the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments, HUVECs-derived exosomes could effectively inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The low expression levels of Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3, high expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) were detected in AMI mouse models treated with HUVECs-derived exosomes in-vivo. In conclusion, HUVECs-derived exosomes effectively enhanced cardiac function after AMI and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which might be regulated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaxing Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongquan Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Jadli AS, Parasor A, Gomes KP, Shandilya R, Patel VB. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological Potential of Nano-Messenger. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:767488. [PMID: 34869682 PMCID: PMC8632805 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.767488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major global health problem, due to their continued high incidences and mortality. The last few decades have witnessed new advances in clinical research which led to increased survival and recovery in CVD patients. Nevertheless, elusive and multifactorial pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD development perplexed researchers in identifying efficacious therapeutic interventions. Search for novel and effective strategies for diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for CVD has shifted research focus on extracellular vesicles (EVs) in recent years. By transporting molecular cargo from donor to recipient cells, EVs modulate gene expression and influence the phenotype of recipient cells, thus EVs prove to be an imperative component of intercellular signaling. Elucidation of the role of EVs in intercellular communications under physiological conditions implied the enormous potential of EVs in monitoring and treatment of CVD. The EVs secreted from the myriad of cells in the cardiovascular system such as cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, cardiac progenitor cells, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells may facilitate the communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding EVs-mediated cellular communication may delineate the mechanism of origin and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The current review summarizes exosome-mediated paracrine signaling leading to cardiovascular disease. The mechanistic role of exosomes in cardiovascular disease will provide novel avenues in designing diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul S Jadli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ananya Parasor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karina P Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ruchita Shandilya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vaibhav B Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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8
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Salybekov AA, Salybekova A, Sheng Y, Shinozaki Y, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi S, Asahara T. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Regeneration Associated Cells Preserve Heart Function After Ischemia-Induced Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:754254. [PMID: 34746267 PMCID: PMC8564358 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.754254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under vasculogenic conditioning, pro-inflammatory cell subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) shift their phenotype to pro-regenerative cells such as vasculogenic endothelial progenitor cells, M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells, collectively designated as regeneration-associated cells (RACs). In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of RAC-derived extracellular vesicles (RACev) compared to mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSCev) in the context of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (M-IRI). Human PBMCs were cultured with defined growth factors for seven days to harvest RACs. RACev and MSCev were isolated via serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. EV quantity and size were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis. In vitro, RACev markedly enhanced the viability, and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner compared to MSCev. Notably, systemic injection of RACev improved cardiac functions at 4 weeks, such as fractional shortening, and protection from mitral regurgitation than the MSCev-treated group. Histologically, the RACev-transplanted group showed less interstitial fibrosis and enhanced capillary densities compared to the MSCev group. These beneficial effects were coupled with significant expression of angiogenesis, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and cardiomyogenesis-related miRs in RACev, while modestly in MSCev. In vivo bioluminescence analysis showed preferential accumulation of RACev in the IR-injured myocardium, while MSCev accumulation was limited. Immune phenotyping analysis confirmed the immunomodulatory effect of MSCev and RACev. Overall, repetitive systemic transplantation of RACev is superior to MSCev in terms of cardiac function enhancements via crucial angiogenesis, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation miR delivery to the ischemic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amankeldi A Salybekov
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan.,Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Ainur Salybekova
- Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yin Sheng
- Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shinozaki
- Teaching and Research Support Core Center, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Teaching and Research Support Core Center, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kobayashi
- Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Loss of exosomal LncRNA HCG15 prevents acute myocardial ischemic injury through the NF-κB/p65 and p38 pathways. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1007. [PMID: 34707098 PMCID: PMC8551195 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized bilayer membrane vesicles that may mediate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules, including noncoding RNAs, mRNAs, and proteins. Research has shown that exosomes play an important role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the function and regulation of exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AMI are unclear. Thus, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted to investigate the exosomal lncRNA transcriptome from MI patients and identified 65 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the MI and control groups. HCG15, one of the differentially expressed lncRNAs, was verified to have the highest correlation with cTnT by qRT-PCR, and it also contributed to the diagnosis of AMI by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Upregulation of HCG15 expression facilitated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production and inhibited cell proliferation. We also confirmed that HCG15 was mainly wrapped in exosomes from AC16 cardiomyocytes under hypoxia, which contributed to cardiomyocyte apoptosis, the release of inflammatory factors, and inhibition of cell proliferation via the activation of the NF-κB/p65 and p38 pathways, whereas suppressing the expression of HCG15exerted opposite effects, In addition, Overexpression of HCG15 aggravated cardiac IR injury in C57BL/6J mice. This study not only helps elucidate exosomal lncRNA function in AMI pathogenesis but also contributes to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Meng H, Cheng W, Wang L, Chen S, Teng Y, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhao M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction: a Systematic Review of Preclinical In Vivo Studies. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 15:317-339. [PMID: 34611844 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-021-10168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several prior studies have highlighted the promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as tools for treating myocardial infarction (MI) patients. While MSCs were initially thought to mediate post-MI repair through differentiation and replacement of injured cells, they are now thought to function by releasing exosomes carrying important cargos which can prevent apoptosis and facilitate revascularization in the context of MI. Herein, we comprehensively survey prior preclinical studies examining MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) utility for the repair of MI-related tissue injury. In total, 24 relevant studies were identified in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases as per the PRISMA guidelines. In most studies, exosome-treated rodents exhibited improved cardiac function and angiogenesis together with decreased apoptotic cell death. MSC-Exos thus offer beneficial therapeutic efficacy when treating MI injury. However, further work will be necessary to standardize experimental preclinical models and to validate these results. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of previous preclinical studies on the utility of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the repair of myocardial infarction (MI) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Teng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Angiotensin II-Treated Cardiac Myocytes Regulate M1 Macrophage Polarization via Transferring Exosomal PVT1. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:1994328. [PMID: 34514000 PMCID: PMC8427676 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1994328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) seriously reduces the health and life quality of patients. It is necessary to explore the pathogenesis of AF and provide a new target for the treatment. Here, exosomes were identified using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracing analysis. Western blotting assay was performed to detect the expression of exosomal surface markers, extracellular matrix-related proteins, and IL-16. The expression of genes was measured using qRT-PCR. Flow cytometry was performed to examine the percentages of CD86- and CD163-positive macrophages. Besides, luciferase activity assay was performed to explore the combination between PVT1 and miR-145-5p and the combination between miR-145-5p and IL-16 3'UTR. The combination between PVT1 and miR-145-5p also was examined using RIP assay. In our study, we isolated human cardiac myocyte- (HCM-) derived exosomes successfully. Ang-II-treated HCM-derived exosomes (Ang-II-Exo) promoted M1 macrophage polarization. PVT1 was highly expressed in Ang-II-Exo. Ang-II-Exo induced macrophage to M1 polarization through transferring PVT1. Furthermore, our data showed that PVT1 increased the expression of IL-16 via sponging miR-145-5p. Finally, we proved that exosomal PVT1 could boost the extracellular matrix remodeling of atrial fibroblasts. Overall, our data demonstrated that Ang-II-Exo promoted the extracellular matrix remodeling of atrial fibroblasts via inducing M1 macrophage polarization by transferring PVT1. PVT1 facilitated M1 polarization macrophage via increasing IL-16 expression by sponging miR-145-5p. Our results provided a new evidence for PVT1 which might be a treatment target of AF.
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12
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Jiang W, Xiong Y, Li X, Yang Y. Cardiac Fibrosis: Cellular Effectors, Molecular Pathways, and Exosomal Roles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:715258. [PMID: 34485413 PMCID: PMC8415273 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.715258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, a common pathophysiologic process in most heart diseases, refers to an excess of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), which can lead to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure subsequently. Not only CFs but also several other cell types including macrophages and endothelial cells participate in the process of cardiac fibrosis via different molecular pathways. Exosomes, ranging in 30-150 nm of size, have been confirmed to play an essential role in cellular communications by their bioactive contents, which are currently a hot area to explore pathobiology and therapeutic strategy in multiple pathophysiologic processes including cardiac fibrosis. Cardioprotective factors such as RNAs and proteins packaged in exosomes make them an excellent cell-free system to improve cardiac function without significant immune response. Emerging evidence indicates that targeting selective molecules in cell-derived exosomes could be appealing therapeutic treatments in cardiac fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current understandings of cellular effectors, molecular pathways, and exosomal roles in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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GDF15 and Cardiac Cells: Current Concepts and New Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168889. [PMID: 34445593 PMCID: PMC8396208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL) is an endogenous receptor for GDF15 detected selectively in the brain. GDF15 is not normally expressed in the tissue but is prominently induced by “injury”. Serum levels of GDF15 are also increased by aging and in response to cellular stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. It acts as an inflammatory marker and plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative processes. Identified as a new heart-derived endocrine hormone that regulates body growth, GDF15 has a local cardioprotective role, presumably due to its autocrine/paracrine properties: antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic. GDF15 expression is highly induced in cardiomyocytes after ischemia/reperfusion and in the heart within hours after myocardial infarction (MI). Recent studies show associations between GDF15, inflammation, and cardiac fibrosis during heart failure and MI. However, the reason for this increase in GDF15 production has not been clearly identified. Experimental and clinical studies support the potential use of GDF15 as a novel therapeutic target (1) by modulating metabolic activity and (2) promoting an adaptive angiogenesis and cardiac regenerative process during cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we comment on new aspects of the biology of GDF15 as a cardiac hormone and show that GDF15 may be a predictive biomarker of adverse cardiac events.
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14
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Antitumor Activity of Protons and Molecular Hydrogen: Underlying Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040893. [PMID: 33672714 PMCID: PMC7924327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Protons (H+) and molecular hydrogen (H2) in the cell are critical in a wide variety of processes. New cancer treatment uses H2, a biologically inactive gas. H2 can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and reach subcellular components to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria. H2 reduces oxidative stress, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as a modulator of apoptosis. Exogenous H2 is a protective therapy that can be used in cancer. Cyclotrons and synchrotrons are currently used to produce protons. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) offers great promise for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. H2 and different types of H2 donors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Abstract Understanding the structure and dynamics of the various hydrogen forms has been a subject of numerous studies. Protons (H+) and molecular hydrogen (H2) in the cell are critical in a wide variety of processes. A new cancer treatment uses H2, a biologically inactive gas. Due to its small molecular weight, H2 can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and reach subcellular components to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria. H2 reduces oxidative stress, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as a modulator of apoptosis. Exogenous H2, administered by inhalation, drinking H2-rich water, or injecting H2-rich saline solution, is a protective therapy that can be used in multiple diseases, including cancer. In particle therapy, cyclotrons and synchrotrons are the accelerators currently used to produce protons. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) offers great promise for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers due to the sharp decrease in the dose of radiation at a defined point. In these conditions, H2 and different types of H2 donors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.
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15
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Xia C, Dai Z, Jin Y, Chen P. Emerging Antioxidant Paradigm of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727272. [PMID: 34912294 PMCID: PMC8667174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have been under investigation as potential treatments for a diverse range of diseases, and many animal and clinical trials have achieved encouraging results. However, it is well known that the biological activity of the exosomes is key to their therapeutic properties; however, till date, it has not been completely understood. Previous studies have provided different explanations of therapeutic mechanisms of the exosomes, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging mechanisms. The pathological effects of oxidative stress often include organ damage, inflammation, and disorders of material and energy metabolism. The evidence gathered from research involving animal models indicates that exosomes have antioxidant properties, which can also explain their anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In this study, we have summarized the antioxidant effects of exosomes in in vivo and in vitro models, and have evaluated the anti-oxidant mechanisms of exosomes by demonstrating a direct reduction in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), promotion of intracellular defence of anti-oxidative stress, immunomodulation by inhibiting excess ROS, and alteration of mitochondrial performance. Exosomes exert their cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties by regulating the redox environment and oxidative stress, which explains the therapeutic effects of exosomes in a variety of diseases, mechanisms that can be well preserved among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanqiu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yongming Jin
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Chen,
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16
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Liu J, Wu J, Li L, Li T, Wang J. The Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:603104. [PMID: 33363474 PMCID: PMC7753098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major cause of CVD. Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation are key factors involved in the development and progression of AS. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted into the extracellular space by most types of cells, and are ideal substances for the transmission and integration of signals between cells. Cells can selectively encapsulate biologically active substances, such as lipids, proteins and RNA in exosomes and act through paracrine mechanisms. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important for communication between cells. They can reach the recipient cells through exosomes, causing phenotypic changes and playing a molecular regulatory role in cell function. Elucidating their molecular mechanisms can help identify therapeutic targets or strategies for CVD. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most important disease in CVD. Here, we review the role and the regulatory mechanism of exosomal ncRNAs in the pathophysiology of CAD, as well as the potential contribution of exosomal ncRNA to diagnosis and treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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The Crosstalk of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSC), Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Protective and Adaptive Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239262. [PMID: 33291664 PMCID: PMC7730805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs is a major goal in repair medicine. Stem cells are classified by their potential to differentiate into functional cells. Compared with other sources, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have the advantage of being abundant and easy to obtain. ADSCs are considered to be tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. The capacity of ADSCs to maintain their properties depends on the balance of complex signals in their microenvironment. Their properties and the associated outcomes are in part regulated by reactive oxygen species, which mediate the oxidation-reduction state of cells as a secondary messenger. ADSC therapy has demonstrated beneficial effects, suggesting that secreted factors may provide protection. There is evidence that ADSCs secrete a number of cytokines, growth factors, and antioxidant factors into their microenvironment, thus regulating intracellular signaling pathways in neighboring cells. In this review, we introduce the roles of ADSCs in the protection of cells by modulating inflammation and immunity, and we develop their potential therapeutic properties.
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18
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Wang H, Xie Y, Salvador AM, Zhang Z, Chen K, Li G, Xiao J. Exosomes: Multifaceted Messengers in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:57. [PMID: 32772195 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to the development of coronary artery disease, which has become a leading health burden worldwide. Though several strategies such as pharmacological treatment, exercise intervention, and surgery have been used in clinical practice, there is still no effective strategy to cure AS. Exosomes are extensively studied both as diagnostic markers as well as for therapeutic purposes due to their role in pathological processes related to AS. To elucidate the role of exosomes in AS and thus provide a new insight into AS therapy, we review recent advances concerning exosome targets and their function in mediating intercellular communication in AS, and expect to provide a reference for novel effective strategies to cure AS. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes exert important roles in the diagnosis, development, and potential therapy of AS. For AS development, (1) activation of CD-137 in endothelial cells represses exosomal-TET2 production, causing a phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promoting plaque formation; (2) exosomal-MALTA1 derived from endothelial cells causes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and M2 macrophage polarization, which aggravates AS; and (3) exosomal-miR-21-3p derived from macrophages inhibits PTEN expression and further promotes VSMC migration/proliferation, leading to AS development. For AS diagnosis, plasma exosomal-miR30e and miR-92a are considered to be potential diagnostic markers. For AS therapy, adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect endothelial cells from AS aggravation, via inhibiting miR-342-5p. Exosome-mediated cross-talk between different cells within the vasculature exerts crucial roles in regulating endothelial function, proliferation and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelet activation as well as macrophage activation, collectively leading to the development and progression of AS. Exosomes can potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkers and constitute as a new therapeutic strategy for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuling Xie
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ane M Salvador
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Zhongrong Zhang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Kaichuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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19
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He N, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang D, Ye H. Exosomes: Cell-Free Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 13:713-721. [PMID: 32333198 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-09966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are an important cause of death and disease worldwide. Because injured cardiac tissue cannot be repaired itself, it is urgent to develop other alternate therapies. Stem cells can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells for the treatment of CVDs. Therefore, cell therapy has recently been considered a viable treatment option that can significantly improve cardiac function. Nonetheless, implanted stem cells rarely survive in the recipient heart, suggesting that the benefits of stem cell therapy may involve other mechanisms. Exosomes derived from stem cells have a myocardial protection function after myocardial injury, and may be a promising and effective therapy for CVDs. Here, we discuss the application and mechanism of exosomes derived from stem cells in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs and provide evidence for the application of exosomes in CVDs. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana He
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Dongjuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghua Ye
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (previously named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei Street, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Zhu Z, Kalyan BS, Chen L. Therapeutic potential role of exosomes for ischemic stroke. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2096595820902588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–100 nm, which are released into the extracellular space by fusion of multivesicular and plasma membranes. These vesicles actually play a distinct role in cell communication, although they were considered as membrane debris in the past. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent mechanisms are currently considered to be involved in the sorting of exosomes, and the release of exosomes is related to the members of Rab protein family and SNARE family. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of exosomes has become apparent. For example, via the direct transplantation of exosomes, the ischemic area after stroke is reduced, and the neurological function is improved significantly. Furthermore, they can be used as effective drug delivery vehicles due to their unique characteristics such as low immunogenicity and nanometer size. In conclusion, exosomes provide a cell-free treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bikram Shah Kalyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
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21
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Caccioppo A, Franchin L, Grosso A, Angelini F, D'Ascenzo F, Brizzi MF. Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Mechanisms of Damage/Protection and Novel Strategies for Cardiac Recovery/Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5024. [PMID: 31614414 PMCID: PMC6834134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic diseases in an aging population pose a heavy social encumbrance. Moreover, current therapeutic approaches, which aimed to prevent or minimize ischemia-induced damage, are associated with relevant costs for healthcare systems. Early reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has undoubtedly improved patient's outcomes; however, the prevention of long-term complications is still an unmet need. To face these hurdles and improve patient's outcomes, novel pharmacological and interventional approaches, alone or in combination, reducing myocardium oxygen consumption or supplying blood flow via collateral vessels have been proposed. A number of clinical trials are ongoing to validate their efficacy on patient's outcomes. Alternative options, including stem cell-based therapies, have been evaluated to improve cardiac regeneration and prevent scar formation. However, due to the lack of long-term engraftment, more recently, great attention has been devoted to their paracrine mediators, including exosomes (Exo) and microvesicles (MV). Indeed, Exo and MV are both currently considered to be one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. As a matter of fact, MV and Exo that are released from stem cells of different origin have been evaluated for their healing properties in ischemia reperfusion (I/R) settings. Therefore, this review will first summarize mechanisms of cardiac damage and protection after I/R damage to track the paths through which more appropriate interventional and/or molecular-based targeted therapies should be addressed. Moreover, it will provide insights on novel non-invasive/invasive interventional strategies and on Exo-based therapies as a challenge for improving patient's long-term complications. Finally, approaches for improving Exo healing properties, and topics still unsolved to move towards Exo clinical application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caccioppo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Franchin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alberto Grosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Filippo Angelini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio D'Ascenzo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy.
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22
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Xu MY, Ye ZS, Song XT, Huang RC. Differences in the cargos and functions of exosomes derived from six cardiac cell types: a systematic review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:194. [PMID: 31248454 PMCID: PMC6598249 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are bilayer membrane vesicles with cargos that contain a variety of surface proteins, markers, lipids, nucleic acids, and noncoding RNAs. Exosomes from different cardiac cells participate in the processes of cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, hypertrophy, and regeneration, as well as angiogenesis and enhanced cardiac function, which accelerate cardiac repair. In this article, we mainly focused on the exosomes from six main types of cardiac cells, i.e., fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, cardiac progenitor cells, adipocytes, and cardiac telocytes. This may be the first article to describe the commonalities and differences in regard to the function and underlying mechanisms of exosomes among six cardiac cell types in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Shuai Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95th Yong An Road, Xuan Wu District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Tao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Capital Medical University, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Chong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95th Yong An Road, Xuan Wu District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zhu Z, Kalyan BS, Chen L. Therapeutic potential role of exosomes for ischemic stroke. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2019.9050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Mazini L, Rochette L, Amine M, Malka G. Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs), Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102523. [PMID: 31121953 PMCID: PMC6566837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now on the top one of stem cell sources regarding its accessibility, abundance, and less painful collection procedure when compared to other sources. The adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that it contains can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity, leading to large cell quantities being increasingly used in cell therapy purposes. Many reports showed that ADSCs-based cell therapy products demonstrated optimal efficacy and efficiency in some clinical indications for both autologous and allogeneic purposes, hence becoming considered as potential tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic advancement of ADSCs in comparison to bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and designed the specific requirements to their best clinical practices and safety. Our analysis was focused on the ADSCs, rather than the whole stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell populations, to facilitate characterization that is related to their source of origins. Clinical outcomes improvement suggested that these cells hold great promise in stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and auto-immunes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Mazini
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
| | - Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Mohamed Amine
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Département de Santé Publique et de Médecine Communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
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25
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Mazini L, Rochette L, Amine M, Malka G. Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs), Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 31121953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102523.pmid:31121953;pmcid:pmc6566837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now on the top one of stem cell sources regarding its accessibility, abundance, and less painful collection procedure when compared to other sources. The adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that it contains can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity, leading to large cell quantities being increasingly used in cell therapy purposes. Many reports showed that ADSCs-based cell therapy products demonstrated optimal efficacy and efficiency in some clinical indications for both autologous and allogeneic purposes, hence becoming considered as potential tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic advancement of ADSCs in comparison to bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and designed the specific requirements to their best clinical practices and safety. Our analysis was focused on the ADSCs, rather than the whole stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell populations, to facilitate characterization that is related to their source of origins. Clinical outcomes improvement suggested that these cells hold great promise in stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and auto-immunes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Mazini
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
| | - Luc Rochette
- Equipe d'Accueil (EA 7460), Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Faculté des Sciences de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Mohamed Amine
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Département de Santé Publique et de Médecine Communautaire, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco.
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Laboratoire Cellules Souches et Ingénierie Tissulaire, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatique, Centre Interface Applications Médicales CIAM, Université Mohammed VI polytechnique, Ben Guérir 43150, Morocco.
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Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatment: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:1-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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