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Ozawa Y, Takegami Y, Osawa Y, Asamoto T, Tanaka S, Imagama S. Anti-sclerostin antibody therapy prevents post-ischemic osteonecrosis bone collapse via interleukin-6 association. Bone 2024; 181:117030. [PMID: 38309414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating condition characterized by subchondral bone necrosis, which frequently culminates in joint destruction. Although total hip arthroplasty is conventionally practiced to remediate ONFH, for patients under the age of 60, the outcomes can be suboptimal. Chronic inflammation, particularly that mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6), has been conjectured to be a potential mechanism underlying the etiology of ONFH. This study aimed at exploring the interplay between IL-6, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, and ONFH to provide insights for potential therapeutic interventions. Human ONFH specimens depicted an elevation in β-catenin expression in the transitional layer, while IL-6 levels were pronounced in the same region. Subsequently, mouse models of ischemic osteonecrosis were treated with an anti-sclerostin antibody to assess its effects on bone metabolism and cellular processes. Histological analysis revealed that the administration of anti-sclerostin antibodies effectuated early recovery from bone necrosis, reduced empty lacunae, and suppressed IL-6 expression. The treatment evidently initiated the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, presenting a potential mechanism associated with IL-6-mediated inflammation. Furthermore, the antibody upregulated osteoblast formation, downregulated osteoclast formation, and increased bone volume. Micro-CT imaging demonstrated increased bone volume, prevented epiphyseal deformity, and improved compression strength. Therefore, this study yields significant findings, indicating the potency of anti-sclerostin antibodies in effectively modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, associating with IL-6 expression, and preventing post-ONFH bone collapse. Additionally, this preclinical investigation in mouse models offers an avenue for prospective research on potential therapeutic interventions against human ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takegami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Osawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamune Asamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, 8 Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Rufino AT, Freitas M, Proença C, Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Fernandes E, Ribeiro D. Rheumatoid arthritis molecular targets and their importance to flavonoid-based therapy. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:497-538. [PMID: 37602483 DOI: 10.1002/med.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive, chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and systemic condition that primarily affects the synovial joints and adjacent tissues, including bone, muscle, and tendons. The World Health Organization recognizes RA as one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. In the last decade, there was an expansion on the available RA therapeutic options which aimed to improve patient's quality of life. Despite the extensive research and the emergence of new therapeutic approaches and drugs, there are still significant unwanted side effects associated to these drugs and still a vast number of patients that do not respond positively to the existing therapeutic strategies. Over the years, several references to the use of flavonoids in the quest for new treatments for RA have emerged. This review aimed to summarize the existing literature about the flavonoids' effects on the major pathogenic/molecular targets of RA and their potential use as lead compounds for the development of new effective molecules for RA treatment. It is demonstrated that flavonoids can modulate various players in synovial inflammation, regulate immune cell function, decrease synoviocytes proliferation and balance the apoptotic process, decrease angiogenesis, and stop/prevent bone and cartilage degradation, which are all dominant features of RA. Although further investigation is necessary to determine the effectiveness of flavonoids in humans, the available data from in vitro and in vivo models suggest their potential as new disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. This review highlights the use of flavonoids as a promising avenue for future research in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Rufino
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Proença
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José M P Ferreira de Oliveira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Açores, Portugal
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3
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Zheng XQ, Huang J, Lin JL, Song CL. Pathophysiological mechanism of acute bone loss after fracture. J Adv Res 2023; 49:63-80. [PMID: 36115662 PMCID: PMC10334135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute bone loss after fracture is associated with various effects on the complete recovery process and a risk of secondary fractures among patients. Studies have reported similarities in pathophysiological mechanisms involved in acute bone loss after fractures and osteoporosis. However, given the silence nature of bone loss and bone metabolism complexities, the actual underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. AIM OF REVIEW To elaborate the latest findings in basic research with a focus on acute bone loss after fracture. To briefly highlight potential therapeutic targets and current representative drugs. To arouse researchers' attention and discussion on acute bone loss after fracture. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Bone loss after fracture is associated with immobilization, mechanical unloading, blood supply damage, sympathetic nerve regulation, and crosstalk between musculoskeletals among other factors. Current treatment strategies rely on regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, therefore, there is a need to elucidate on the underlying mechanisms of acute bone loss after fractures to inform the development of efficacious and safe drugs. In addition, attention should be paid towards ensuring long-term skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Liang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, China.
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Zhang E, Chen J, Li X, Luo L, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Wang X. An improved ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method determining hispidulin and homoplantaginin in rat plasma and associated pharmacokinetic studies. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most abundant components in Salvia plebeia, with significant pharmacological antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Hispidulin and homoplantaginin are the main flavonoid components in S. Plebeia. In this study, we established an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine hispidulin and homoplantaginin in rat plasma samples, which were precipitated using acetonitrile-methanol (9:1, v/v). We used a UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm diameter) chromatographic column, an acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% formic acid) mobile phase, and a gradient elution flow rate of 0.4 mL min−1 in an elution time of 4 min. We used electrospray ionization (ESI) detection in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) for quantitative analysis: m/z 301 → 286 for hispidulin, m/z 463 → 301 for homoplantaginin, and m/z 465 → 303 for internal standard (IS). In pharmacokinetic studies, 24 rats were orally administered hispidulin and homoplantaginin (5 mg kg−1) and received sublingual intravenous injections (1 mg kg−1) at two different doses, four groups with six rats/group. Differences in hispidulin and homoplantaginin pharmacokinetics in rat plasma were evaluated. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the 0.5–1,000 ng mL−1 range, with r > 0.99. Precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects, and stability results all met standard biological sample detection requirements. Our pharmacokinetic studies showed hispidulin bioavailability was much higher than homoplantaginin at 17.8% and 0.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lvqi Luo
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yizhe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Tan Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Ma M, Ma Z, Wang C, Zeng H, Xue L, Yue C, Wang D. The Dynamic Feature of Macrophage M1/M2 Imbalance Facilitates the Progression of Non-Traumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:912133. [PMID: 35573242 PMCID: PMC9094367 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) remains a common refractory disease with poorly understood pathogenesis. Macrophage M1/M2 imbalance and chronic inflammatory microenvironment have been suggested to be closely related to osteonecrosis. Here we describe direct visual evidence for the involvement of dynamic changes in macrophages and the chronic inflammatory microenvironment in human NONFH. Osteonecrosis induces inflammatory responses and macrophage enrichment in the reparative area, and the number of inflammatory cells and macrophages falls during progressive-to end-stage NONFH. Multiplex immunohistochemistry demonstrated that macrophage M1/M2 ratio increased from 3 to 10 during progressive-to end-stage. During the progressive-stage, new blood vessels formed in the reparative area, M2 macrophages accumulated in perivascular (M1/M2 ratio ∼0.05), while M1 macrophages were enriched in avascular areas (M1/M2 ratio ∼12). Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines were detected in synovial fluid and plasma using cytometric bead arrays. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were persistently enriched in synovial fluid compared to plasma in patients with NONFH, and this difference was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining. However, only IL-6 levels in plasma were higher in patients with progressive-stage NONFH than in osteoarthritis. Moreover, fibrosis tissues were observed in the necrotic area in progressive-stage and end-stage NONFH based on Sirius Red staining. Together, these findings indicate that macrophage M1/M2 imbalance facilitates the progression of NONFH, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic inflammation, osteonecrosis and tissue fibrosis in the local lesion. Inhibiting inflammation, promoting the resolution of inflammation, switching macrophages to an M2 phenotype, or inhibiting their adoption of an M1 phenotype may be useful therapeutic strategies against NONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youwen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Maoxiao Ma
- Department of Orthopedic, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
| | - Zetao Ma
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Xue, ; Chen Yue, ; Deli Wang,
| | - Chen Yue
- Department of Orthopedic, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Xue, ; Chen Yue, ; Deli Wang,
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Xue, ; Chen Yue, ; Deli Wang,
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Paje LA, Choi J, Lee HD, Kim J, Yu A, Bae MJ, Geraldino PJL, Lee S. Phenolic acids and flavonoids from Salvia plebeia and HPLC-UV profiling of four Salvia species. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09046. [PMID: 35287319 PMCID: PMC8917293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated and purified phenolic acids and flavonoids from the ethanolic extract of Salvia plebeia using silica gel and a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Spectroscopy revealed the isolated compounds were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, hispidulin, luteolin, jaceosidin, nepitrin, homoplantaginin, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside, 6-methoxynaringenin 7-O-glucoside, naasanone, and cosmosiin. Quantitative analyses, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV (HPLC-UV), revealed that the major flavonoid from S. plebeia was 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside (100.63 mg/g) and the most abundant phenolic acid was rosmarinic acid (47.73 mg/g). Furthermore, among four other Salvia species, S. officinalis contained the highest overall phenolic acid and flavonoid level but these were still lower than S. plebeia. These results can help assess the potential of phenolic acids and flavonoids as potent sources of pharmacological ingredients from different Salvia species extracts.
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Xiao W, Shen Y, Xu Y. LOX G473A induces the formation of osteoclasts in RAW264.7 cells via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112890. [PMID: 34695437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of osteoclasts is known to be closely associated with osteoporosis progression. LOX is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of collagen, which is the new mediator in osteoclast formation. However, the effect of LOXG473A on of osteoclast formation needs to be explored. Thereby, we sought to explore the effect of LOXG473A on formation of osteoclasts and its underlying mechanism. To investigate the function of LOXG473A in osteoclast formation, Raw264.7 cells were stably transfected with LOX-WT or LOX-MUT (LOXG473A). Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the relative levels of osteoclast formation related genes and proteins. TRAP staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to test the ability of Raw264.7 cells to form osteoclasts and the ability of cells to form rings, respectively. Bone erosion assay was used to test bone resorptive activity. The data indicated that LOXG473A significantly enhanced the ability of osteoclasts forming, ring-forming and bone resorpting in Raw264.7 cells. Mechanically, LOXG473A upregulated the expressions of NFATC1, ACP5, CTSK, IL-6, and the proportion of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3, thereby promoting the formation of osteoclasts. In conclusion, we have verified that LOXG473A induces the proliferation of osteoclasts in Raw264.7 cells via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling, suggesting a novel strategy for studying osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Yuxia Shen
- Department of Ultrasound, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215153, China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215004, China.
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Azmy Abd El-Motelp B, Tarek Ebrahim M, Khairy Mohamed H. Salvia officinalis Extract and 17β-Estradiol Suppresses Ovariectomy Induced Osteoporosis in Female Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:434-444. [PMID: 34486329 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.434.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by an impaired bone formation that leads to increased morbidity and mortality.<i> Salvia officinalis </i>is a source of phytoestrogens that could help mitigate the risk of osteoporotic rat fracture by exerting sex hormones. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the curative effect of <i>Salvia officinalis </i>Extract<i> </i>(SOE) and<i> </i>17β-estradiol (E<sub>2</sub>) and their combination<i> </i>on bone loss in female rats with ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Forty adult female albino rats were divided into five groups, which included Sham control (Sham), ovariectomy (OVX), OVX+SOE, OVX+E<sub>2</sub> and OVX +SOE+E<sub>2</sub>.<i> </i>SOE (10 mL kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>) and E<sub>2</sub> (30 μg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>) had been daily gavaged in the OVX+SOE, OVX+E<sub>2</sub> and OVX+SOE+E<sub>2</sub>, respectively for 6-weeks. <b>Results:</b> The model of ovariectomy resulted in osteoporosis as demonstrated by the decreased serum Ca, P, vitamin D, E<sub>2</sub> level associated with a significant increase in PTH levels in comparison to the sham control group. Besides, OVX to rats caused up-regulation in the levels of CTX-1, P1NP, BALP, OC and RANKL comparable to the sham control group. Moreover, SOE and E<sub>2</sub> significantly modulated the calciotropic parameters and improved all bone turnover markers as well as RANKL as compared to the OVX group. However, Histopathological and immunohistochemical results showed defective mineralization with the destruction of the bone matrix and increased TNF-α expression from the OVX group relative to the treated groups. <b>Conclusion:</b> These results suggest that both SOE and E<sub>2</sub> or their combined administration are efficient inhibitors against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in female rats.
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Słupski W, Jawień P, Nowak B. Botanicals in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051609. [PMID: 34064936 PMCID: PMC8151026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Conventional anti-osteoporotic pharmaceutics are effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of osteoporosis, however they are associated with various side effects that push many women into seeking botanicals as an alternative therapy. Traditional folk medicine is a rich source of bioactive compounds waiting for discovery and investigation that might be used in those patients, and therefore botanicals have recently received increasing attention. The aim of this review of literature is to present the comprehensive information about plant-derived compounds that might be used to maintain bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal females.
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Kim MH, Lim HJ, Bak SG, Park EJ, Jang HJ, Lee SW, Lee S, Lee KM, Cheong SH, Lee SJ, Rho MC. Eudebeiolide B Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis and Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss by Regulating RANKL-Induced NF-κB, c-Fos and Calcium Signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120468. [PMID: 33339187 PMCID: PMC7765597 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudebeiolide B is a eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid compound isolated from Salvia plebeia R. Br., and little is known about its biological activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of eudebeiolide B on osteoblast differentiation, receptor activator nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss in vivo. Eudebeiolide B induced the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium accumulation during MC3T3-E1 osteoblast differentiation. In mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), eudebeiolide B suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of BMMs and bone resorption. Eudebeiolide B downregulated the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1) and c-fos, transcription factors induced by RANKL. Moreover, eudebeiolide B attenuated the RANKL-induced expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, including cathepsin K (Ctsk), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and dendrocyte expressed seven transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). Regarding the molecular mechanism, eudebeiolide B inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and NF-κB p65. In addition, it downregulated the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) in RANKL-induced calcium signaling. In an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model, intragastric injection of eudebeiolide B prevented OVX-induced bone loss, as shown by bone mineral density and contents, microarchitecture parameters and serum levels of bone turnover markers. Eudebeiolide B not only promoted osteoblast differentiation but inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through calcium signaling and prevented OVX-induced bone loss. Therefore, eudebeiolide B may be a new therapeutic agent for osteoclast-related diseases, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hwa Kim
- Biological Resources Research Group, Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Jin Lim
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Seon Gyeong Bak
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Eun-Jae Park
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea;
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Kang Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea;
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.L.); (M.-C.R.)
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup 56212, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (S.G.B.); (E.-J.P.); (S.W.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.L.); (M.-C.R.)
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11
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Lim HJ, Park S, Bak SG, Cheong SH, Lee S, Baek Y, Lee C, Lee KM, Lee SW, Lee S, Rho M. Beneficial effects of Vigna angularis extract in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6550-6556. [PMID: 33312539 PMCID: PMC7723184 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Asia, Vigna angularis (azuki bean) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases because of its biological properties. Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are common regenerative bone diseases that are characterized by deterioration of joint and bone structure. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Vigna angularis extract (VAE) on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA and ovariectomy (OVX)-induced OP models. In the MIA-induced OA results, severe OA was alleviated by the administration of VAE. Extensive local damage in the cartilage and hemorrhagic and edematous of surrounding tissues were decreased by VAE treatment. Articular cartilage was almost intact except for a focal mild abrasion, and the surface was glistening, similar to that of the normal joint. In the OVX-induced OP results, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were recovered by VAE treatment, and it improved the microstructures of bone. These results show that VAE could inhibit OA and OP symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Lim
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
| | - Sang‐Ik Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineChonnam National UniversityGwangju‐siKorea
| | - Seon Gyeong Bak
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
- Department of Marine Bio Food ScienceChonnam National UniversityYeosu‐siKorea
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food ScienceChonnam National UniversityYeosu‐siKorea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
| | - Young‐Bin Baek
- College of Veterinary MedicineChonnam National UniversityGwangju‐siKorea
| | - Chang‐Min Lee
- College of Veterinary MedicineChonnam National UniversityGwangju‐siKorea
| | - Kang Min Lee
- Department of Molecular BiologyChonbuk National UniversityJeonju‐siKorea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
| | - Seung‐Jae Lee
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
| | - Mun‐Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Material Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐siKorea
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12
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Huang JL, Fan RZ, Zou YH, Zhang L, Yin S, Tang GH. Salviplenoid A from Salvia plebeia attenuates acute lung inflammation via modulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1559-1571. [PMID: 33098234 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) involves series of inflammatory pathologies and cause high morbidity. Salviplenoid A (SA) was a new sesquiterpenoid from the traditional inflammatory herb Salvia plebeia. In our previous study, SA exhibited antiinflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells. However, the extensive effects of SA in human cells and in vivo and the active mechanisms are unclear. Thus, in this study, we sought to access its effects in vitro and in vivo and to investigate its mechanisms. SA was proved to inhibit the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human cell types, including pulmonary epithelial cells and endothetial cells. It also depressed monocyte adhesion. Moreover, SA potently attenuated the acute lung inflammation in the LPS-induced mouse model shown by down-regulation of proinflammatory mediators, inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, and alleviation of related symptoms like alveolar congestion and mucus secretion. Further evaluation confirmed that SA regulated NF-κB pathway by inhibiting the IκB-α phosphorylation. And it markedly mediated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 expression and promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Therefore, SA could attenuate acute lung inflammation via suppressing NF-κB and activating Nrf2, which provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of SA in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Luo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Zhu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hong Zou
- Urumuqi Administration for Market Regulation, Urumqi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang SS, Chen TY, Deng JS, Pao LH, Cheng YC, Chao J. An Ethnobotanical Study on Qīng-Căo-Chá Tea in Taiwan. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:931. [PMID: 32670061 PMCID: PMC7329985 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal tea, a beverage prepared from a variety of plant materials excluding the leaves of the tea plant Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze of the family Theaceae, for a long time, has been consumed by most Chinese people for preventive and/or therapeutic health care. Usually, it is brewed or prepared as a decoction of local plants in water. The qīng-căo-chá tea, a commercial herbal tea, is the most common among many differently formulated herbal teas in Taiwan. For hundreds of years, qīng-căo-chá tea has played an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with the environmental conditions in Taiwan. However, research studies in this field have been insufficient. The raw material formulas of qīng-căo-chá tea have always been passed down from “masters” to “apprentices.” Hence, there is no systematic collation or record, and, therefore, there is a need to assess and confirm the composition, safety, and effectiveness of the raw materials. This study aimed to document the uses of Taiwan's qīng-căo-chá tea through a semi-structured interview survey and investigate the background of traditional practitioners, tea compositions, and plant origins and uses. This will improve our understanding of the knowledge inherited by the practitioners and the theoretical basis of the medicinal uses of these teas. In our field investigation, we visited 86 shops and assessed 71 raw ingredients of qīng-căo-chá tea. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to conduct the interviews. During the interviews, in addition to written records, audio and video recordings were made, and photographs were taken with the permission of the interviewees. The qīng-căo-chá raw materials have long been used as herbal teas, although more research should clarify their efficacy and safety. Traditional sellers of qīng-căo-chá tea were mainly males, and most shops have been in operation for more than 71 years. Some of the raw materials were derived from multiple sources, including different plants, and were often mixed without any safety concerns. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic ethnobotanical study on qīng-căo-chá tea that assesses and confirms its herbal ingredients. Our study represents a reference for herbal teas in Taiwan that can be used by the public and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Yang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shyan Deng
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jung Chao
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Jia L, Shi L, Li J, Zeng Y, Tang S, Liu W, Mo X, Liu X. Total flavonoids from celery suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption function via attenuating NF-κB and p38 pathways in RAW264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Salvia plebeia R. Br. : an overview about its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacology and modern applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109589. [PMID: 31810130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP), has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It contains a number of chemical components and reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. SP is distributed in many countries such as China, Korea, Japan, Afghanistan and India. SP was first described in Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming dynasty. The aim of this review is to compile all the information reported in the literature on SP. This review covers traditional uses, including 16 TCM classics and 21 traditional prescriptions; a total of 93 compounds from SP have been reported, including flavonoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenes, phenolic acids etc; biological actives such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, antiasthmatic, antiviral, antitumour, hepatoprotective effects etc. In addition, this paper also compiled the quality control studies and clinical applications. The future prospects and the existing problems of SP were also discussed. Overall, we believe this review will be a comprehensive record of SP for researchers to refer for carrying out for further research.
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Phenolic profiling and quantitative determination of common sage (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) by UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Jang HJ, Lee S, Lee SJ, Lim HJ, Jung K, Kim YH, Lee SW, Rho MC. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from Salvia plebeia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2666-2676. [PMID: 28960981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine new sesquiterpenoid lactones and 11 known analogues were isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia plebeia R.Br. Their structures were elucidated via HRESIMS and NMR data, and their absolute configurations were defined via electronic circular dichroism data, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and the modified Mosher's ester method. Compounds 1-20 were investigated for their ability to inhibit LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production in murine macrophage cells. Of the isolates, epi-eudebeiolide C (20) showed the highest inhibitory effect (IC50 of 17.9 μM). mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), but not that of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), was dose-dependently decreased by 20 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Based on a mechanistic study involving the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the anti-inflammatory effect of 20 was attributed to NF-κB activation blockade via inhibition of NF-κB (IκB) phosphorylation. Therefore, 20 might be a potential candidate for relieving inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Jang
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Lim
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Immunoregulatory Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
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Methoxsalen supplementation attenuates bone loss and inflammatory response in ovariectomized mice. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 278:135-140. [PMID: 29074052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methoxsalen (MTS) is a natural bioactive compound found in a variety of plants that has many known biofunctions; however, its effects on osteoporosis and related mechanisms are not clear. This study examined whether MTS exhibited preventive effects against postmenopausal osteoporosis. Female C3H/HeN mice were divided into four groups: Sham, ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with MTS (0.02% in diet), and OVX with estradiol (0.03 μg/day, s.c). After 6 weeks, MTS supplementation significantly increased femur bone mineral density and bone surface along with bone surface/total volume. MTS significantly elevated the levels of serum formation markers (estradiol, osteocalcin and bone-alkaline phosphatase) such as estradiol in OVX mice. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed that MTS suppressed osteoclast numbers and formation in femur tissues compared with the OVX group. Supplementation of MTS slightly up-regulated osteoblastogenesis-related genes (Runx-2, osterix, osteocalcin, and Alp) expression, whereas it significantly down-regulated inflammatory genes (Nfκb and Il6) expression in femur tissue compared with the OVX group. These results indicate that MTS supplementation effectively prevented OVX-induced osteoporosis via enhancement of bone formation and suppression of inflammatory response in OVX mice. Our study provides valid scientific information regarding the development and application of MTS as a food ingredient, a food supplement or an alternative agent for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Kang YS, Kim CH, Kim JS. The effects of downhill and uphill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors in ovariectomy-induced bone loss. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:1-10. [PMID: 29036760 PMCID: PMC5643207 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that regular exercise training plays a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting muscle and skeletal formation. However, the effect of downhill exercise training on osteogenesis-related factors is not well understood. METHODS Thus, we investigated the effect of uphill and downhill training on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss. After ovary removal, the exercise method performed included uphill (16 m/min, +15°) and downhill training (16 m/min, -15°) for 60 min/day and 5 days/week, respectively, for 8 weeks. RESULTS Our results showed that both uphill and downhill training significantly decreased the body weight, total cholesterol, and creatine kinase (CK) levels in the context of OVX-induced bone loss. On the contrary, levels of an osteogenesis indicator, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were elevated. Consequently, the uphill and downhill training reduced OVX- induced bone loss in the distal femoral metaphysis. Likewise, the bone microstructure in OVX-induced bone loss was enhanced upon training. In particular, the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast-specific gene expression improved upon downhill training compared to uphill training. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the uphill and downhill exercise types appeared to positively affect the expression of osteogenesis-related factors along with bone density and microstructure. Particularly, the downhill training has more beneficial effects on the maintenance of homeostasis during bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seok Kang
- Department of Sports Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Ho Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Kim
- Department of Sports Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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