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Tang T, Hasan M, Capelluto DGS. Phafins Are More Than Phosphoinositide-Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098096. [PMID: 37175801 PMCID: PMC10178739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phafins are PH (Pleckstrin Homology) and FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1) domain-containing proteins. The Phafin protein family is classified into two groups based on their sequence homology and functional similarity: Phafin1 and Phafin2. This protein family is unique because both the PH and FYVE domains bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P], a phosphoinositide primarily found in endosomal and lysosomal membranes. Phafin proteins act as PtdIns(3)P effectors in apoptosis, endocytic cargo trafficking, and autophagy. Additionally, Phafin2 is recruited to macropinocytic compartments through coincidence detection of PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(4)P. Membrane-associated Phafins serve as adaptor proteins that recruit other binding partners. In addition to the phosphoinositide-binding domains, Phafin proteins present a poly aspartic acid motif that regulates membrane binding specificity. In this review, we summarize the involvement of Phafins in several cellular pathways and their potential physiological functions while highlighting the similarities and differences between Phafin1 and Phafin2. Besides, we discuss research perspectives for Phafins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoxian Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel G S Capelluto
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Rooney TC, Aldred GG, Boffey HK, Willems HG, Edwards S, Chawner SJ, Scott DE, Green C, Winpenny D, Skidmore J, Clarke JH, Andrews SP. The Identification of Potent, Selective, and Brain Penetrant PI5P4Kγ Inhibitors as In Vivo-Ready Tool Molecules. J Med Chem 2022; 66:804-821. [PMID: 36516442 PMCID: PMC9841522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their central role in regulating cell signaling pathways, the phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks) are attractive therapeutic targets in diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and immunological disorders. Until now, tool molecules for these kinases have been either limited in potency or isoform selectivity, which has hampered further investigation of biology and drug development. Herein we describe the virtual screening workflow which identified a series of thienylpyrimidines as PI5P4Kγ-selective inhibitors, as well as the medicinal chemistry optimization of this chemotype, to provide potent and selective tool molecules for further use. In vivo pharmacokinetics data are presented for exemplar tool molecules, along with an X-ray structure for ARUK2001607 (15) in complex with PI5P4Kγ, along with its selectivity data against >150 kinases and a Cerep safety panel.
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3
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The intracellular Ca 2+ channel TRPML3 is a PI3P effector that regulates autophagosome biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200085119. [PMID: 36252030 PMCID: PMC9618060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200085119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multiple fusion event, initiating with autophagosome formation and culminating with fusion with endo-lysosomes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The source of Ca2+ and the molecular mechanism by which Ca2+ is provided for this process are not known. The intracellular Ca2+ permeable channel transient receptor potential mucolipin 3 (TRPML3) localizes in the autophagosome and interacts with the mammalian autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) homolog GATE16. Here, we show that lipid-regulated TRPML3 is the Ca2+ release channel in the phagophore that provides the Ca2+ necessary for autophagy progress. We generated a TRPML3-GCaMP6 fusion protein as a targeted reporter of TRPML3 compartment localization and channel function. Notably, TRPML3-GCaMP6 localized in the phagophores, the level of which increased in response to nutrient starvation. Importantly, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), an essential lipid for autophagosome formation, is a selective regulator of TRPML3. TRPML3 interacted with PI3P, which is a direct activator of TRPML3 current and Ca2+ release from the phagophore, to promote and increase autophagy. Inhibition of TRPML3 suppressed autophagy even in the presence of excess PI3P, while activation of TRPML3 reversed the autophagy inhibition caused by blocking PI3P. Moreover, disruption of the TRPML3-PI3P interaction abolished both TRPML3 activation by PI3P and the increase in autophagy. Taken together, these results reveal that TRPML3 is a downstream effector of PI3P and a key regulator of autophagy. Activation of TRPML3 by PI3P is the critical step providing Ca2+ from the phagophore for the fusion process, which is essential for autophagosome biogenesis.
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Chen Y, Jiang L, Zhang R, Shi Z, Xie C, Hong Y, Wang J, Cai Z. Spatially revealed perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced nephrotoxicity in mouse kidney using atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156380. [PMID: 35660446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an emerging environmental persistent pollutant, has attracted extensive attention due to its potential nephrotoxicity. However, little is known about the spatial variations of lipid metabolism associated with PFOS exposure. In this study, atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI MSI) was used to reveal the spatial distributions of PFOS and its adverse effect on lipid metabolism directly in mouse kidney sections. We have observed that PFOS accumulated in the renal pelvis and outer cortex regions, with some found in the medulla and inner cortex regions. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining results also demonstrated that the accumulation of PFOS caused damage to the mouse kidney, which was consistent with AP-MALDI MSI results. Furthermore, a total of 42 lipids were shown to be significantly different in the spatial distribution patterns and variations between control and PFOS exposure mice groups, including the significant down-regulation of lyso-glycerophospholipids (Lyso-GPs), phosphatidic acids (PA), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylserines (PS) sphingomyelins (SM) and sulfatides (ST) in renal medulla or cortex region of mouse kidney sections, and remarkable up-regulation of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositols (PI) in the cortex regions of mouse kidney sections. The AP-MALDI MSI provides a new tool to explore spatial distributions and variations of the endogenous metabolites for the risk assessment of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhangsheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chengyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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5
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Decanoic Acid Stimulates Autophagy in D. discoideum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112946. [PMID: 34831171 PMCID: PMC8616062 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets, used in epilepsy treatment, are considered to work through reduced glucose and ketone generation to regulate a range of cellular process including autophagy induction. Recent studies into the medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic diet have suggested that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) provided in the diet, decanoic acid and octanoic acid, cause specific therapeutic effects independent of glucose reduction, although a role in autophagy has not been investigated. Both autophagy and MCFAs have been widely studied in Dictyostelium, with findings providing important advances in the study of autophagy-related pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we utilize this model to analyze a role for MCFAs in regulating autophagy. We show that treatment with decanoic acid but not octanoic acid induces autophagosome formation and modulates autophagic flux in high glucose conditions. To investigate this effect, decanoic acid, but not octanoic acid, was found to induce the expression of autophagy-inducing proteins (Atg1 and Atg8), providing a mechanism for this effect. Finally, we demonstrate a range of related fatty acid derivatives with seizure control activity, 4BCCA, 4EOA, and Epilim (valproic acid), also function to induce autophagosome formation in this model. Thus, our data suggest that decanoic acid and related compounds may provide a less-restrictive therapeutic approach to activate autophagy.
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6
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Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111427. [PMID: 34768858 PMCID: PMC8592284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids provide great potential for treating autophagy-related diseases by regulating autophagy. The purpose of the autophagy process is to remove unwanted cellular contents and to recycle nutrients, which is controlled by many factors. Disordered autophagy has been reported to be associated with various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and obesity. Autophagy cannot be directly controlled and dynamic amino acid levels are sufficient to regulate autophagy. To date, arginine, leucine, glutamine, and methionine are widely reported functional amino acids that regulate autophagy. As a signal relay station, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) turns various amino acid signals into autophagy signaling pathways for functional amino acids. Deficiency or supplementation of functional amino acids can immediately regulate autophagy and is associated with autophagy-related disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms currently involved in autophagy and amino acid sensing, diverse signal transduction among functional amino acids and autophagy, and the therapeutic appeal of amino acids to autophagy-related diseases. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of amino acid regulation of autophagy and the role of functional amino acids in clinical autophagy-related diseases and to further convert these mechanisms into feasible therapeutic applications.
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Li L, Tong M, Fu Y, Chen F, Zhang S, Chen H, Ma X, Li D, Liu X, Zhong Q. Lipids and membrane-associated proteins in autophagy. Protein Cell 2021; 12:520-544. [PMID: 33151516 PMCID: PMC8225772 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and tightly regulated by membrane-associated proteins. Here, we summarized membrane lipid composition, and membrane-associated proteins relevant to autophagy from a spatiotemporal perspective. In particular, we focused on three important membrane remodeling processes in autophagy, lipid transfer for phagophore elongation, membrane scission for phagophore closure, and autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. We discussed the significance of the discoveries in this field and possible avenues to follow for future studies. Finally, we summarized the membrane-associated biochemical techniques and assays used to study membrane properties, with a discussion of their applications in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mindan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hanmo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Li X, Li T, Wang Z, Wei J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in mice and its effect on liver lipidomic. Talanta 2021; 226:122150. [PMID: 33676699 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an emerging persistent organic pollutant (POP), and the harm caused by the enrichment of PFOS in living organism has attracted more and more attention. In this work, animal exposure model to PFOS was established. Mass spectrometry (MS), mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and lipidomics were combined for the study of the organ targeting of PFOS, the toxicity and possible mechanism caused by PFOS. PFOS most accumulated in the liver, followed by the lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart and brain. Combined with H&E staining and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) results, it was found that the accumulation of PFOS indeed caused damage in particular areas of specific organ, like in the liver and in the marginal area of the heart. This work found that PFOS could cross the blood-brain barrier, entered the brain and caused the neurotoxicity, which was surprising and might be the reason that high dose of PFOS could cause convulsions. From the liver lipidomic analysis, we found that PFOS exposure mainly affected glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. The up-regulated ceramide and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) might lead to liver cell apoptosis, and the decrease in liver triglyceride (TG) content might result in insufficient energy in mice and cause liver morphological damage. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway might be a mechanism of self-protection in animals against PFOS induced inflammation. This study might provide new insight into underlying toxicity mechanism after exposure to PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing, 100190, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Autophagy and the Wnt signaling pathway: A focus on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118926. [PMID: 33316295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis and adaptation to various environmental conditions are importantly regulated by the sophisticated mechanism of autophagy and its crosstalk with Wnt signaling and other developmental pathways. Both autophagy and Wnt signaling are involved in embryogenesis and differentiation. Autophagy is responsible for degradation and recycling of cytosolic materials by directing them to lysosomes through the phagophore compartment. A dual feedback mechanism regulates the interface between autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways. During nutrient deprivation, β-catenin and Dishevelled (essential Wnt signaling proteins) are targeted for autophagic degradation by LC3. When Wnt signaling is activated, β-catenin acts as a corepressor of one of the autophagy proteins, p62. In contrast, another key Wnt signaling protein, GSK3β, negatively regulates the Wnt pathway and has been shown to induce autophagy by phosphorylation of the TSC complex. This article reviews the interplay between autophagy and Wnt signaling, describing how β-catenin functions as a key cellular integration point coordinating proliferation with autophagy, and it discusses the clinical importance of the crosstalk between these mechanisms.
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10
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Park SW, Jun YW, Jeon P, Lee YK, Park JH, Lee SH, Lee JA, Jang DJ. LIR motifs and the membrane-targeting domain are complementary in the function of RavZ. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31722778 PMCID: PMC6941762 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.12.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial effector protein RavZ is secreted by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila and inhibits host autophagy through an irreversible deconjugation of mammalian ATG8 (mATG8) proteins from autophagosome membranes. However, the roles of the LC3 interacting region (LIR) motifs in RavZ function remain unclear. In this study, we show that a membrane-targeting (MT) domain or the LIR motifs of RavZ play major or minor roles in RavZ function. A RavZ mutant that does not bind to mATG8 delipidated all forms of mATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as efficiently as did wild-type RavZ. However, a RavZ mutant with a deletion of the MT domain selectively delipidated mATG8-PE less efficiently than did wild-type RavZ. Taken together, our results suggest that the effects of LIR motifs and the MT domain on RavZ activity are complementary and work through independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Pureum Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - You-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Ju-Hui Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Park SW, Jun YW, Choi HE, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the plasma membrane targeting of PRMT8. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 30670150 PMCID: PMC6827574 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.10.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation plays crucial roles in many cellular functions including signal transduction, RNA transcription, and regulation of gene expression. Protein arginine methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8), a unique brain-specific protein, is localized to the plasma membrane. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying PRMT8 plasma membrane targeting remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the N-terminal 20 amino acids of PRMT8 are sufficient for plasma membrane localization and that oligomerization enhances membrane localization. The basic amino acids, combined with myristoylation within the N-terminal 20 amino acids of PRMT8, are critical for plasma membrane targeting. We also found that substituting Gly-2 with Ala [PRMT8(G2A)] or Cys-9 with Ser [PRMT8(C9S)] induces the formation of punctate structures in the cytosol or patch-like plasma membrane localization, respectively. Impairment of PRMT8 oligomerization/dimerization by Cterminal deletion induces PRMT8 mis-localization to the mitochondria, prevents the formation of punctate structures by PRMT8(G2A), and inhibits PRMT8(C9S) patch-like plasma membrane localization. Overall, these results suggest that oligomerization/dimerization plays several roles in inducing the efficient and specific plasma membrane localization of PRMT8. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(10): 601-606].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Choi
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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12
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Park SW, Jeon P, Jun YW, Park JH, Lee SH, Lee S, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Monitoring LC3- or GABARAP-positive autophagic membranes using modified RavZ-based probes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16593. [PMID: 31719622 PMCID: PMC6851389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy is a selective lysosomal degradation pathway for invading pathogens in host cells. However, invading bacteria also develop survival mechanisms to inhibit host autophagy. RavZ is a protein secreted by Legionella that irreversibly delipidates mammalian autophagy-related protein 8 (mATG8) on autophagic membranes in host cells via efficient autophagic membrane targeting. In this study, we leveraged the autophagic membrane-targeting mechanism of RavZ and generated a new autophagosome probe by replacing the catalytic domain of RavZ with GFP. This probe is efficiently localized to mATG8-positive autophagic membranes via a synergistic combination between mATG8 protein-binding mediated by the LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs and phosphoinositide-3-phosphate (PI3P) binding mediated by the membrane-targeting (MT) domain. Furthermore, the membrane association activity of this new probe with an MT domain was more efficient than that of probes with a hydrophobic domain that were previously used in LIR-based autophagosome sensors. Finally, by substituting the LIR motifs of RavZ with selective LIR motifs from Fyco1 or ULK2, we developed new probes for detecting LC3A/B- or GABARAP subfamily-positive autophagic membranes, respectively. We propose that these new RavZ-based sensors will be useful for monitoring and studying the function of mATG8-positive autophagic membranes in different cellular contexts for autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Jeon
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hui Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Batoko H, Dagdas Y, Baluska F, Sirko A. Understanding and exploiting autophagy signaling in plants. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:675-685. [PMID: 29233877 PMCID: PMC5869243 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential catabolic pathway and is activated by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli. In particular, autophagy is required to allow sessile organisms such as plants to cope with biotic or abiotic stress conditions. It is thought that these various environmental signaling pathways are somehow integrated with autophagy signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy signaling are not well understood, leaving a big gap of knowledge as a barrier to being able to manipulate this important pathway to improve plant growth and development. In this review, we discuss possible regulatory mechanisms at the core of plant autophagy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Batoko
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Keulers TG, Schaaf MBE, Rouschop KMA. Autophagy-Dependent Secretion: Contribution to Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2016; 6:251. [PMID: 27933272 PMCID: PMC5122571 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is best known as a lysosomal degradation and recycling pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, cytoplasmic content is recognized and packed in autophagic vacuoles, or autophagosomes, and targeted for degradation. However, during the last years, it has become evident that the role of autophagy is not restricted to degradation alone but also mediates unconventional forms of secretion. Furthermore, cells with defects in autophagy apparently are able to reroute their cargo, like mitochondria, to the extracellular environment; effects that contribute to an array of pathologies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the physiological roles of autophagy-dependent secretion, i.e., the effect on inflammation and insulin/hormone secretion. Finally, we focus on the effects of autophagy-dependent secretion on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor progression. The autophagy-mediated secreted factors may stimulate cellular proliferation via auto- and paracrine signaling. The autophagy-mediated release of immune modulating proteins changes the immunosuppresive TME and may promote an invasive phenotype. These effects may be either direct or indirect through facilitating formation of the mobilized vesicle, aid in anterograde trafficking, or alterations in homeostasis and/or autonomous cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Keulers
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Netherlands
| | - Marco B E Schaaf
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , Netherlands
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