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Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohebian Z, Mohammadi F, Tajik L. Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of heavy metal dust exposure among nail technicians using the SQRA technique and Monte Carlo simulation. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:221-231. [PMID: 38377068 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241233308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nail technology, including the application of artificial nails and nail care, is a developing sector of the global beauty industry. Nail technicians are exposed to a variety of chemical substances through inhalation, as they spend extended periods of time in close proximity to these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the semi-quantitative health risk of dust-containing heavy metals among nail technicians. This analytical descriptive study employed the risk assessment method provided by the Singapore Occupational Health Department to evaluate the health hazards of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and manganese. Dust samples from nail filing were collected from the respiratory zone of 20 nail technicians following the NIOSH 7300 method. The samples were analyzed using ICP-OES instrumentation. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to characterize the risk and its uncertainties. Manganese and cadmium had the highest and lowest mean concentrations, respectively. The risk scores of the metals ranked from highest to lowest were as follows: N i > C r > C d > M n > P b . All five metals had risk rankings below 2.8, signifying a minimal risk level. Sensitivity analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficient demonstrated a positive relationship between concentration, daily hours of exposure, and the number of workdays per week with the risk score (RR) and exposure level (ER). Conversely, the variable of weekly working hours (W) showed a negative correlation with these parameters. Despite the low-risk level of the examined metals, continuous exposure and potential long-term effects on nail technicians warrant preventive measures. Recommendations include implementing local exhaust ventilation systems, using table fans, establishing work-rest cycles, wearing N95 dust masks, and using reputable and high-quality nail polishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Enviromental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Tajik
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Zeverdegani SK, Mohebian Z. Assessing the health risks of dermal exposure to heavy metals dust among nail salon technicians. Work 2024:WOR230336. [PMID: 38217566 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nail salon technicians are susceptible to potential exposure to a diverse array of hazardous chemicals in the form of dust or vapors. One of the main routes of exposure is dermal contact. OBJECTIVE The aim of present study was to health risk assessment of dermal exposure to heavy dust containing heavy metals in nail salon technicians. METHODS Dust sampling was done on the work surface of 20 available nail salon technicians. The concentration of five metals including cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and manganese were determined using ICP-MS. Afterwards, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline was used to estimate the potential health risks, including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, associated with the analyzed metals. RESULTS Results indicated the mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Mn were 0.7953±0.4373, 0.0952±0.0264, 0.7666±0.8629, 0.4900±0.5994 and 1.134±0.4736, respectively. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all metals was within the permissible value, while hazard index (HI) was greater than 1. The probability of cancer risk (CR) resulting from dermal exposure to Ni, Cd and Cr exceeded the acceptable risk levels (10 - 6-10-4), but CR calculated for Pb was less than allowable value. CONCLUSION Implementation of engineering controls such as downdraft vented nail tables and portable source capture systems is necessary. Besides, the use of personal protective equipment such as disposable nitrile gloves, N95 respirator masks, and ensuring proper training on safe work practices is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Navarro-Tapia E, Serra-Delgado M, Fernández-López L, Meseguer-Gilabert M, Falcón M, Sebastiani G, Sailer S, Garcia-Algar O, Andreu-Fernández V. Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6109. [PMID: 34198922 PMCID: PMC8201171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kohl is a traditional cosmetic widely used in Asia and Africa. In recent years, demand for kohl-based eyelids and lipsticks has increased in Europe, linked to migratory phenomena of populations from these continents. Although the European legislation prohibits the use of heavy metals in cosmetics due to the harmful effects to human health, particularly to pregnant women and children, these elements are still present in certain products. The European Union recommended levels are Pb < 20 ppm, As < 5 ppm, Cd < 5 ppm, Sb < 100 ppm, and Ni < 200 ppm. In Germany, levels are more restrictive: Pb < 2 ppm, As < 0.5 ppm, Cd < 0.1 ppm, Sb < 0.5 ppm, and Ni < 10 ppm. Here, we analyzed 12 kohl-based cosmetics in different presentations (powder, paste, and pencil) that were purchased in Spanish and German local shops. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer was used to identify toxic elements and heavy metals. Levels of Pb ranged between 1.7 and 410,000 ppm in six of the study samples, four of which had levels above the recommended limit of at least two heavy metals. Arsenic (a carcinogenic element) values were within the range allowed by the EU in only 58% of the studied samples. Moreover, two products doubled this limit, reaching levels of 9.2 and 12.6 ppm. In one of the products, cadmium, related to toxic keratitis, was four times higher (20.7 ppm) than that allowed, while in two other products, these limits were doubled (11.8 and 12.7 ppm). Our results indicate the need to supervise the manufacture of kohl-based traditional products and the analysis of their composition prior distribution in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Navarro-Tapia
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.N.-T.); (G.S.); (S.S.); (O.G.-A.)
- Department of Health, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Maternal & Child Health and Development Research Network-Red SAMID Health Research, Programa RETICS, Health Research Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mariona Serra-Delgado
- Maternal & Child Health and Development Research Network-Red SAMID Health Research, Programa RETICS, Health Research Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (M.M.-G.); (M.F.)
| | - Montserrat Meseguer-Gilabert
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (M.M.-G.); (M.F.)
| | - María Falcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Medicina Legal y Forense, Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (M.M.-G.); (M.F.)
| | - Giorgia Sebastiani
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.N.-T.); (G.S.); (S.S.); (O.G.-A.)
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (BCNatal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Sailer
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.N.-T.); (G.S.); (S.S.); (O.G.-A.)
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (BCNatal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Garcia-Algar
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.N.-T.); (G.S.); (S.S.); (O.G.-A.)
- Maternal & Child Health and Development Research Network-Red SAMID Health Research, Programa RETICS, Health Research Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (BCNatal), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu-Fernández
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.N.-T.); (G.S.); (S.S.); (O.G.-A.)
- Department of Health, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
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Li X, Zheng Z, Liu H, Gao Y. Development of a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for the determination of four naphthalenediols in cosmetics and a comparison with a HPLC method. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1991-1999. [PMID: 32839980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) method with ultraviolet visible (UV) detection was used for the determination of 1,7-naphthalenediol, 2,3-naphthalenediol, 1,5-naphthalenediol, and 2,7-naphthalenediol in cosmetics. The current method for their determination in various cosmetics is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation conditions affecting the MEKC method were optimized as 20 mM Na2 B4 O7 -50mM SDS, pH 9.8, with 22 kV applied voltage and UV detection at 230 nm. Under optimal conditions, electrophoretic analysis was completed in less than 6 min, with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.070-0.19 μg/mL and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.23-0.63 μg/mL. A good linear relationship (r2 > 0.99) was obtained at the range of 0.75-20 μg/mL. Recoveries for the four naphthalenediols in lotion, loose powder, and sun cream are between 91.2-107.2% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 4.04%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the four naphthalenediols in different kinds of cosmetics. A comparison with HPLC-UV method was also carried out according to the National Standards of the People's Republic of China. The results obtained by MEKC and HPLC methods are comparable, but the proposed MEKC method can help us obtain a much shorter detection time and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Zhihan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, P. R. China
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Bregnbak D, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Zachariae C, Menné T, Thyssen JP. Chromium allergy and dermatitis: prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:261-80. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bregnbak
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Morten S. Jellesen
- Materials and Surface Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Lyngby Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; Gentofte University Hospital; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
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Contado C, Pagnoni A. A new strategy for pressed powder eye shadow analysis: allergenic metal ion content and particle size distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 432:173-179. [PMID: 22728702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nine cheap eye shadow products were analyzed through graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) to quantify their Cr, Co and Ni contents, all known to be skin sensitizers. In many cases, the concentrations were higher than 1 or 5 ppm (μg/g), i.e. the limits recommended in the scientific literature to minimize the risk of reaction in particularly sensitive subjects. In most cases, the concentration of Cr was higher than that of Ni and Co, up to a limit case of 150 mg/g. In this particular sample, the potential amount of Cr that could be released in ionic form was determined in sweat simulating solutions by GF-AAS and confirmed through a specific spectrofluorimetric method; the results indicated the presence of approximately 80-90 ppb (ng/g) of Cr(3+). The water dispersible particles were isolated from the eye shadow powders through a simple solvent extraction procedure. The aqueous suspensions were then sorted through sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) and the particles sizes were calculated from experimental fractograms using theory. For the most part, the computed sizes were in the micron range, as confirmed by some SEM photographs taken on fractions collected during the separations. The SdFFF coupled off-line with the GFAAS enabled elemental characterization of pigment particles as a function of size. This finding reduces the concern that the ingredients of such makeup formulations may contain nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Contado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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