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Zhang H, Zhao Y, Tao H, Feng C, Wang P, Zhang L, Liu X, Chen Y, Wang X. A chlorin e6 derivative-mediated photodynamic therapy for mild to moderate acne: A prospective, single-blind, randomized, split-face controlled study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 49:104304. [PMID: 39226754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving the pilosebaceous unit. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of a chlorin e6 derivative-mediated photodynamic therapy (STBF-PDT) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne patients. METHODS In this prospective patient single-blind randomized split-face controlled study, patients diagnosed with mild to moderate acne were treated with four sessions of STBF-PDT on one-half of the face, while the other half were treated with the same dose of red-light treatment without photosensitizer. Follow-up assessment including the skin lesion clearance rate, facial fluorescence scattering spots on VISIA Porphyrins mode, and skin physiological parameters was conducted before and after treatment as well as 2 and 4 weeks after the final treatment. RESULTS A total of 26 patients were recruited, of which 22 patients completed this study. STBF-PDT is significantly effective in improving lesions in patients with acne. The clearance rate of total lesions was 67.42±8.51 % in the STBF-PDT group and 41.05±11.97 % in the control group 4 weeks after the treatment (P < 0.001). The average clearance rate of inflammatory lesions was 84.41±7.13 % in the STBF-PDT group and 50.10±13.91 % in the control group, with a statistically significance (P < 0.0001). The skin sebum of the STBF-PDT side was significantly lower than that on the control side. There was no obvious adverse reaction especially no pain or reactive acne. CONCLUSION STBF-PDT may be a safe and effective treatment for mild to moderate acne and can significantly inhibit sebum secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunmei Feng
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yamei Chen
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, PR China.
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Khan S, Ul Haq I, Ali I, Rehman A, Almehmadi M, Alsuwat MA, Zaman T, Qasim M. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Chlorophyllin Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro and In Silico. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:899. [PMID: 39335072 PMCID: PMC11428499 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a leading causative agent of dental caries and exerts pathogenicity by forming biofilms. Dental caries continues to be a significant public health issue worldwide, affecting an estimated 2.5 billion people, showing a 14.6% increase over the past decade. Herein, the antibacterial potential of Chlorophyllin extracted from Spinacia oleracea was evaluated against biofilm-forming S. mutans via in vitro and in silico studies. METHODOLOGY The antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin extract against S. mutans isolates was tested using the agar well diffusion method. Chlorophyllin extract was also tested against biofilm-forming isolates of S. mutans. Chlorophyllin was docked with the antigen I/II (AgI/II) protein of S. mutans to evaluate its antimicrobial mechanism. The chemical structure and canonical SMILES format of Chlorophyllin were obtained from PubChem. Additionally, adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) analyses of Chlorophyllin were performed using ADMETlab 2.0 to assess its pharmacokinetic properties. RESULTS An agar well diffusion assay revealed that all S. mutans isolates were susceptible to Chlorophyllin extract and showed a variety of inhibition zones ranging from 32 to 41 mm. Chlorophyllin reduces the biofilm strength of four isolates from strong to moderate and six from strong to weak. The antibiofilm potential of Chlorophyllin was measured by a reduction in the number of functional groups observed in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) spectra of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) samples. Chlorophyllin showed binding with AgI/II proteins of S. mutans, which are involved in adherence to the tooth surface and initiating biofilm formation. The ADMET analysis revealed that the safety of Chlorophyllin exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties. CONCLUSIONS Chlorophyllin stands out as a promising antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against biofilm-forming S. mutans, and its safety profile highlights its potential suitability for further investigation as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemrose Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Postgraduate Program in Technological Innovation, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 Taif, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.)
| | - Meshari A. Alsuwat
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 Taif, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.)
| | - Tariq Zaman
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan; (S.K.); (A.R.)
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Heo SY, Lee Y, Kim TH, Heo SJ, Shin H, Lee J, Yi M, Kang HW, Jung WK. Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11565. [PMID: 37511323 PMCID: PMC10380873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy because of their low toxicity, lesser side effects, and high solubility in water. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-cancer efficacy of chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy on human cervical cancer by inducing apoptotic response through oxidative stress. The chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy significantly induced cytotoxicity, and the optimal conditions were determined based on the results, including laser irradiation time, laser power density, and chlorophyllin concentration. In addition, reactive oxygen species generation and Annexin V expression level were detected on the photodynamic reaction-treated HeLa cells under the optimized conditions to evaluate apoptosis using a fluorescence microscope. In the Western blotting analysis, the photodynamic therapy group showed the increased protein expression level of the cleaved caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and cytochrome C, and the suppressed protein expression level of Bcl-2, pro-caspase 8, and pro-caspase 9. Moreover, the proposed photodynamic therapy downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1 in the HeLa cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy has potential as an antitumor therapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeong Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeachan Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwarang Shin
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggi Yi
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Effects of sub-lethal dose of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on major virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Afrasiabi S, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15560. [PMID: 32968097 PMCID: PMC7511362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Less invasive removal approaches have been recommended for deep caries lesions. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and propolis nanoparticle (PNP) are highlighted for the caries management plan. Evidence is lacking for an additive effect of combination PNP with photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT. This study aimed to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of chlorophyllin-phycocyanin mixture (PhotoActive+) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as PSs in combination with PNP in the aPDT process (aPDTplus) against major important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Following characterization, biocompatibility of the PSs alone, or in combination with PNP were investigated on human gingival fibroblast cell. The in vitro synergy of PhotoActive+ or TBO and PNP was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The bacteria's virulence properties were surveyed in the presence of the PSs, individually as well as in combination. When the PSs were examined in combination (synergistic effect, FIC Index < 0.5), a stronger growth inhibitory activity was exhibited than the individual PSs. The biofilm formation, as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, showed greater suppression when the PSs were employed in combination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the combination of PhotoActive+ or TBO with PNP with the least cytotoxicity effects and the highest antimicrobial activites would improve aPDT outcomes, leading to synergistic effects and impairing the virulence of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvd, 100 Poursina Ave., 14167-53955, Tehran, Iran.
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Kang MS, Lim HS, Oh JS, Lim YJ, Wuertz-Kozak K, Harro JM, Shirtliff ME, Achermann Y. Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus fermentum against Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2966468. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
- Oradentics Research Institute, Seoul 06157, South Korea
| | - Hae-Soon Lim
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
- Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
- Department of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Oh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - You-jin Lim
- Department of Nursing, Gwangju Health University, Gwangju 62287, South Korea
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research, Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University 5020 Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Janette M. Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, 21201 MD, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Norman M, Bartczak P, Zdarta J, Tomala W, Żurańska B, Dobrowolska A, Piasecki A, Czaczyk K, Ehrlich H, Jesionowski T. Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Immobilization onto Hippospongia communis Marine Demosponge Skeleton and Its Antibacterial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101564. [PMID: 27690001 PMCID: PMC5085623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Hippospongia communis marine demosponge skeleton was used as an adsorbent for sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Obtained results indicate the high sorption capacity of this biomaterial with respect to SCC. Batch experiments were performed under different conditions and kinetic and isotherms properties were investigated. Acidic pH and the addition of sodium chloride increased SCC adsorption. The experimental data were well described by a pseudo-second order kinetic model. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined and the experimental data were analyzed using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The effectiveness of the process was confirmed by 13C Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). This novel SCC-sponge-based functional hybrid material was found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Norman
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bartczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Tomala
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Barbara Żurańska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Dobrowolska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adam Piasecki
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawla II 24, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60627 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Kum H, Roh KB, Shin S, Jung K, Park D, Jung E. Evaluation of anti-acne properties of phloretin in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015. [PMID: 26212527 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the anti-acne properties of phloretin in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Anti-microbial activity against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), Propionibacterium granulosum (P. granulosum) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) were observed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion methods. The anti-inflammatory effects were studied in HaCaT cells based on P. acnes-induced inflammatory mediators, including PGE2 and COX-2, examined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and luciferase reporter gene assay. Thirty healthy subjects with whiteheads participated in the clinical study. Comedo counting, and the amount of sebum and porphyrin were measured before treatment and following 4 consecutive weeks of treatment with phloretin. RESULTS Phloretin showed anti-microbial activities against P. acnes, P. granulosum, S. epidermidis with the MIC of 0.5, 0.5 and 0.25 mg mL(-1) , respectively. P. acnes-induced activation of the COX-2 promoter was markedly attenuated by phloretin treatment. Consistent with these results, inhibition of PGE2 production was also observed. In 1-month, placebo-controlled trials, phloretin showed clinically and statistically significant reduction of comedo counts and sebum output level. Compared to before treatment, whiteheads, blackheads, papules, sebum output level and amount of sebum and porphyrin were significantly decreased at 4 weeks in the test group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that phloretin inhibits the growth of P. acnes, P. granulosum, and S. epidermidis. In addition, we demonstrated that phloretin attenuates COX-2 and PGE2 expression during the P. acnes-induced upregulation of inflammatory signalling. Clinical studies further suggested that treatment with formulations containing phloretin confers anti-acne benefits. Based on these results, we suggest that phloretin may be introduced as a possible acne-mitigating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kum
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - K-B Roh
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - S Shin
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - K Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - D Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - E Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
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