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Tian LL, Bi YX, Zhang H. Structurally Diverse Stilbenoids as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors with Antidiabetic Effect from Morus alba. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17938-17952. [PMID: 39092914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Fifteen stilbenoid derivatives, including five previously undescribed ones (albaphenols A-E, 1-5) with diverse scaffolds, were obtained from the well-known agricultural economic tree Morus alba. Their structures, including absolute stereochemistries, were fully characterized by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data and quantum chemical computational analyses of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electric circular dichroism (ECD). Albaphenol A (1) features an unprecedented rearranged carbon skeleton incorporating a novel 2-oxaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-6,3'-furan] motif; albaphenol C (3) is likely derived from a cometabolite through an interesting intramolecular transesterification reaction; and albaphenol E (5) bears a cleavage-reconnection scaffold via a dioxane ring. All of the compounds exhibited significant inhibition against the diabetic target α-glucosidase, with low to submicromole IC50 values (0.70-8.27 μM), and the binding modes of selected molecules with the enzyme were further investigated by fluorescence quenching, kinetics, and molecular docking experiments. The antidiabetic effect of the most active and abundant mulberrofuran G (6) was further assessed in vivo in diabetic mice, revealing potent antihyperglycemic activity and comparable antidiabetic efficacy to the clinical drug acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Tian
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yan-Xue Bi
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, China
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2
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Gao M, Shen Y, Yang P, Yuan C, Sun Y, Li Z. Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals partial molecular mechanisms of nutritional risk and neurodevelopment in children with congenital heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1414089. [PMID: 39185136 PMCID: PMC11341388 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1414089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore molecular mechanisms affecting nutritional risk and neurodevelopment in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) by combining transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Methods A total of 26 blood and serum samples from 3 groups of children with CHD low nutritional risk combined with normal neurodevelopment (group A), low nutritional risk combined with neurodevelopmental disorders (group B) and high nutritional risk combined with normal neurodevelopment (group C) were analyzed by transcriptome and metabolomics to search for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites (DEMs). Functional analysis was conducted for DEGs and DEMs. Further, the joint pathway analysis and correlation analysis of DEGs and DEMs were performed. Results A total of 362 and 1,351 DEGs were detected in group B and C compared to A, respectively. A total of 6 and 7 DEMs were detected in group B and C compared to A in positive mode, respectively. There were 39 and 31 DEMs in group B and C compared to A in negative mode. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that neurodevelopment may be regulated by some genes such as NSUN7, SLC6A8, CXCL1 and LCN8, nutritional risk may be regulated by SLC1A3 and LCN8. Metabolome analysis and joint pathway analysis showed that tryptophan metabolism, linoleic and metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism may be related to neurodevelopment, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway may be related to nutritional risk. Conclusion By integrating transcriptome and metabolome analyses, this study revealed key genes and metabolites associated with nutritional risk and neurodevelopment in children with CHD, as well as significantly altered pathways. It has important clinical translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Gao
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Heart Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Heart Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Yuan
- Heart Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Heart Center, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Zipu Li
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Morante-Carriel J, Živković S, Nájera H, Sellés-Marchart S, Martínez-Márquez A, Martínez-Esteso MJ, Obrebska A, Samper-Herrero A, Bru-Martínez R. Prenylated Flavonoids of the Moraceae Family: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1211. [PMID: 38732426 PMCID: PMC11085352 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids (PFs) are natural flavonoids with a prenylated side chain attached to the flavonoid skeleton. They have great potential for biological activities such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, enzyme inhibition, and anti-Alzheimer's effects. Medicinal chemists have recently paid increasing attention to PFs, which have become vital for developing new therapeutic agents. PFs have quickly developed through isolation and semi- or full synthesis, proving their high value in medicinal chemistry research. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress of PFs, including natural PFs from the Moraceae family and their pharmacological activities. This information provides a basis for the selective design and optimization of multifunctional PF derivatives to treat multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Morante-Carriel
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
- Plant Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences, Quevedo State Technical University, Av. Quito km. 1 1/2 vía a Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Quevedo 120501, Ecuador
| | - Suzana Živković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Hugo Nájera
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Colonia Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, Alcaldía Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05348, Mexico
| | - Susana Sellés-Marchart
- Research Technical Facility, Proteomics and Genomics Division, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ascensión Martínez-Márquez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
| | - María José Martínez-Esteso
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
| | - Anna Obrebska
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
| | - Antonio Samper-Herrero
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
| | - Roque Bru-Martínez
- Plant Proteomics and Functional Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (H.N.); (M.J.M.-E.); (A.O.); (A.S.-H.); (R.B.-M.)
- Multidisciplinary Institute for the Study of the Environment (IMEM), University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Hegazi NM, Mohamed TA, Salama A, Hamed AR, Saad HH, Saleh IA, Reda EH, Elsayed AAA, Ibrahim MAA, Paré PW, Efferth T, Hegazy MEF. Molecular networking-guided investigation of the secondary metabolome of four Morus species and their in vivo neuroprotective potential for the mitigation of Alzheimer's disease. Food Funct 2024; 15:4354-4364. [PMID: 38533683 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a fatal age-related neurodegenerative condition with a multifactorial etiology contributing to 70% of dementia globally. The search for a multi-target agent to hit different targets involved in the pathogenesis of AD is crucial. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of four Morus extracts were assessed in LPS-induced AD in mice. Among the studied species, M. macroura exhibited a profound effect on alleviating the loss of cognitive function, improved the learning ability, restored the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) levels to normal, and significantly reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) brain content in LPS-treated mice. To investigate the secondary metabolome of the studied Morus species, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS), aided with feature-based molecular networking, was employed. Among the annotated features, aryl benzofurans and prenylated flavonoids were suggested as being responsible for the observed neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, some of the detected metabolites were proposed as new natural products such as moranoline di-O-hexoside (1), isomers of trimethoxy-dihydrochalcone-O-dihexoside (59 & 76), (hydroxy-dimethoxyphenyl)butenone-O-hexoside (82), and O-methylpreglabridin-O-sulphate (105). In conclusion, our findings advocate the potential usage of M. macroura leaves for the management of AD, yet after considering further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine M Hegazi
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Tarik A Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Salama
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Hamada H Saad
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim A Saleh
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Eman H Reda
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Elsayed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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Cheng Z, Han T, Yao J, Wang K, Dong X, Yu F, Huang H, Han M, Liao Q, He S, Lyu W, Li Q. Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3β for Alzheimer's disease: Recent advances and future Prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116065. [PMID: 38160617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Senile plaques induced by β-amyloid (Aβ) abnormal aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) caused by tau hyperphosphorylation are important pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a conserved kinase; one member GSK-3β is highly expressed in the AD brain and involved in the formation of NFT. Hence, pharmacologically inhibiting GSK-3β activity and expression is a good approach to treat AD. As summarized in this article, multiple GSK-3β inhibitors has been comprehensively summarized over recent five years. However, only lithium carbonate and Tideglusib have been studied in clinical trials of AD. Besides ATP-competitive and non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, peptide inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors and other types of inhibitors have gradually attracted more interest. Moreover, considering the close relationship between GSK-3β and other targets involved in cholinergic hypothesis, Aβ aggregation hypothesis, tau hyperphosphorylation hypothesis, oxidative stress hypothesis, neuro-inflammation hypothesis, etc., diverse multifunctional molecules and multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) have also been disclosed. We hope that these recent advances and critical perspectives will facilitate the discovery of safe and effective GSK-3β inhibitors for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyue Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtong Yao
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglin Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Cui X, Huang Z, Deng S, Zhang Y, Li G, Wang L, Deng Y, Wu C. Benzofuran Derivatives from Cortex Mori Radicis and Their Cholinesterase-Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:315. [PMID: 38257228 PMCID: PMC10820097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of Cortex Mori Radicis led to the isolation and identification of a new prenylated benzofuranone (1) and four ring-opening derivatives (2-5) named albaphenol A-E, as well as nigranol A (6), together with ten 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives (7-16). The characterization of the structures of the new compounds and the structural revision of nigranol A (6) were conducted using the comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data (1D/2D NMR, HRESIMS, CD, and XRD). Compounds 1-16 were tested for their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Compounds 1 and 4 showed weak BChE-inhibitory activity (IC50 45.5 and 61.0 μM); six 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives showed more-potent BChE-inhibitory activity (IC50 2.5-32.8 μM) than the positive control galantamine (IC50 35.3 μM), while being inactive or weakly inhibitory toward AChE. Cathafuran C (14) exhibited the most potent and selective inhibitory activity against BChE in a competitive manner, with a Ki value of 1.7 μM. The structure-activity relationships of the benzofuran-type stilbenes were discussed. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamic simulations were performed to clarify the interactions of the inhibitor-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zehong Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
| | - Shanshan Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
| | - Guoyin Li
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
| | - Lining Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanru Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Changjing Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China; (X.C.)
- Field Observation and Research Station of Green Agriculture in Dancheng County, Zhoukou 466001, China
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Tripathy B, Sahoo N, Sahoo SK. Antidiabetic Effect of Standardized Chrysanthemum rubellum Hydroethanolic Extract by Targeting α-Glucosidase and the PTP-1B Signaling Pathway for Alleviating Diabetes in Experimental Model. J Pharmacopuncture 2023; 26:319-326. [PMID: 38162472 PMCID: PMC10739470 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2023.26.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study's goal was to find out whether Chrysanthemum rubellum extract has anti-diabetic properties by concentrating on α-glucosidase and the PTP-1B signaling pathway. C. rubellum flowers were used for extraction using Methanol/water (80/20) as solvent. Methods LC-MS techniques was used to check the presence of phytoconstituents present in C. rubellum extract. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and PTP-1B signaling pathway. On Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats with diabetes, the in vivo antidiabetic efficacy was assessed using a test for oral glucose tolerance. Results The phytoconstituents identified in the extract of C. rubellum were apigenin, diosmin, myricetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-glucoside, and Quercitrin as compound 1-6, respectively. Results showed that diosmin exhibited highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity i.e. 90.39%. The protein level of PTP-1B was lowered and the insulin signalling activity was directly increased by compounds 1-6. The maximum blood glucose levels were seen in all groups' OGTT findings at 30 minutes following glucose delivery, followed by gradual drops. In comparison to the control group, the extract's glucose levels were 141 mg/dL at 30 minutes before falling to 104 mg/dL after 120 minutes. The current study has demonstrated, in summary, that extract with phytoconstituents reduce blood sugar levels in rats. Conclusion This finding suggests that extract may reduce the chance of insulin resistance and shield against disorders like hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichitrananda Tripathy
- Department of Pharmacy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
| | - Nityananda Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
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Li Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Liu A, Zhu W, Zhang J, Yang B. Integrative Omic Analysis Reveals the Dynamic Change in Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Morus alba under Different Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3265. [PMID: 37765429 PMCID: PMC10537046 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Morus alba is used as a traditional Chinese medicine due to its various biological activities. Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important pathways in Morus alba to produce secondary metabolites and response to stress. From the general phenylpropanoid pathway, there are two metabolic branches in M. alba, including flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis, which also play roles in response to stress. However, the dynamic changes between flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis under Botrytis cinerea infection and UV-B stress in M. alba were unclear. To explore the different regulation mode of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis in M. alba leaves' response to biotic and abiotic stress, a combined proteomic and metabolomic study of M. alba leaves under UV-B stress and B. cinerea infection was performed. The results showed that most of the proteins involved in the lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were increased under either UV-B stress or B. cinerea infection in M. alba. This was also confirmed by enzyme assays and metabolomics analysis. Additionally, the abundance of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid was increased after B. cinerea infection. This suggests that both flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis participate in the responses to abiotic and biotic stress in M. alba, but they might be regulated by different hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohan Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Preparations, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Amin Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Preparations, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Changshu Qiushi Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215500, China;
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (A.L.)
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Luo SY, Zhu JY, Zou MF, Yin S, Tang GH. Mulberry Diels-Alder-type adducts: isolation, structure, bioactivity, and synthesis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:31. [PMID: 36050566 PMCID: PMC9436459 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry Diels-Alder-type adducts (MDAAs) are unique phenolic natural products biosynthetically derived from the intermolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of dienophiles (mainly chalcones) and dehydroprenylphenol dienes, which are exclusively distributed in moraceous plants. A total of 166 MDAAs with diverse skeletons have been isolated and identified since 1980. Structurally, the classic MDAAs characterized by the chalcone-skeleton dienophiles can be divided into eight groups (Types A - H), while others with non-chalcone dienophiles or some variations of classic MDAAs are non-classic MDAAs (Type I). These compounds have attracted significant attention of natural products and synthetic chemists due to their complex architectures, remarkable biological activities, and synthetic challenges. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the structural properties, bioactivities, and syntheses of MDAAs. Cited references were collected between 1980 and 2021 from the SciFinder, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Feng Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of traditional chinese medicinal herbs as inhibitors of BACE1 and AChE enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113576. [PMID: 36007279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly population. At present, most drugs for AD on the market are single-target drugs, which have achieved certain success in the treatment of AD. However, the efficacy and safety of single-target drugs have not achieved the expected results because AD is a multifactorial disease. Multi-targeted drugs act on multiple factors of the disease network to improve efficacy and reduce adverse reactions. Therefore, the search for effective dual-target or even multi-target drugs has become a new research trend. Many of results found that the dual-target inhibitors of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) found from traditional Chinese medicine have a good inhibitory effect on AD with fewer side effects. This article reviews sixty-six compounds extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs, which have inhibitory activity on BACE1 and AChE. This provides a theoretical basis for the further development of these compounds as dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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11
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Zhao X, Qiu Z, Ma Z, Liu Y, Ren X, Yu X, Sun L, Wang M. Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of the Root Bark of Morus alba L. Based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting and Chemometric Analyses. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200362. [PMID: 35924830 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The quality of the root bark of Morus alba L. (SBP) herbs currently circulating in the market is variable. In order to ensure clinical effectiveness, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting method combined with chemical pattern recognition should be established to control the quality of SBP herbs. The differences of 23 batches of SBP were analyzed by exploratory cluster analysis based on shared fingerprint peak data, and the results indicated that the processing method to remove the cork layer from SBP materials is an important influencing factor on SBP quality. Principal component analysis indicated that SBP samples with the cork layer removed can be clearly distinguished from samples without cork layer removal. The potential chemical markers (kuwanon G, morusin and oxyresveratrol) were screened by partial least squares discriminant analysis. Finally, the contents of the main components were determined, indicating that the processing method of SBP materials can affect content of bioactive ingredients and that cork layer removal leads to a more uniform chemometric profile. The HPLC-based chemometrics approach described here will support the development of quality standards in SBP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Ziying Qiu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Zicheng Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Tianjin traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece factory Co., Ltd, Tianjin traditional Chinese medicine decoction piece factory Co., Ltd, No. 278, Xiqing Road, Xiqing District, Tianijn, CHINA
| | - Lili Sun
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, Tianjin, 301617, Tianjin, CHINA
| | - Meng Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, CHINA
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12
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Wang L, Huang Z, Guo X, Liu J, Dong J, Xu X. Diastereodivergent synthesis of chromeno[2,3- b]chromenes by tuning all of the reactivity centers of isocyanoacetate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6433-6436. [PMID: 35545968 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel diastereodivergent tricyclization of isocyanoacetates with o-quinone methides was accomplished for the efficient synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]chromene derivatives. All three reactive centers of isocyanoacetate reacted sequentially with two o-QMs, affording the products with four adjacent stereocenters in a diastereoselective manner. The asymmetric version was preliminarily investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Zitong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Jinhuan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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13
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Memete AR, Timar AV, Vuscan AN, Miere (Groza) F, Venter AC, Vicas SI. Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020152. [PMID: 35050040 PMCID: PMC8777750 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mulberry has acquired a special importance due to its phytochemical composition and its beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory effects. Botanical parts of Morus sp. (fruits, leaves, twigs, roots) are considered a rich source of secondary metabolites. The aim of our study was to highlight the phytochemical profile of each of the botanical parts of Morus tree, their health benefits and applications in food industry with an updated review of literature. Black and white mulberries are characterized in terms of predominant phenolic compounds in correlation with their medical applications. In addition to anthocyanins (mainly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), black mulberry fruits also contain flavonols and phenolic acids. The leaves are a rich source of flavonols, including quercetin and kaempferol in the glycosylated forms and chlorogenic acid as predominant phenolic acids. Mulberry bark roots and twigs are a source of prenylated flavonoids, predominantly morusin. In this context, the exploitation of mulberry in food industry is reviewed in this paper, in terms of developing novel, functional food with multiple health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramona Memete
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Adrian Nicolae Vuscan
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Florina Miere (Groza)
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Alina Cristiana Venter
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.); (A.C.V.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Kim JK, Heo HY, Park S, Kim H, Oh JJ, Sohn EH, Jung SH, Lee K. Characterization of Phenethyl Cinnamamide Compounds from Hemp Seed and Determination of Their Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31945-31954. [PMID: 34870017 PMCID: PMC8637947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is induced by the overactivation of tyrosinase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. The defatted extract of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed is known to have inhibitory effects on melanogenesis; however, effective compounds in the extract have not been identified yet. In this study, three phenethyl cinnamamides present in hemp seed extract were prepared by purification and chemical synthesis and were assessed for their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. A comparison of the anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activity of hemp seed solvent fractions revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the greatest potential for suppressing melanogenesis in melanoma cells by decreasing tyrosinase activity. We tentatively identified 26 compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction by comparing spectroscopic data with the literature. Three phenethyl cinnamamides such as N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, and N-trans-feruloyltyramine present abundantly in the ethyl acetate fraction were prepared and their anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activities in melanoma cells were evaluated. We found that N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine inhibited alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis without cytotoxicity, while N-trans-coumaroyltyramine inhibited melanogenesis with cytotoxicity. IC50 values of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine for inhibition of α-MSH-mediated tyrosinase activation were 0.8, 20.2, and 6.3 μM, respectively. Overall, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine possessed the strongest anti-melanogenesis activity among the three phenethyl cinnamamides evaluated. The inhibitory effect of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine was verified by determining the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanoma after treating the cells with synthetic compounds. Thus, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine isolated from hemp seed extract could be useful in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwon Kim
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Heo
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon
Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Haheon Kim
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ju Oh
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Sohn
- Department
of Herbal Medicine Resource, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Research
Institute, K-medichem Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department
of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Research
Institute, K-medichem Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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15
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UPLC-MS/MS Profiling, Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, Cholinesterase Inhibitory, and Cardiovascular Protection Potentials of Jialing 20 ( Morus multicaulis Perr.) Mulberry Branch Extract. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112659. [PMID: 34828948 PMCID: PMC8617631 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a by-product in the sericulture industry, mulberry branches are not currently utilized effectively. Jialing 20 is an artificial triploids mulberry that widely cultivated in southwest China. In this study, the chemical composition of the Jialing 20 mulberry branch extract (MBE) was first analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and 42 components, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and coumarins, were obtained. Then, the antioxidant activities, hypoglycemic effect, Alzheimer’s disease inhibition, and cardiovascular protection of MBE were also evaluated in vitro. The IC50 values for the scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals were, respectively, 31.23 ± 0.57 μg/mL and 8.88 ± 0.36 μg/mL (IC50 values of positive Vc were, respectively, 4.41 ± 0.19 μg/mL and 8.79 ± 0.41 μg/mL). The IC50 value for inhibiting α-glucosidase was 1.90 ± 0.05 μg/mL (IC50 value of positive acarbose was 0.03 μg/mL). The IC50 values for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were, respectively, 179.47 ± 0.38 μg/mL and 101.82 ± 3.37 μg/mL (IC50 values of positive berberine were, respectively, 1.27 ± 0.03 μg/mL and 57.41 ± 0.21 μg/mL). MBE (10 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL) significantly increased the survival rate of oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (ox-LDL) induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and significantly decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that the extracts of Jialing 20 mulberry branches could be used as a functional food additive.
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16
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Shi S, Li J, Zhao X, Liu Q, Song SJ. A comprehensive review: Biological activity, modification and synthetic methodologies of prenylated flavonoids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112895. [PMID: 34403885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated flavonoids, a unique class of flavonoids which combine a flavonoid skeleton and a lipophilic prenyl side-chain, possess great potential biological activities including cytotoxicity, anti-inflammation, anti-Alzheimer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetes, estrogenic, vasorelaxant and enzyme inhibition. Recently, prenylated flavonoids have become an indispensable anchor for the development of new therapeutic agents, and have received increasing from medicinal chemists. The prenylated flavonoids have been outstanding developed through isolation, semi or fully synthesis in a very short period of time, which proves the great value in medicinal chemistry researches. In this review, research progress of prenylated flavonoids including natural prenylated flavonoids, structural modification, synthetic methodologies and pharmacological activities was summarized comprehensively. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of prenylated flavonoids were summarized which provided a basis for the selective design and optimization of multifunctional prenylated flavonoid derivatives for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jichong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Jilin Yizheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jilin Province, Siping, 136001, China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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17
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Chang BY, Koo BS, Kim SY. Pharmacological Activities for Morus alba L., Focusing on the Immunostimulatory Property from the Fruit Aqueous Extract. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081966. [PMID: 34441742 PMCID: PMC8393821 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the extraction method, numerous compounds that have specific pharmacological effects can be obtained from M. alba L. There is a growing scientific interest in health problems related to aging. Efforts to develop safe immune-enhancing pharmaceuticals are increasing. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the immunity enhancement effects and pharmaceutical efficacy of M. alba L. extracts. The scientific database search was conducted using Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed until May 2021. Additional articles were identified and obtained from references in the retrieved articles. Ethanol or methanol extraction of various parts of M. alba L. identified a large amount of phenols and flavonoids, which are effective for immunosuppression, antioxidants, and cardiovascular diseases, and are antibacterial, and anticancer. Water extraction of M. alba L. enhanced the innate immune response based on immune cell activation. A polysaccharide and an alkaloid related to increased macrophage activity were isolated from M. alba L. fruit extracts. M. alba L. fruit water extracts primarily induced the production of pro-inflammatory substances, in model organisms, via TLR4 in immune cells. Water extracts have been shown to be effective in pathogen defense and tumor suppression by enhancing macrophage activity. Based on our literature review on the bioactivity of M. alba L. fruit extracts, particularly in relation to their immunity enhancement activity, we anticipate that M. alba-derived pharmaceuticals will have excellent potential in future medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yoon Chang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Bong-Seong Koo
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 08592, Korea;
| | - Sung-Yeon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6806
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18
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Lee S, Ryu H, Whang W. Development of Simultaneous Analysis Method for Multi-Compounds Content of New Shilajit Using HPLC-UV and the Cognitive Enhancing Effect: Mongolian Shilajit. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shilajit has a longstanding use as an anti-aging and memory enhancing drug. It is known to have excellent anti-bacterial effects and is believed to be effective for cognitive enhancement, but is difficult to standardize because of the lack of quality control standards. This study, for the first time, proposes a quality control standard using a simultaneous analytical method for the drug’s multi-compound content using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) as an aid for the internationalization of Mongolian Shilajit. Phenolic compounds 1-6 were isolated from Mongolian Shilajit extract using bioassay-guided isolation, and the isolated compounds were evaluated for cognitive-related anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD) activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation assays. The isolated compounds showed good effects for each activity. In addition, the isolated compounds were successfully quantified using a validated quantitative HPLC analysis method. As a result, the isolated compounds were suggested as standard marker compounds for Mongolian Shilajit. Also, we proved that the original material of Mongolian Shilajit is a lichen named Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyel.) Hale using HPLC-UV, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/hybrid linear trap-quadruple-orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/LTQ-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- SukJin Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSung Ryu
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - WanKyunn Whang
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
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19
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20
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Potential therapeutic natural products against Alzheimer's disease with Reference of Acetylcholinesterase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111609. [PMID: 33915501 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the most common type of dementia primarily affecting the later years of life. Its prevalence is likely to increase in any aging population and will be a major burden on healthcare system by the mid of the century. Despite scientific and technological breakthroughs in the last 50 years, that have expanded our understanding of the disease on a system, cellular and molecular level, therapies that could stop or slow the progression of the disease are still unavailable. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has approved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, tacrine and rivastigmine) and glutamate receptor antagonist (memantine) for the treatment of AD. In this review we summarize the studies reporting phytocompounds and extracts from medicinal plants that show AChE inhibitory activities and could be of potential benefit in AD. Future research directions are suggested and recommendations made to expand the use of medicinal plants and their formulations to prevent, mitigate and treat AD.
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21
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Gan WJ, Gao CL, Zhang WQ, Gu JL, Zhao TT, Guo HL, Zhou H, Xu Y, Yu LL, Li LF, Gui DK, Xu YH. Kuwanon G protects HT22 cells from advanced glycation end product-induced damage. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:425. [PMID: 33747164 PMCID: PMC7967837 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetic encephalopathy is increasing as the population ages. Evidence suggests that formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) plays a pivotal role in disease progression, but limited research has been carried out in this area. A previous study demonstrated that Kuwanon G (KWG) had significant anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties. As AGEs are oxidative products and inflammation is involved in their generation it is hypothesized that KWG may have effects against AGE-induced neuronal damage. In the present study, mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 was used. KWG was shown to significantly inhibit AGE-induced cell apoptosis in comparison with a control treatment, as determined by both MTT and flow cytometry. Compared with the AGEs group, expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was reduced and expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased in the AGEs + KWG group. Both intracellular and extracellular levels of acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase were significantly elevated after KWG administration in comparison with controls whilethe level of acetylcholinesterase decreased. These changes in protein expression were accompanied by increased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase synthesis and reduced production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Intracellular signaling pathway protein levels were determined by western blot and immunocytochemistry. KWG administration was found to prevent AGE-induced changes to the phosphorylation levels of Akt, IκB-α, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-α and β, p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 suggesting a potential neuroprotective effect of KWG against AGE-induced damage was via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3αβ signaling pathway. The findings of the present study suggest that KWG may be a potential treatment for diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Gan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Lin Gao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 510500, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ling Gu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Heng-Li Guo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 510500, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Yu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Li-Fang Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Kun Gui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - You-Hua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, P.R. China
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Tam DNH, Nam NH, Elhady MT, Tran L, Hassan OG, Sadik M, Tien PTM, Elshafei GA, Huy NT. Effects of Mulberry on The Central Nervous System: A Literature Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 19:193-219. [PMID: 32379591 PMCID: PMC8033976 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200507081531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mulberry, including several species belonging to genus Morus, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Extracts and active components of mulberry have many positive neurological and biological effects and can become potential candidates in the search for new drugs for neurological disorders. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the medical literature for evidence of mulberry effects on the central nervous system. Methods We conducted a systematic search in nine databases. We included all in vivo studies investigating the effect of mulberry on the central nervous system with no restrictions. Results We finally included 47 articles for quality synthesis. Our findings showed that mulberry and its components possessed an antioxidant effect, showed a reduction in the cerebral infarct volume after stroke. They also improved the cognitive function, learning process, and reduced memory impairment in many animal models. M. alba and its extracts ameliorated Parkinson's disease-like behaviors, limited the complications of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system, possessed anti-convulsant, anti-depressive, and anxiolytic effects. Conclusion Mulberry species proved beneficial to many neurological functions in animal models. The active ingredients of each species, especially M. alba, should be deeper studied for screening potential candidates for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Department of General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Mohamed Sadik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
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Phan TN, Kim O, Ha MT, Hwangbo C, Min BS, Lee JH. Albanol B from Mulberries Exerts Anti-Cancer Effect through Mitochondria ROS Production in Lung Cancer Cells and Suppresses In Vivo Tumor Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249502. [PMID: 33327489 PMCID: PMC7764986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Albanol B (ABN-B), an arylbenzofuran derivative isolated from mulberries, has been shown to have anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of this compound against lung cancer cells. The results show that ABN-B inhibited the proliferation of four human lung cancer cell lines (A549, BZR, H1975, and H226) and induced apoptosis, based on the cleavage of caspase-7 and PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2. ABN-B also induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M by down-regulating the expression of CKD1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) and cyclin B1, but up-regulating p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1) expression. Notably, ABN-B increased the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, treatment with mito-TEMPO (a specific mitochondrial antioxidant) blocked ABN-B-induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis, as well as the up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of CDK1 and cyclin B1 induced by ABN-B. At the molecular level, ABN-B-induced mitochondrial ROS production increased the phosphorylation levels of AKT (protein kinase B) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), while the inhibition of these kinases blocked the ABN-B-induced up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of CDK1 and cyclin B1. Moreover, ABN-B significantly suppressed tumor growth in Ex-3LL (Lewis lung carcinoma) tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, these results suggest that ABN-B can exert an anti-cancer effect by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M through mitochondrial ROS production in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nam Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24414, Korea; (T.N.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Okwha Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24414, Korea; (T.N.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Manh Tuan Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea; (M.T.H.); (B.-S.M.)
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea; (M.T.H.); (B.-S.M.)
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24414, Korea; (T.N.P.); (O.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8519; Fax: +82-33-259-5664
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Kim HH, Kim JK, Kim J, Jung SH, Lee K. Characterization of Caffeoylquinic Acids from Lepisorus thunbergianus and Their Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30946-30955. [PMID: 33324802 PMCID: PMC7726789 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation resulting from the overactivation of tyrosinase leads to darker spots or patches on the human skin. Although these phenomena are harmless, there is still great demand for melanogenesis inhibitors to prevent hyperpigmentation by inhibiting the tyrosinase, a rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. Although Lepisorus thunbergianus has been used in folk remedies as a diuretic and hemostatic agent, its effect on melanogenesis has not yet been reported. In this study, we prepared an L. thunbergianus extract and its solvent fractions and evaluated their biological activity against free radical and melanin synthesis. The extract of L. thunbergianus inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity more efficiently than, and with similar antioxidant activity to, arbutin in vitro. Comparative evaluation of the anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activity of L. thunbergianus solvent fractions demonstrated that, by inhibiting tyrosinase activity, the butanol fraction has the highest potential for the inhibition of melanogenesis in melanoma cells. We found by structural analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and NMR spectroscopy that the major compounds in butanol fraction were three caffeoylquinic acid derivatives. The three derivatives had similar radical scavenging and anti-tyrosinase activities in vitro, while only 5-caffeoylquinic acid had an inhibitory effect on α-MSH-induced melanogenesis. The inhibitory effect of 5-caffeoylquinic acid was verified by the determination of the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanoma after treating the cells with a commercial compound. Further, we revealed that 5-caffeoylquinic acid inhibited melanogenesis by chelating a copper cation from a copper-tyrosinase complex. Thus, 5-caffeoylquinic acid or butanol fraction isolated from L. thunbergianus might be useful in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Hyun Kim
- Department of Bio-Health
Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwon Kim
- Department of Bio-Health
Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Bio-Health
Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Bio-Health
Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health
Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Ha MT, Shrestha S, Tran TH, Kim JA, Woo MH, Choi JS, Min BS. Inhibition of PTP1B by farnesylated 2-arylbenzofurans isolated from Morus alba root bark: unraveling the mechanism of inhibition based on in vitro and in silico studies. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:961-975. [PMID: 32978714 PMCID: PMC7518952 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives isolated from Morus alba, the farnesylated 2-arylbenzofuran is a rarer constituent. The derivative has been reported to exert anti-obesity effect; however, its inhibitory effect on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has not been investigated. In the previous study, the presence of the farnesyl group in the structure of 2-arylbenzofurans was found to have positive influences on their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. In the present study, we have confirmed the authenticity of the notation based on the PTP1B inhibitory activity of farnesylated 2-arylbenzofurans. Specifically, two farnesylated 2-arylbenzofurans [morusalfurans B (2) and C (3)] showed strong inhibitory effects on PTP1B with IC50 values of 8.92 and 7.26 µM, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the positive controls [sodium orthovanadate (IC50 = 15.10 µM) and ursolic acid (IC50 = 11.34 µM)]. Besides, two 2-arylbenzofurans [morusalfurans A (1) and F (6)], one flavonoid [morusalnol B (9)], and one geranylated stilbene [morusibene A (11)] exhibited PTP1B inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 11.02 to 26.56 µM. Kinetic studies revealed compounds 2, 3, 6, and 11 as mixed type PTP1B inhibitors, while 1 and 9 are known as noncompetitive. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated that these active compounds can bind with the respective catalytic or/and allosteric sites of PTP1B with negative binding energies and the results are in accordance with that of the kinetic studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time, the PTP1B inhibitory activity of eleven compounds (1–11), as well as the mechanism of action underlying the effects on PTP1B enzyme of the active compounds, were investigated. In vitro and in silico results suggest that the farnesylated 2-arylbenzofurans from M. alba may potentially be utilized as an effective treatment therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tuan Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, 38430, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Srijan Shrestha
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thu Huong Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 702-701, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, 38430, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, 48513, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, 38430, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Choi DW, Cho SW, Lee SG, Choi CY. The Beneficial Effects of Morusin, an Isoprene Flavonoid Isolated from the Root Bark of Morus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6541. [PMID: 32906784 PMCID: PMC7554996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The root bark of Morus has long been appreciated as an antiphlogistic, diuretic and expectorant drug in Chinese herbal medicine, albeit with barely known targets and mechanisms of action. In the 1970s, the development of analytic chemistry allowed for the discovery of morusin as one of 7 different isoprene flavonoid derivatives in the root bark of Morus. However, the remarkable antioxidant capacity of morusin with the unexpected potential for health benefits over the other flavonoid derivatives has recently sparked scientific interest in the biochemical identification of target proteins and signaling pathways and further clinical relevance. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the functional roles of morusin in multiple biological processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, metabolism and autophagy. We also highlight recent in vivo and in vitro evidence on the clinical potential of morusin treatment for multiple human pathologies including inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes, cancer and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Sang Woo Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.W.C.)
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science & Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Cheol Yong Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (D.W.C.); (S.W.C.)
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27
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Wang D, Hiebl V, Xu T, Ladurner A, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM. Impact of natural products on the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112444. [PMID: 31805338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In different countries and areas of the world, traditional medicine has been and is still used for the treatment of various disorders, including chest pain or liver complaints, of which we now know that they can be linked with altered lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. As ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role in cholesterol metabolism, its modulation may be one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the experienced benefit of traditional recipes. Intense research activity has been dedicated to the identification of natural products from traditional medicine that regulate ABCA1 expression. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review surveys natural products, originating from ethnopharmacologically used plants, fungi or marine sources, which influence ABCA1 expression, providing a reference for future study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on regulation of ABCA1 expression by natural compounds from traditional medicine was extracted from ancient and modern books, materia medica, and electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ResearchGate). RESULTS More than 60 natural compounds from traditional medicine, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are reported to regulate ABCA1 expression in different in vitro and in vivo models (such as cholesterol efflux and atherosclerotic animal models). These active compounds belong to the classes of polyketides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and others. Several compounds appear very promising in vivo, which need to be further investigated in animal models of diseases related to ABCA1 or in clinical studies. CONCLUSION Natural products from traditional medicine constitute a large promising pool for compounds that regulate ABCA1 expression, and thus may prevent/treat diseases related to cholesterol metabolism, like atherosclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. In many cases, the molecular mechanisms of these natural products remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Verena Hiebl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tao Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland; Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchevstr., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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The structure-activity relationship review of the main bioactive constituents of Morus genus plants. J Nat Med 2020; 74:331-340. [PMID: 31897975 PMCID: PMC7205851 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Morus genus plants are mainly distributed in the temperate to tropical areas over the world and include 17 species and two subspecies. Due to their excellent pharmacological activity, security in food additives and high value in the national economy, Morus genus plants have drawn more and more attention in recent years. In the light of the references published over the last few decades, flavonoids, benzofurans, stilbenes, and Diels–Alder adducts have been reported to be the main bioactive constituents of Morus genus plants. This review summarizes the compounds with excellent bioactivities isolated from Morus genus plants as well as their structure–activity relationships (SARs), which might be useful for the further research and development of Morus genus plants. Graphic abstract ![]()
The aromatic heterocycles with excellent bioactivities isolated from Morus genus plants as well as their structure–activity relationships (SARs) were summarized.
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Hao E, Qin J, Wei W, Miao J, Xie Y, Pan X, Wu H, Xie J, Fan X, Du Z, Hou X, Deng J. Identification and Analysis of Components in Yizhi Granule and Cynomolgus Monkey Plasma after Oral Administration by UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF MS and Their Protective Effects on PC12 Cells. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:5165631. [PMID: 32351755 PMCID: PMC7171651 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Yizhi Granule (YZG) is a health food containing six traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It improves memory barriers in rat experiments. Here, we describe the first fast and sensitive ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF MS) method for analyzing YZG in plasma. We used this technique for studies in cynomolgus monkey plasma. By comparing retention time, MS, and MS/MS data of reference compounds, 70 compounds were detected in YZG. Of these, 63 were identified including 60 saponins, 2 flavones, and 1 methyl ester. There were 33 saponins, 1 flavone, and 1 methyl ester in the plasma. Next, to study the therapeutic properties of YZG, the neuroprotective effect of some of the absorbed components was evaluated using PC12 cell damage caused by the Aβ 25-35 model. The results showed that 9 compounds protect PC12 cells from Aβ 25-35 with cell viability (%) of 111.00 ± 8.12 (G-Rb1), 102.20 ± 4.22 (G-Rb2), 100.34 ± 6.47 (G-Rd), 102.83 ± 2.10 (G-Re), 101.68 ± 7.64 (NG-Fa), 101.19 ± 7.83 (NG-R1), 102.53 ± 0.55 (NG-R2), 106.88 ± 4.95 (gypenoside A), and 103.95 ± 4.11 (gypenoside XLIX), respectively, versus the control group (87.51 ± 6.59). These results can reveal the real pharmacodynamic basis of YZG and provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies. It can also provide some references for the research of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Guangxi Institue of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Jianfeng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Jianhua Miao
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Guangxi Institue of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Xianglong Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Hangxuan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Jinling Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Xiaosu Fan
- Experimental Center of College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zhengcai Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Guangxi Institue of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Guangxi Institue of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Guangxi Institue of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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Abstract
Reports on β-secretase inhibitors of natural origin are listed in order to reveal their chemical diversity. Various types of compounds were found to inhibit β-secretase, and natural resources included a wide spectrum of biological species. Among them, some triterpenes and moracin derivatives, which are nonpeptidic compounds, were determined to be competitive inhibitors. In addition, no peptide compounds were reported from natural resources. These points will be clarified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Novel Diels-Alder Type Adducts from Morus alba Root Bark Targeting Human Monoamine Oxidase and Dopaminergic Receptors for the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246232. [PMID: 31835621 PMCID: PMC6940761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we delineate the human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibitory potential of natural Diels–Alder type adducts, mulberrofuran G (1), kuwanon G (2), and albanol B (3), from Morus alba root bark to characterize their role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and depression, focusing on their ability to modulate dopaminergic receptors (D1R, D2LR, D3R, and D4R). In hMAO-A inhibition, 1–3 showed mild effects (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50): 54‒114 μM). However, 1 displayed moderate inhibition of the hMAO-B isozyme (IC50: 18.14 ± 1.06 μM) followed by mild inhibition by 2 (IC50: 57.71 ± 2.12 μM) and 3 (IC50: 90.59 ± 1.72 μM). Our kinetic study characterized the inhibition mode, and the in silico docking predicted that the moderate inhibitor 1 would have the lowest binding energy. Similarly, cell-based G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) functional assays in vector-transfected cells expressing dopamine (DA) receptors characterized 1–3 as D1R/D2LR antagonists and D3R/D4R agonists. The half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 1–3 on DA D3R/D4R was 15.13/17.19, 20.18/21.05, and 12.63/‒ µM, respectively. Similarly, 1–3 inhibited 50% of the DA response on D1R/D2LR by 6.13/2.41, 16.48/31.22, and 7.16/18.42 µM, respectively. A computational study revealed low binding energy for the test ligands. Interactions with residues Asp110, Val111, Tyr365, and Phe345 at the D3R receptor and Asp115 and His414 at the D4R receptor explain the high agonist effect. Likewise, Asp187 at D1R and Asp114 at D2LR play a crucial role in the antagonist effects of the ligand binding. Our overall results depict 1–3 from M. alba root bark as good inhibitors of hMAO and potent modulators of DA function as D1R/D2LR antagonists and D3R/D4R agonists. These active constituents in M. alba deserve in-depth study for their potential to manage neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), particularly PD and psychosis.
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A Comparative Study on the Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities of Morus alba L. Commercial Samples. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173082. [PMID: 31450672 PMCID: PMC6749595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Morus alba L. (white mulberry) has been commonly used as a functional food and for medicinal purposes. Hence, the aim of the study was to compare the phenolic profile of white mulberry commercial samples in relation to their antioxidant potential and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. It is of interest to determine whether herbal products originating from different commercial sources differ in their phenolic profiles. For this purpose, a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the separation and determination of ten major phenolic compounds. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total phenolic acid contents (TPAC), as well as l(+)-ascorbic acid (ASA) contents, were determined. The antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) scavenging activity and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, while the AChE inhibitory activity was determined by the Ellman assay for water extracts. The study revealed that excluding two herbal products containing fruits and a sample containing leaves of white mulberry, yerba mate and lemon, the remaining samples were generally consistent in terms of phenolic composition as well as antioxidant potential and AChE inhibitory activity. This reflects the health-promoting properties of the samples under study. Moreover, the results showed that the water extracts of white mulberry were richer in phenolic compounds and presented higher antioxidant activity than the hydromethanolic extracts. However, the water extracts showed low inhibitory activity against AChE. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated a high positive relationship between phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in extracts of white mulberry. Overall, the obtained results may be useful in the evaluation of new dietary supplements and food products. The water extracts of white mulberry could be used for antioxidant purposes, while the hydromethanolic extracts could be incorporated in antioxidant formulations.
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Biasutto L, Mattarei A, La Spina M, Azzolini M, Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M. Strategies to target bioactive molecules to subcellular compartments. Focus on natural compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111557. [PMID: 31374419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many potential pharmacological targets are present in multiple subcellular compartments and have different pathophysiological roles depending on location. In these cases, selective targeting of a drug to the relevant subcellular domain(s) may help to sharpen its impact by providing topological specificity, thus limiting side effects, and to concentrate the compound where needed, thus increasing its effectiveness. We review here the state of the art in precision subcellular delivery. The major approaches confer "homing" properties to the active principle via permanent or reversible (in pro-drug fashion) modifications, or through the use of special-design nanoparticles or liposomes to ferry a drug(s) cargo to its desired destination. An assortment of peptides, substituents with delocalized positive charges, custom-blended lipid mixtures, pH- or enzyme-sensitive groups provide the main tools of the trade. Mitochondria, lysosomes and the cell membrane may be mentioned as the fronts on which the most significant advances have been made. Most of the examples presented here have to do with targeting natural compounds - in particular polyphenols, known as pleiotropic agents - to one or the other subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Dept. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina La Spina
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Parrasia
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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You S, Kim GH. Protective effect of Mori Cortex radicis extract against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1893-1900. [PMID: 31130105 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1621154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective effect of an ethanolic extract of Mori Cortex radicis (MCR) against high glucose (HG)-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells. Cell cytotoxicity was examined using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays. To examine the antioxidative effects, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. The expressions of apoptosis-associated proteins were assessed. MCR was found to increase the viabilities of HG-induced PC12 cells and to inhibit ROS and MDA production and to promote antioxidative enzyme activities. Furthermore, MCR reduced apoptosis by upregulating p-Akt and Bcl-2/Bax ratio and reducing cytochrome c level. The main flavonoids in MCR were identified by HPLC to be kuwanon G and morusin. These results suggest the antioxidative effects of MCR protect against HG-induced oxidative stress and that MCR has potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuro-degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon You
- Department of Health Functional Materials, Duksung Women's University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University , Seoul , South Korea
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Paudel P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Ha MT, Min BS, Jung HA, Choi JS. Arylbenzofurans from the Root Bark of Morus alba as Triple Inhibitors of Cholinesterase, β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6283-6294. [PMID: 31459768 PMCID: PMC6649263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) are the three main enzymes responsible for the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main aim of the present study was to delineate and accentuate the triple-inhibitory potential of arylbenzofurans from Morus alba against these enzymes. Overall, the enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated the prominence of mulberrofuran D2 as an inhibitor of AChE, BChE, BACE1, and GSK-3β enzymes with IC50 values of 4.61, 1.51, 0.73, and 6.36 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics revealed different modes of inhibition, and in silico modeling suggested that mulberrofuran D2 inhibited these enzymes with low binding energy through hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and π-cation interactions in the active site cavities. Similarly, in Aβ-aggregation assays, mulberrofuran D2 inhibited self-induced and AChE-induced Aβ aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner that was superior to reference drugs. These results suggest that arylbenzofurans from M. alba, especially mulberrofuran D2, are triple inhibitors of cholinesterase, BACE1, and GSK-3β and may represent a novel class of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paudel
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Manh Tuan Ha
- College
of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College
of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department
of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk
National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- E-mail: . Tel: +82-63-270-4882 (H.A.J.)
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department
of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National
University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- E-mail: . Tel: +82-51-629-5845 (J.S.C.)
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Dos Santos TC, Gomes TM, Pinto BAS, Camara AL, Paes AMDA. Naturally Occurring Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Their Potential Use for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1192. [PMID: 30405413 PMCID: PMC6201143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a main cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75% of all dementia cases. Pathophysiological processes described for AD progression involve neurons and synapses degeneration, mainly characterized by cholinergic impairment. This feature makes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEi) the main class of drugs currently used for the treatment of AD dementia phase, among which galantamine is the only naturally occurring substance. However, several plant species producing diverse classes of alkaloids, coumarins, terpenes, and polyphenols have been assessed for their anti-AChE activity, becoming potential candidates for new anti-AD drugs. Therefore, this mini-review aimed to recapitulate last decade studies on the anti-AChE activity of plant species, their respective extracts, as well as isolated compounds. The anti-AChE activity of extracts prepared from 54 plant species pertaining 29 families, as well as 36 isolated compounds were classified and discussed according to their anti-AChE pharmacological potency to highlight the most prominent ones. Besides, relevant limitations, such as proper antioxidant assessment, and scarcity of toxicological and clinical studies were also discussed in order to help researchers out with the bioprospection of potentially new AChEi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane Coelho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Thaís Mota Gomes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Adriana Leandro Camara
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Health Sciences Graduate Program, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Identification of Anti-Melanogenesis Constituents from Morus alba L. Leaves. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102559. [PMID: 30297610 PMCID: PMC6222840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The individual parts of Morus alba L. including root bark, branches, leaves, and fruits are used as a cosmetic ingredient in many Asian countries. This study identified several anti-melanogenesis constituents in a 70% ethanol extract of M. alba leaves. The ethyl acetate fraction of the initial ethanol extract decreased the activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the synthetic pathway of melanin. Twelve compounds were isolated from this fraction and their structures were identified based on spectroscopic spectra. Then, the authors investigated the anti-melanogenesis effects of the isolated compounds in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Compounds 3 and 8 significantly inhibited not only melanin production but also intracellular tyrosinase activity in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16-F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These same compounds also inhibited melanogenesis-related protein expression such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). Compound 3 modulated the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and p38 signaling pathways in α-MSH-activated B16-F10 melanoma cells, which resulted in the anti-melanogenesis effects. These results suggest that compound 3, isolated from M. alba leaves, could be used to inhibit melanin production via the regulation of melanogenesis-related protein expression.
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Seong SH, Ha MT, Min BS, Jung HA, Choi JS. Moracin derivatives from Morus Radix as dual BACE1 and cholinesterase inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities. Life Sci 2018; 210:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang YB, Xie JQ, Liu W, Zhang RZ, Huang SH, Xing YH. BACE1 gene silencing alleviates isoflurane anesthesia‑induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction in immature rats by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4259-4270. [PMID: 30221701 PMCID: PMC6172366 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe complication characterized by cognitive dysfunction following anesthesia and surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) gene silencing on isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD in immature rats via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Rat models were established and then transfected with BACE1 small interfering RNA and wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI3K). Blood gas analysis was performed, and a series of behavioral experiments were conducted to evaluate the cognitive function, learning ability and locomotor activity of rats. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were employed to determine the mRNA and protein expression of the associated genes. An ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory indicators and the content of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid-β (Aβ). Apoptosis of the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Initially, it was revealed that the percentage of stagnation time in rats was increased by BACE1 gene silencing; the escape latency and swimming distance were markedly reduced from the 4th to the 6th day, the time the rats spent in first passing the target area was shortened, and the times of passing the target area were increased by BACE1 gene silencing, demonstrating that BACE1 gene silencing enhanced the spatial memory ability of rats. Additionally, it was determined that silencing BACE1 improved the pathological state induced by isoflurane anesthesia in immature rats, and attenuated the inflammatory response and the levels of APP and Aβ in hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, it was suggested that silencing BACE1 may have promoted the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of the hippocampal CA1 region. Taken together, these results indicated that BACE1 gene silencing may improve isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD in immature rats by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibiting the Aβ generated by APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Qin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Basavan D, Chalichem NSS, Kumar MKS. Phytoconstituents and their Possible Mechanistic Profile for Alzheimer's Disease - A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:263-291. [PMID: 30101703 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180813095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an associated part of life without which livelihood of a human being becomes miserable. As the global aged population is increasing tremendously, time has come to concentrate on tail end life stage diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases whose origin is enigmatic, having an impact on later stage of life drastically due to irreparable damage of cognition, characterised by the presence of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyper phosphorylated Tau protein as fibrillary tangles. Existing therapeutic regimen mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by targeting neurotransmitters that are secondary to AD pathology. Plant derived licensed drugs, Galantamine and Huperzine-A were studied extensively due to their AChE inhibitory action for mild to moderate cases of AD. Although many studies have proved the efficacy of AChEIs as a preferable symptom reliever, they cannot offer long term protection. The future generation drugs of AD is expected to alter various factors that underlie the disease course with a symptomatic benefit promise. As AD involves complex pathology, it is essential to consider several molecular divergent factors apart from the events that result in the production of toxic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Even though several herbals have shown neuroprotective actions, we have mentioned about the phytoconstituents that have been tested experimentally against different Alzheimer's pathology models. These phytoconstituents need to be considered by the researchers for further drug development process to make them viable clinically, which is currently a lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Nehru S S Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Mohan K S Kumar
- TIFAC CORE Herbal drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), ooty-643001, India
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Dhanyalakshmi KH, Nataraja KN. Mulberry (Morus spp.) has the features to treat as a potential perennial model system. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1491267. [PMID: 30047827 PMCID: PMC6149411 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1491267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp.), a commercially exploited tree species as the host of monophagous pest silk worm (Bombyx mori), belongs to the family Moraceae. The domesticated tree has diverse beneficial characters such as traits associated with rapid growth and biomass production, plant insect/microbe interaction, abiotic stress tolerance and the traits associated with nutritional and medicinal values; some of which have been exploited. Draft genome of Morus notabilis has been sequenced and a large volume of transcriptome and genomic resources have been generated. In this review an attempt has been made to examine the options for considering mulberry as another tree model system to study unique traits associated with perennial systems. The diverse traits and features in mulberry suggest that the system can be a "comprehensive trait integrated tree system" quite different from other model tree systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Dhanyalakshmi
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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Koirala P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Shrestha S, Jung HA, Choi JS. Structure⁻Activity Relationship of the Tyrosinase Inhibitors Kuwanon G, Mulberrofuran G, and Albanol B from Morus Species: A Kinetics and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061413. [PMID: 29891812 PMCID: PMC6099663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kuwanon G (KG) and benzofuran flavonoids such as mulberrofuran G (MG) and albanol B (AB) isolated from Morus sp. are reported to exhibit anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-inflammatory, fungicidal, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-tyrosinase properties. We investigated the inhibition of mono- and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase by KG, MG, and AB. KG and MG displayed acceptable inhibition activity compared to kojic acid. AB did not show any activity up to 350 µM. MG displayed six-fold higher inhibition of l-tyrosine oxidation (IC50 = 6.35 ± 0.45 µM) compared to kojic acid (IC50 = 36.0 µM). Kinetic studies revealed that KG and MG inhibited monophenolase activity of tyrosinase in a competitive manner. Docking simulations of KG and MG demonstrated favorable binding energies with amino acid residues of the active sites of tyrosinase. Our investigation of the structure-activity relationship of the fused benzofuran flavonoids (MG vs. AB) implicated the methyl cyclohexene ring moiety in tyrosinase inhibition. The enzyme substrate and relative structural analyses demonstrated that KG and MG from Morus sp. could be useful natural tyrosinase inhibitors in foods or cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Srijan Shrestha
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition and Glucose Uptake Potentials of Mulberrofuran G, Albanol B, and Kuwanon G from Root Bark of Morus alba L. in Insulin-Resistant HepG2 Cells: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051542. [PMID: 29786669 PMCID: PMC5983811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and has become a major health problem across the world. The root bark of Morus alba L. is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment and management of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the enzyme inhibitory potentials of three principle components, mulberrofuran G (1), albanol B (2), and kuwanon G (3) in M. alba root bark against diabetes, establish their enzyme kinetics, carry out a molecular docking simulation, and demonstrate the glucose uptake activity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Compounds 1–3 showed potent mixed-type enzyme inhibition against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase. In particular, molecular docking simulations of 1–3 demonstrated negative binding energies in both enzymes. Moreover, 1–3 were non-toxic up to 5 µM concentration in HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose uptake significantly and decreased PTP1B expression in a dose-dependent manner in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Our overall results depict 1–3 from M. alba root bark as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as insulin sensitizers. These active constituents in M. alba may potentially be utilized as an effective treatment for T2DM.
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Kuwanon G attenuates atherosclerosis by upregulation of LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 and inhibition of NFκB activity in macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 341:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lee YK, Bang HJ, Oh JB, Whang WK. Bioassay-Guided Isolated Compounds from Morinda officinalis Inhibit Alzheimer's Disease Pathologies. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101638. [PMID: 28961196 PMCID: PMC6151407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the side effects of synthetic drugs, the therapeutic potential of natural products for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has gained interest. Morinda officinalis has demonstrated inhibitory effects on geriatric diseases, such as bone loss and osteoporosis. However, although AD is a geriatric disease, M. officinalis has not been evaluated in an AD bioassay. Therefore, M. officinalis extracts and fractions were tested for AD-related activity, including inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. A bioassay-guided approach led to isolation of 10 active compounds, eight anthraquinones (1–8), one coumarin (9), and one phytosterol (10), from n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. officinalis. The five anthraquinones (4–8) were stronger inhibitors of AChE than were other compounds. Compounds 3 and 9 were good inhibitors of BChE, and compounds 3 and 8 were good inhibitors of BACE1. Compounds 1–5 and 7–9 were more active than the positive control in inhibiting AGE formation. In addition, we first suggested a structure-activity relationship by which anthraquinones inhibit AChE and BACE1. Our findings demonstrate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of M. officinalis for AD and its potential use as a natural alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyoung Lee
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 151-756, Korea.
| | - Hyo Jeong Bang
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 151-756, Korea.
| | - Jeong Bin Oh
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 151-756, Korea.
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 151-756, Korea.
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周 萍, 董 晓, 汤 平. [Sanggenon C induces apoptosis of prostate cancer PC3 cells by activating caspase 3 and caspase 9 pathways]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1206-1210. [PMID: 28951363 PMCID: PMC6765487 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Sanggenon C in inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer PC3 cell line and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS The proliferation of PC3 cells treated for 24 h with 1, 5, 20, 50, and 100 µmol/L sanggenon C or treated with 20 µmol/L Sanggenon C for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h was evaluated using MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed for analysis of apoptosis of PC3 cells after exposure to sanggenon C with different treatment protocols, and the activity of caspase 3 was detected using spectrofluorometry. The inhibitory effect of sanggenon C on PC3 cells pretreated with DMSO, z-DEVD-fmk, z-LEHD-fmk or z-IETD-fmk for 1 h was detected by MTT assay. RESULTS Sanggenon C inhibited the proliferation of PC3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05 except for 1 µmol/L group) with a 24-h IC50 of 18.76 µmol/L. Sanggenon C at 20 µmol/L caused inhibition rates of PC3 cells of 10.57%, 27.09%, 51.88%, 80.73% and 87.99% after treatment for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively (P<0.05), and resulted in apoptosis rates of 7.43%, 20.91% and 37.56% at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Sanggenon C significantly increased caspase-3 activity in the cells, and its effect on PC3 cell proliferation was partially reversed by caspase 3 and caspase 9 inhibitors. CONCLUSION Sanggenon C can dose-dependently induce growth inhibition and apoptosis of PC3 cells possibly by activating caspase 9 and caspase 3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- 萍 周
- 广州医科大学 基础医学研究中心,广东 广州 511436Basic Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436
| | - 晓先 董
- 广州医科大学 病理生理学教研室,广东 广州 511436Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - 平 汤
- 广州市第一人民医院泌尿外科,广东 广州 510180Department of Urology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China
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