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Guo K, Yin Y, Zheng L, Wu Z, Rao X, Zhu W, Zhou B, Liu L, Liu D. Integration of microbiomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics reveals the therapeutic mechanism underlying Fuzheng-Qushi decoction for the treatment of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118584. [PMID: 39019418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fuzheng-Qushi decoction (FZQS) is a practical Chinese herbal formula for relieving cough and fever. Therefore, the action and specific molecular mechanism of FZQS in the treatment of lung injury with cough and fever as the main symptoms need to be further investigated. AIMS OF THE STUDY To elucidate the protective effects of FZQS against lung injury in mice and reveal its potential targets and key biological pathways for the treatment of lung injury based on transcriptomics, microbiomics, and untargeted metabolomics analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce a mouse model of lung injury, followed by the administration of FZQS. ELISA was used to detect IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α, in mouse lung tissues. Macrophage polarization and neutrophil activation were measured by flow cytometry. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was applied to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung tissues. RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were utilized to validate key DEGs and target proteins in lung tissues. 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to characterize the gut microbiota of mice. Metabolites in the gut were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS FZQS treatment significantly ameliorated lung histopathological damage, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. M1 macrophage levels in the peripheral blood decreased, M2 macrophage levels increased, and activated neutrophils were inhibited in mice with LPS-induced lung injury. Importantly, transcriptomic analysis showed that FZQS downregulated macrophage and neutrophil activation and migration and adhesion pathways by reversing 51 DEGs, which was further confirmed by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, FZQS modulated the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota by reversing the abundance of Corynebacterium, Facklamia, Staphylococcus, Paenalcaligenes, Lachnoclostridium, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae. Meanwhile, metabolomics analysis revealed that FZQS significantly regulated tryptophan metabolism by reducing the levels of 3-Indoleacetonitrile and 5-Hydroxykynurenine. CONCLUSION FZQS effectively ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the activation, migration, and adhesion of macrophages and neutrophils and modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaien Guo
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yuting Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Linxin Zheng
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zenan Wu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyong Rao
- National Engineering Center for Manufacturing Technology of Solid Preparations of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Technology, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bugao Zhou
- Department of Research, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Liangji Liu
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Duanyong Liu
- Formula-pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; School of Nursing, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Ozkanlar S, Ulas N, Kaynar O, Satici E. P2X7 receptor antagonist A-438079 alleviates oxidative stress of lung in LPS-induced septic rats. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:699-707. [PMID: 36959434 PMCID: PMC10754811 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly systemic inflammatory response of the body against infection resulting in immune response, cell differentiation and organ damage. Endotoxemia is one of the causes of sepsis-related acute respiratory distress and respiratory burst is an important generator of oxidants. Inflammation may be aggravated by overexpression of ATP-gated purinergic receptors (i.e., P2X7R) following cell damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of P2X7R antagonist A-438079 on lung oxidative status and the receptor expression in endotoxemia of sepsis. Rats were subjected to sepsis by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with 15 mg/kg A-438079. The increase in circulatory IL-1β and IL-8 concentrations in LPS group confirmed the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxemia compared with Control groups (p < 0.001). Besides, there was an increase in P2X7R expression in lung tissue after LPS administration. Compared with Control groups, there were significant increases in the values of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (p < 0.001), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (p < 0.05) in lung tissue of LPS group. P2X7R expression in lung and IL-1β level in blood did not increase in LPS + A-438079 group. A-438079 decreased the lung levels of MDA, GSH, CAT and SOD (p < 0.001), and MPO (p < 0.01) in septic rats. As a result, administration of pathogen-associated LPS led to increased P2X7R expression into lung tissue and elevated lipid peroxidation product MDA with regard to oxidative damage. The P2X7R antagonist A-438079 alleviated the oxidative stress of lung with a balance of tissue oxidant/antioxidant factors in experimental sepsis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seckin Ozkanlar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Nergis Ulas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kaynar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Emine Satici
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Zhang R, Luo S, Zhao T, Wu M, Huang L, Zhang L, Huang Y, Gao H, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. Scavenger receptor A-mediated nanoparticles target M1 macrophages for acute liver injury. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100813. [PMID: 37274920 PMCID: PMC10238850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) has an elevated fatality rate due to untimely and ineffective treatment. Although, schisandrin B (SchB) has been extensively used to treat diverse liver diseases, its therapeutic efficacy on ALI was limited due to its high hydrophobicity. Palmitic acid-modified serum albumin (PSA) is not only an effective carrier for hydrophobic drugs, but also has a superb targeting effect via scavenger receptor-A (SR-A) on the M1 macrophages, which are potential therapeutic targets for ALI. Compared with the common macrophage-targeted delivery systems, PSA enables site-specific drug delivery to reduce off-target toxicity. Herein, we prepared SchB-PSA nanoparticles and further assessed their therapeutic effect on ALI. In vitro, compared with human serum albumin encapsulated SchB nanoparticles (SchB-HSA NPs), the SchB-PSA NPs exhibited more potent cytotoxicity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Raw264.7 (LAR) cells, and LAR cells took up PSA NPs 8.79 times more than HSA NPs. As expected, the PSA NPs also accumulated more in the liver. Moreover, SchB-PSA NPs dramatically reduced the activation of NF-κB signaling, and significantly relieved inflammatory response and hepatic necrosis. Notably, the high dose of SchB-PSA NPs improved the survival rate in 72 h of ALI mice to 75%. Hence, SchB-PSA NPs are promising to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Schisandrin B Alleviates Diabetic Cardiac Autonomic neuropathy Induced by P2X7 Receptor in Superior Cervical Ganglion via NLRP3. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9956950. [PMID: 36660202 PMCID: PMC9845055 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9956950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus which brings about high mortality, high morbidity, and large economic burden to the society. Compensatory tachycardia after myocardial ischemia caused by DCAN can increase myocardial injury and result in more damage to the cardiac function. The inflammation induced by hyperglycemia can increase P2X7 receptor expression in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), resulting in nerve damage. It is proved that inhibiting the expression of P2X7 receptor at the superior cervical ganglion can ameliorate the nociceptive signaling dysregulation induced by DCAN. However, the effective drug used for decreasing P2X7 receptor expression has not been found. Schisandrin B is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Whether Schisandrin B can decrease the expression of P2X7 receptor in diabetic rats to protect the cardiovascular system was investigated in this study. After diabetic model rats were made, Schisandrin B and shRNA of P2X7 receptor were given to different groups to verify the impact of Schisandrin B on the expression of P2X7 receptor. Pathological blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and sympathetic nerve discharge were ameliorated after administration of Schisandrin B. Moreover, the upregulated protein level of P2X7 receptor, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and interleukin-1β in diabetic rats were decreased after treatment, which indicates that Schisandrin B can alleviate the chronic inflammation caused by diabetes and decrease the expression levels of P2X7 via NLRP3. These findings suggest that Schisandrin B can be a potential therapeutical agent for DCAN.
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Li M, Zhang Z, Liu B, Chen L, Wang M. LncRNA GAS5 upregulates miR-214 through methylation to participate in cell apoptosis of sepsis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1259-1264. [PMID: 32551941 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1764051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that lncRNA GAS5 can inhibit LPS-induced inflammation, indicating its involvement in sepsis. We observed the downregulation of GAS5 in plasma of sepsis patients. In addition, expression levels of GAS5 were positively correlated with the expression levels of miR-214. In cardiomyocytes, overexpression of GAS5 upregulated the expression of miR-214, while its knockdown resulted in decreased expression levels of miR-124. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) revealed that GAS5 negatively regulated the methylation of miR-124. Cell apoptosis showed that overexpression of GAS5 and miR-214 suppressed the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by LPS. In addition, overexpression of miR-214 also reduced the enhancing effects of silencing of GAS5 on cell apoptosis. Therefore, GAS5 may upregulate miR-214 through methylation pathway to inhibit the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Menghe Wang
- Department of Nursing, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Cao J, Liu Y, Zhou M, Dong S, Hou Y, Jia X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Guo J, Xiao G, Wang W. Screening of Botanical Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Entry Reveals Novel Therapeutic Agents to Treat COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020353. [PMID: 35215943 PMCID: PMC8877376 DOI: 10.3390/v14020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An escalating pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has severely impacted global health. There is a severe lack of specific treatment options for diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we used a pseudotype virus (pv) containing the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein to screen a botanical drug library containing 1037 botanical drugs to identify agents that prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell. Our study identified four hits, including angeloylgomisin O, schisandrin B, procyanidin, and oleanonic acid, as effective SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that these four agents inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S pv entry by blocking spike (S) protein-mediated membrane fusion. Furthermore, angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B inhibited authentic SARS-CoV-2 with a high selective index (SI; 50% cytotoxic concentration/50% inhibition concentration). Our drug combination studies performed in cellular antiviral assays revealed that angeloylgomisin O has synergistic effects in combination with remdesivir, a drug widely used to treat SARS-CoV-2-mediated infections. We also showed that two hits could inhibit the newly emerged alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) variants. Our findings collectively indicate that angeloylgomisin O and schisandrin B could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 efficiently, thereby making them potential therapeutic agents to treat the coronavirus disease of 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
| | - Minmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.); (S.D.); (Y.H.); (X.J.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.G.); (G.X.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-87198232
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Yang R, Li Z, Zou Y, Yang J, Li L, Xu X, Schmalzing G, Nie H, Li G, Liu S, Liang S, Xu C. Gallic Acid Alleviates Neuropathic Pain Behaviors in Rats by Inhibiting P2X7 Receptor-Mediated NF-κB/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680139. [PMID: 34512324 PMCID: PMC8423904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex disease with high incidence. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its activated P2X7 receptor are involved in the signal transmission of neuropathic pain. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from natural plants that exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antitumor effects. However, the underlying mechanism for gallic acid in analgesia remains unknown. This study aims to reveal how gallic acid alleviates neuropathic pain behaviors in a rat model with chronic constriction injury (CCI). Real-time PCR, western blotting, double-label immunofluorescence, molecular docking, and whole-cell patch clamp technology were used to explore the therapeutic action of gallic acid on neuropathic pain. The results showed that after CCI rats were treated with gallic acid for 1 week, the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were increased, accompanied by inhibition of the upregulated expression of P2X7 and TNF-α at both mRNA and protein levels, and reduced NF-κB and phosphorylated-STAT3 in the dorsal root ganglia. At the same time, gallic acid significantly decreased the coexpression of P2X7 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the dorsal root ganglia. In addition, gallic acid could suppress ATP-activated current in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with the plasmid expressing P2X7 but had no effect on ATP activation current of P2X7-mutant plasmid (with the point mutation sequence of the key site where gallic acid binds to the P2X7 receptor). Therefore, our work suggests that gallic acid may alleviate neuropathic pain in CCI rats by inhibiting the P2X7 receptor and subsequent activation of the TNF-α/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Undergraduate Student at the Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuting Zou
- Undergraduate Student at the Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjian Yang
- Undergraduate Student at the Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Günther Schmalzing
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
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Zhou Y, Men L, Sun Y, Wei M, Fan X. Pharmacodynamic effects and molecular mechanisms of lignans from Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.), a current review. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173796. [PMID: 33345853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fruit of Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.) (S. chinensis) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in China, Korea, and many other east Asian countries. At present, S. chinensis commonly forms Chinese medicinal formulae with other herbal medicines to treat liver disease and neurological disease in clinical. Modern researches indicated that lignans were the main active ingredients of S. chinensis with high content and novel dibenzocyclooctadiene skeletal structure, exhibited considerable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Additionally, some of these lignans also showed certain potentials in anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, and other effects. In the current review, we summarize literature reported lignans from S. chinensis in the past five years, and highlight the molecular mechanisms of lignans in exerting their biological functions. Also, we point out some deficiencies of existing researches and discuss the future direction of lignans study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Lihui Men
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yunxia Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- Natural Medicine Institute of Zhejiang YangShengTang Co., Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Zou Z, Wang Q, Zhou M, Li W, Zheng Y, Li F, Zheng S, He Z. Protective effects of P2X7R antagonist in sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice via regulation of circ_0001679 and circ_0001212 and downstream Pln, Cdh2, and Nprl3 expression. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3261. [PMID: 32783373 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis induces pulmonary P2X7 receptor (P2X7 R) expression and P2X7 R-knockout reduced lung inflammation in mice. The present study investigated the expression of circular RNA (circRNA) and mRNA in sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) treated with a P2X7 R antagonist. METHODS Sepsis was induced by tracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the mice were then divided into two groups: without [sepsis + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] or with P2X7 R antagonist treatment (sepsis + P2X7 A). Sham mice were administrated sterile normal saline. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, pathological changes, cell apoptosis and P2X7 R expression in lung were assessed, followed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analyses. A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to validate circRNAs and mRNAs. RESULTS Compared to the sham group, LPS-induced sepsis produced obvious pathological changes in lung tissue, as well as increased apoptotic lung cells, serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels, and P2X7 R expression; P2X7 R antagonism significantly ameliorated these changes. RNA-seq identified many dysregulated circRNAs and mRNAs during sepsis, whereas this changed with P2X7 R antagonism. RT-qPCR confirmed that Mus musculus (mmu)_circ_0001679, mmu_circ_0001212, phospholamban (Pln), cadherin-2 (Cdh2) and nitrogen permease regulator 3-like (Nprl3) expression were significantly increased in the sepsis + DMSO group compared to that in the sham group but were decreased in the sepsis + P2X7 A group compared to that in the sepsis + DMSO group. The circRNA-microRNA-mRNA coexpression network indicated that mmu_circ_0001679 may regulate Nprl3 and that mmu_circ_0001212 may similarly regulate Pln, Cdh2 and Nprl3 as a competing endogenous RNA. CONCLUSIONS P2X7 R antagonism attenuates sepsis-induced ALI by inhibiting dysregulated expression of circRNA (circ_0001679, circ_0001212) and mRNA (Pln, Cdh2 and Nprl3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zou
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minggen Zhou
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yikai Zheng
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fanyi Li
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shengcai Zheng
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhijie He
- Department of ICU, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Wirsching E, Fauler M, Fois G, Frick M. P2 Purinergic Signaling in the Distal Lung in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4973. [PMID: 32674494 PMCID: PMC7404078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal lung provides an intricate structure for gas exchange in mammalian lungs. Efficient gas exchange depends on the functional integrity of lung alveoli. The cells in the alveolar tissue serve various functions to maintain alveolar structure, integrity and homeostasis. Alveolar epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, regulate the alveolar surface liquid (ASL) volume and, together with resident and infiltrating immune cells, provide a powerful host-defense system against a multitude of particles, microbes and toxicants. It is well established that all of these cells express purinergic P2 receptors and that purinergic signaling plays important roles in maintaining alveolar homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that purinergic signaling also contributes to development and progression of severe pathological conditions like pulmonary inflammation, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. Within this review we focus on the role of P2 purinergic signaling in the distal lung in health and disease. We recapitulate the expression of P2 receptors within the cells in the alveoli, the possible sources of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) within alveoli and the contribution of purinergic signaling to regulation of surfactant secretion, ASL volume and composition, as well as immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of the role for P2 signaling in infectious pneumonia, ALI/ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (E.W.); (M.F.); (G.F.)
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11
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Huang R, Shu J, Dai X, Liu Y, Yu F, Shi G. The protective effect of polyphyllin I on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:644. [PMID: 32566581 PMCID: PMC7290651 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has become a global public health concern. An increasing amount of evidence has shown that polyphyllin I (PPI) has anti-apoptotic and antioxidant functions. This study was performed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of PPI in a rat model of myocardial I/R injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods We exposed induced a rat model of I/R injury by exposing rat hearts to left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 30 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Cardiac function was analyzed by echocardiography and HE staining. Myocardial apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were detected to analyze the PPI's role in I/R injury. Results The results showed that pretreatment with PPI improved impaired histological morphology, as shown by histopathological examination. Echocardiography analysis showed that PPI increased the levels of HR, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT), accompanied by decreased left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV). Also, PPI decreased the expression of CK-MB, Mb, cTnI, and LDH. Specifically, PPI also changed the expression of apoptotic makers (Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-10) and oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, ROS, and MDA). Notably, western blot (WB) showed that PPI treatment inhibited the phosphorylation activity of NF-κB p65. Conclusions The findings showed that PPI exerted a favorable protective effect on I/R injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. It offered new drug candidates for the treatment of myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jia Shu
- Functional Inspection Division, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yanru Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Functional Inspection Division, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy Service, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
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12
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Soleymani S, Farzaei MH, Zargaran A, Niknam S, Rahimi R. Promising plant-derived secondary metabolites for treatment of acne vulgaris: a mechanistic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:5-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Wang D, Wang X, Tong W, Cui Y, Li X, Sun H. Umbelliferone Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Acute Lung Injury by Down-Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling. Inflammation 2019; 42:440-448. [PMID: 30645708 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-00953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of action of umbelliferone (Umb) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). An intragastric Umb injection prior to the administration of LPS dramatically decreased the wet/dry lung weight ratio, attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, and reduced the LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β, in broncheoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, Umb resulted in significant anti-oxidative effects as shown by decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared with the LPS group. Finally, the inhibitory effects of Umb on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway proteins were also measured. Our results clearly indicated that Umb exerted significant protective effects on LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiu Wang
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China
| | - Wen Tong
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China
| | - Yuhong Cui
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China
| | - Xiuxian Li
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China
| | - Haiyun Sun
- Iintensive Care Unit, Heze Municipal Hospital, No. 2888, West Caozhou Road, Heze, 274031, China.
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14
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Li QC, Liang Y, Su ZB. Prophylactic treatment with MSC-derived exosomes attenuates traumatic acute lung injury in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1107-L1117. [PMID: 30892077 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00391.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is a potential strategy in the pretreatment of traumatic acute lung injury (ALI), a disease that causes inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate whether MSC-exosomal microRNA-124-3p (miR-124-3p) affects traumatic ALI. Initially, a traumatic ALI rat model was established using the weight-drop method. Then, exosomes were obtained from MSCs of Sprague-Dawley rats, which were injected into the traumatic ALI rats. We found that miR-124-3p was abundantly-expressed in MSCs-derived exosomes and could directly target purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7), which was overexpressed in traumatic ALI rats. After that, a loss- and gain-of-function study was performed in MSCs and traumatic ALI rats to investigate the role of miR-124-3p and P2X7 in traumatic ALI. MSC-derived exosomal miR-124-3p or silenced P2X7 was observed to increase the survival rate of traumatic ALI rats and enhance the glutathione/superoxide dismutase activity in their lung tissues. However, the wet/dry weight of lung tissues, activity of methylenedioxyamphetamine and H2O2, and levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8) were reduced. Similarly, the numbers of total cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also reduced when treated with exosomal miR-124-3p or silenced P2X7. In conclusion, the results provide evidence that miR-124-3p transferred by MSC-derived exosomes inhibited P2X7 expression, thus improving oxidative stress injury and suppressing inflammatory response in traumatic ALI, highlighting a potential pretreatment for traumatic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liang
- Center of Physical Examination, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Bo Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Yu Y, Feng S, Wei S, Zhong Y, Yi G, Chen H, Liang L, Chen H, Lu X. Extracellular ATP activates P2X7R-NF-κB (p65) pathway to promote the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells of mice. Cytokine 2019; 119:175-181. [PMID: 30952064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The maturation state of dendritic cell (DC) plays an important role in immune activities. Previously we had found that NF-κB (p65) pathway could promote DC maturation and subsequent immune effects. But the upstream mechanism of this pathway was still unclear. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activating its receptor P2X7R has recently been considered as the fourth signal to activate T lymphocytes. Here we aimed to find out the connection between P2X7R and NF-κB (p65) pathway in DC maturation. Results showed that the expression of P2X7R and the intracellular ATP levels were increased along with the maturation of DC. P2X7R agonist stimulated the morphological changes of DCs into the appearance of mature DCs, and promoted the expression of NF-κB (p65), as well as the release of IFN-γ and IL-12. Whereas, P2X7R inhibitor had the opposite influences. Co-immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the binding of P2X7R and NF-κB (p65). Our study suggested that extracellular ATP could promote DC maturation and release of inflammatory cytokines through the binding of P2X7R and NF-κB (p65). This is the first study to show the P2X7R-NF-κB (p65) pathway in DC. Interference with this pathway may be able to regulate immune responses in areas like infectious diseases, inflammation, transplantation, tumor and autoimmune diseases. In addition, intracellular ATP level could be a new indicator of the maturation state of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Songfu Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shiyu Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Liuzhou General Hospital, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Yanyan Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lifang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiaohe Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Qin JH, Lin JR, Ding WF, Wu WH. Schisandrin B Improves the Renal Function of IgA Nephropathy Rats Through Inhibition of the NF-κB Signalling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 42:884-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Mou Z, Feng Z, Xu Z, Zhuang F, Zheng X, Li X, Qian J, Liang G. Schisandrin B alleviates diabetic nephropathy through suppressing excessive inflammation and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:243-249. [PMID: 30477745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease due to glomerular capillary damage in diabetic patients, with inflammation and oxidative stress implicated as crucial pathogenic factors. There is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic drug. Natural medicines are rich resources for active lead compounds. They would provide new opportunities for the treatment of DN. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Schisandrin B (SchB) on DN and to delineate the underlying mechanism. Oral administration of SchB in the diabetic mouse model significantly alleviated hyperglycemia-induced renal injury, which was accompanied by maintenance of urine creatinine and albumin levels at similar to those of control non-diabetic mice. Histological examination of renal tissue indicated that both development of fibrosis and renal cell apoptosis were dramatically inhibited by SchB. The protective effect of SchB on DN associated with suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. These results strongly suggested that SchB could be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of DN. Moreover, our findings provided a fuller understanding of the regulatory role of NF-κB and Nrf2 in DN, indicating that they could be important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Mou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Feng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Zhuang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Diabetes Center, Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyong Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Guo M, An F, Wei X, Hong M, Lu Y. Comparative Effects of Schisandrin A, B, and C on Acne-Related Inflammation. Inflammation 2018; 40:2163-2172. [PMID: 28875271 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses induced by Propionibacterium acnes are a major etiological factor in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Schisandrin A, schisandrin B, and schisandrin C are the representative lignans of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. extract. Although anti-inflammatory effects of the lignans have been shown, their effects on acne-related inflammation caused by P. acnes have not been investigated and compared. We pretreated THP-1 human monocytic cells with 5, 10, and 20 μM schisandrin A, B, and C, and stimulated the cells with P. acnes. Schisandrin B and C inhibited the release of inflammatory cytokines at a concentration of 5 μM, while schisandrin A required a concentration of 10 μM to exert the effects. All of the schisandrins decreased the levels of toll-like receptor 2, and schisandrin B and C reduced the intracellular mRNA expression of the receptor gene. We also studied the influence of schisandrins on the MAPK signaling pathway. Schisandrin A suppressed the P. acnes-induced activation of JNK, while exerting only a weak effect on ERK and p38. Schisandrin B exerted a strong effect on p38, a lesser effect on ERK, and almost no effect on JNK. Schisandrin C inhibited the phosphorylation of all three proteins, especially ERK. Furthermore, the three lignans also prevented the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of the three lignans on P. acnes-induced inflammation and suggest that schisandrins might be developed as pharmacological agents for acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Faliang An
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhua Hong
- Technology Center, Shanghai Inoherb Co. Ltd, 121 Chengyin Road, Shanghai, 200083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Ran J, Ma C, Xu K, Xu L, He Y, Moqbel SAA, Hu P, Jiang L, Chen W, Bao J, Xiong Y, Wu L. Schisandrin B ameliorated chondrocytes inflammation and osteoarthritis via suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1195-1204. [PMID: 29785089 PMCID: PMC5953308 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder in the elderly population, and inflammatory mediators like IL-1β were thought to play central roles in its development. Schisandrin B, the main active component derived from Schisandra chinensis, exhibited anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory properties. Methods In the present study, the protective effect and the underlying mechanism of Schisan-drin B on OA was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Results The results showed that Schisandrin B decreased IL-1β-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), MMP13, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased IL-1β-induced downregulation of collagen II, aggrecan, and sox9 as well. Schisandrin B significantly decreased IL-1β-induced p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 in rat chondrocytes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was also inhibited by Schisandrin B, as evidenced by the reduction of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (Jnk) phosphorylation. In addition, Schisandrin B prevented cartilage degeneration in rat OA model with significantly lower Mankin’s score than the control group. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that Schisandrin B ameliorated chondrocytes inflammation and OA via suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and MAPK signal pathways, indicating a therapeutic potential in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Ran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Langhai Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Safwat Adel Abdo Moqbel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu N, Zheng JX, Zhuang YS, Zhou ZK, Zhao JH, Yang L. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Schisandrin B on LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia via Activating PPAR-γ. Inflammation 2018; 40:1006-1011. [PMID: 28303415 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schisandrin B (Sch B), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan isolated from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sch B on LPS-induced inflammation in microglia and to investigate the molecular targets of Sch B. BV2 cells were stimulated by LPS in the presence or absence of Sch B. The results showed that the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2 upregulated by LPS were significantly suppressed by Sch B. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was also inhibited by Sch B. Furthermore, Sch B was found to upregulate the expression of PPAR-γ in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of Sch B on TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2 production were reversed by PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662. In conclusion, these results suggested that Sch B inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response by activating PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Jin-Xu Zheng
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China.
| | - Yuan-Su Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Zhi-Kui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, China
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Lu Y, Hu Q, Chen L, Zhang H, Huang S, Xiong Y, Xia C. Interaction of deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin B with liver uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:239-246. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1437647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Lu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shibo Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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22
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Jia J, Qin H, Zang B. Effects of high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation on the expression of P 2X 7 receptor and inflammatory response in lung tissue of rats. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218795945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-induced lung injury is a severe complication mainly caused from mechanical ventilation (MV), associated with the upregulation of inflammation response. The mechanism still remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effects of pathological damage, neutrophil infiltration, expression of P2X7 receptor, and activation of Caspase-1 in lung tissue using a rat model. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group, conventional MV group, and high-tidal-volume ventilation group and fed with clean water and rat food. The sham group received tracheotomy without MV; conventional MV group was given 7 mL/kg tidal volume ventilation, and high-tidal-volume MV group was given 28 mL/kg tidal volume ventilation. All the rats were sacrificed after 4 h of ventilation or spontaneous breath. Lung wet/dry ratio was measured, and paraffin sections were prepared for pathological injury assessment and immunohistochemistry of P2X7 and myeloperoxidase levels. Lung homogenate was used for Western blot analysis of P2X7 receptor and Caspase-1 levels and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of P2X7 gene expression level. Compared to sham group and conventional MV group, high-tidal-volume MV led to an increase in lung wet/dry ratio and histology score. High-tidal-volume ventilation also led to chemotaxis of neutrophils. The expression levels of protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) of P2X7 receptor were significantly upregulated. Cleaved-caspase-1 expression was also upregulated. All data provide the evidence that high-tidal-volume MV can lead to lung injury, neutrophils infiltration, and upregulation of cleaved-Caspase-1 level. This result may be related to the upregulation of P2X7 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hanyu Qin
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Zang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Comparative effects of schisandrin A, B, and C on Propionibacterium acnes-induced, NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:129-136. [PMID: 28972885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes, a common pathogen associated with acne, is also responsible for various surgical infections. Schisandrin A, schisandrin B and schisandrin C, the representative lignans of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. extract, inhibit P. acnes-induced inflammation. However, their effects on P. acnes-induced IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain unknown. In this study, we compared the effects of schisandrin A, B, and C (Sch A, B, and C) on IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis in P. acnes-infected THP-1 cells. As NLRP3 plays important roles in P. acnes-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis, we also investigated the effects of Schs on P. acnes-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by measuring the levels of NLRP3, active caspase-1, and mature IL-1β, and activity of caspase-1. Our results showed that Sch A, B, and C suppressed P. acnes-induced pyroptosis. Further, the three lignans significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, with the following potency: Sch C > Sch B > Sch A. Three lignans also inhibited the production of mitochondrial ROS and ATP release. Additionally, Sch B and C almost completely prevented the efflux of K+., whereas Sch A had a relatively weak effect. Collectively, our novel findings showed that Sch A, B, and C effectively suppressed IL-1β secretion and pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in P. acnes-infected THP-1 cells. Thus, Schs may be promising agents for the treatment of P. acnes-related infections.
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24
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Lai Q, Luo Z, Wu C, Lai S, Wei H, Li T, Wang Q, Yu Y. Attenuation of cyclosporine A induced nephrotoxicity by schisandrin B through suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:15-23. [PMID: 28846887 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent whose clinical usage is limited by nephrotoxicity. Schisandrin B (SchB), isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, is a natural compound with multiple pharmacological activities that has been shown to attenuate organ injury caused by CsA. Hence, the primary objective of the current study was to evaluate whether SchB has a cytoprotective effect on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in human proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2). This study demonstrated that pre-incubation of HK-2 cells with 2.5-10.0μM SchB ameliorated CsA induced cytotoxicity caused by oxidative stress as evidenced by reduced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and LDH release along with increased levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and glutathione (GSH). Also, it was demonstrated that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation was involved in modulating cellular oxidative stress, where SchB promoted Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus and downstream target gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). Additionally, SchB was found to enhance cell survival via reducing apoptosis rate as well as recover the CsA induced blockade of autophagic flux. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that SchB mediated alleviation of CsA induced nephrotoxicity by preventing the accumulation of ROS by way of suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhengzhong Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chunying Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sisi Lai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Hanmei Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Tongming Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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25
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Wu X, Ren J, Chen G, Wu L, Song X, Li G, Deng Y, Wang G, Gu G, Li J. Systemic blockade of P2X7 receptor protects against sepsis-induced intestinal barrier disruption. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4364. [PMID: 28663567 PMCID: PMC5491531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, during which the intestinal epithelial barrier is frequently disrupted, remains a challenging and life-threatening problem in clinical practice. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a non-selective adenosine triphosphate-gated cation channel present in macrophages that is involved in inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the role of P2X7R in macrophages during sepsis-induced intestinal barrier disruption. In this study, mice were treated with the P2X7R antagonist A740003 or the agonist BzATP by intra-peritoneal injection after the induction of gut-origin sepsis. The survival rates, inflammatory responses, intestinal barrier integrity, macrophage marker expression, and ERK and NF-κB activities were evaluated. Intestinal macrophages were also isolated and studied after exposure to Brilliant Blue G or BzATP. We found that a systemic P2X7R blockade downregulated sepsis-induced inflammatory responses and attenuated intestinal barrier dysfunction based on the evidence that mice in the A740003-treated group exhibited alleviated pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, intestinal hyperpermeability, epithelial apoptosis rates and tight junction damage compared with the septic mice. These changes were partly mediated by the inhibition of M1 macrophages activation via ERK/NF-κB pathways. Our data presented herein show that a P2X7R blockade could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Song
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youming Deng
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guosheng Gu
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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26
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The protective mechanism of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) in H2O2-induced injury of feline esophageal epithelial cells. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1324-34. [PMID: 27522656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) is a flavonoid glucoside extracted from Rumex Aquaticus. Recent studies have shown that QGC exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidateve effect in vivo and cytoprotective effect in vitro. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), at low concentration, play role as a primary signal or second messenger, however, at high concentration, ROS are cytotoxic. In this study, we investigated the protective mechanism of QGC in H2O2-induced injury of Feline Esophageal Epithelial Cells. Primary-cultured feline esophagus cells were identified by an indirect immunofluorescent staining method using a cytokeratin monoclonal antibody. Cell viability was determined by the conventional MTT reduction assay. Western blot analysis was performed with specific antibodies to investigate the activation of MAPKs, NF-κB, and IκB-α, and the expression of COX-2. When the cells were exposed to 600 μM H2O2 medium for 24 h, cell viability decreased to 54 %. However, when cells were pretreated with 50-150 μM QGC for 12 h, the viability of cells exposed to H2O2 significantly increased in the dose dependent manner. QGC (50 μM, 12 h) also inhibited the expression of COX-2 induced by 10 μM H2O2 for 24 h. We found that treatment of H2O2 activated p38 MAPK and JNK, but not ERK. However QGC inhibited the H2O2-induced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation. In addition, NF-κB was activated by H2O2 and translocated into the nucleus, but QGC inhibited the activation of NF-κB by blocking degradation of IκB. These data suggest that QGC reduces H2O2-induced COX-2 production by modulating the p38 MAPK, JNK, NF-κB signal pathway in feline esophageal epithelial cells.
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