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Jeon JH, Jeon SY, Baek YJ, Park CE, Choi MK, Han YT, Song IS. Pharmacokinetics and Enterohepatic Circulation of 2-(Quinoline-8-carboxamido)benzoic Acid (2-QBA) in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:934. [PMID: 39065631 PMCID: PMC11279551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The quinoline alkaloid 2-(quinoline-8-carboxamido)benzoic acid (2-QBA), which is isolated from Aspergillus sp. SCSIO06786, a deep sea-derived fungus, has been suggested as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. We developed an analytical method for 2-QBA using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in mouse plasma, in which a protein precipitation method for the sample preparation of 2-QBA in mouse plasma was used due to its simplicity and good extraction recovery rates (80.49-97.56%). The linearity of the calibration standard sample, inter- and intraday precision and accuracy, and stability of three quality control samples were suitable based on the assessment criteria and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the 2-QBA was 1 ng/mL. A pharmacokinetic study of 2-QBA was performed in mice divided into oral (2.0, 5.0, and 15 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) administration groups. The absolute oral bioavailability (BA) range of 2-QBA was calculated as 68.3-83.7%. Secondary peaks were observed at approximately 4-8 h after the oral administration of 2-QBA at all doses. The elimination half-life of the orally administered 2-QBA was significantly longer than that of the intravenous 2-QBA. In addition, glucuronide metabolites of 2-QBA were identified. They were transformed into 2-QBA using the β-glucuronidase treatment. Furthermore, the 2-QBA was readily absorbed from the jejunum to lower ileum. Taken together, the secondary peaks could be explained by the enterohepatic circulation of 2-QBA. In conclusion, the reabsorption of orally administered 2-QBA could contribute to the high oral BA of 2-QBA and could be beneficial for the efficacy of 2-QBA. Moreover, the simple and validated analytical method for 2-QBA using LC-MS/MS was applied to the pharmacokinetic study and BA assessments of 2-QBA in mice and would be helpful for subsequent pharmacokinetic studies, as well as for evaluations of the toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation of 2-QBA to assess its potential as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - So-Yeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (Y.-J.B.); (C.-E.P.); (M.-K.C.)
| | - Yeon-Ju Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (Y.-J.B.); (C.-E.P.); (M.-K.C.)
| | - Chan-E Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (Y.-J.B.); (C.-E.P.); (M.-K.C.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (Y.-J.B.); (C.-E.P.); (M.-K.C.)
| | - Young Taek Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.J.); (Y.-J.B.); (C.-E.P.); (M.-K.C.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
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Chen Z, Gao W, Feng X, Zhou G, Zhang M, Zeng L, Hu X, Liu Z, Song H. A comparative study on the preparation and evaluation of solubilizing systems for silymarin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1616-1634. [PMID: 37964172 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SM) exhibits clinical efficacy in treating liver injuries, cirrhosis, and chronic hepatitis. However, its limited water solubility and low bioavailability hinder its therapeutic potential. The primary objective of this study was to compare the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the four distinct SM solubilization systems, namely SM solid dispersion (SM-SD), SM phospholipid complex (SM-PC), SM sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (SM-SBE-β-CDIC) and SM self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SM-SMEDDS) to provide further insights into their potential for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of SM. The formation of SM-SD, SM-PC, and SM-SBE-β-CDIC was thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) techniques to analyze the changes in their microscopic structure, molecular structure, and crystalline state. The particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of SM-SMEDDS were 71.6 ± 1.57 nm, and 0.13 ± 0.03, respectively. The self-emulsifying time of SM-SMEDDS was 3.0 ± 0.3 min. SM-SMEDDS exhibited an improved in vitro dissolution rate and demonstrated the highest relative bioavailability compared to pure SM, SM-SD, SM-PC, SM-SBE-β-CDIC, and Legalon®. Consequently, SMEDDS shows promise as a drug delivery system for orally administered SM, offering enhanced solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Wenhao Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Xianquan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Guizhi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Minxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Xiaomu Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China.
| | - Hongtao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China.
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Alkathiri FA, Bukhari SI, Imam SS, Alshehri S, Mahdi WA. Formulation of silymarin binary and ternary solid dispersions: Characterization, simulation study and cell viability assessment against lung cancer cell line. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23221. [PMID: 38163135 PMCID: PMC10756988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SL) is a water-insoluble flavonoid used in the treatment of different diseases, but its therapeutic activity is limited due to its low solubility. So, in the present study, SL solid dispersions (SDs) were developed using different carriers like Kollidone VA64 (KL), Soluplus (SP), and Poloxamer 188 (PL) by solvent evaporation (SE), microwave irradiation (MI), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The phase solubility and saturation solubility studies were assessed to estimate the stability constant as well as the carrier effect. The dissolution studies were performed for prepared SL-SDs (binary and ternary) to select the optimum SL-SDs. The selected SL-SDs (F5, F9) were further characterized for infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the comparative cell viability assay (lung cancer cell line) was performed to evaluate the change in activity after the formulation of SDs. The phase solubility and solubility study results displayed marked enhancements in solubility. The dissolution study findings showed significant enhancement in drug release from ternary solid dispersions (F7-F9) > ternary physical mixture (PM3) > binary solid dispersions (F1-F6) > binary physical mixture (PM1, PM2) in comparison to free SL. A greater release was observed from ternary SDs due to the addition of PL in the formulation, which had a synergistic effect on increasing the solubility. IR and NMR spectra revealed no chemical interaction between SL, KL, and PL. DSC, XRD, and SEM all confirmed the transformation of crystalline SL into amorphous SL. The cell viability assay demonstrated significantly enhanced results from ternary solid dispersion (F9) compared to free SL. Based on the study results, it can be said that SL-SDs are an alternative way to deliver drugs orally that can improve solubility and have anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fai A. Alkathiri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I. Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Imam SS, Alshehri S, Altamimi MA, Mahdi WA, Qamar W. Formulation of Silymarin-β Cyclodextrin-TPGS Inclusion Complex: Physicochemical Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Cell Viability Assessment against Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34898-34907. [PMID: 37779986 PMCID: PMC10536084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SIL) is a poorly water-soluble flavonoid reported for different pharmacological properties. Its therapeutic applications are limited due to poor water solubility. In this study, the solubility of silymarin has been enhanced by preparing freeze-dried binary and ternary complexes using beta cyclodextrin (βCD) and d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS). The stoichiometry of the drug and the carrier was selected from the phase solubility study. The dissolution study was performed to assess the effect of complexation on the release pattern of SIL. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed by different physicochemical studies. Finally, a cell viability assay (MCF 7; breast cancer cell line) was performed to compare the activity with free SIL. The phase solubilization results revealed the formation of a stable complex (binary) with a stability constant and complexation efficiency (CE) value of 288 mol L-1 and 0.045%. The ternary sample depicted a significantly enhanced stability constant and CE value (890 mol L-1 and 0.14%). The release study results showed a marked increase in the release pattern after addition of βCD (alone) in the binary mixture (49.4 ± 3.1%) as well as inclusion complex (66.2 ± 3.2%) compared to free SIL (32.7 ± 1.85%). Furthermore, with the addition of TPGS in SIL-βCD (ternary), the SIL release was found to be significantly enhanced from the SIL ternary mixture (79.2 ± 2.13%) in 120 min. However, fast SIL release was achieved with 99.2 ± 1.7% in 45 min for the SIL ternary complex. IR and NMR spectral analysis results revealed the formation of a stable complex with no drug-polymer interaction. The formation of complexes was also confirmed by the molecular docking study (docking scores of 4.1 and -6.4 kcal/mol). The in vitro cell viability result showed a concentration-dependent activity. The IC50 value of the SIL ternary complex was found to be significantly lower than that of free SIL. The findings of the study concluded that the prepared SIL inclusion complex can be used as an alternative oral delivery system to enhance solubility, dissolution, and biological activity against the tested cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sarim Imam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Mahdi
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Pharmacokinetic modulation of substrate drugs via the inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters using pharmaceutical excipients. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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