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Fang Y, Vanzin G, Cupples AM, Strathmann TJ. Influence of terminal electron-accepting conditions on the soil microbial community and degradation of organic contaminants of emerging concern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135327. [PMID: 31846887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of the fate and persistence of trace organic contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in agricultural soils is critical for assessing the risks associated with using treated wastewater effluent to irrigate crops and land application of wastewater biosolids. This study reports on the influence of prevailing terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs, i.e., aerobic, nitrate-reducing, iron(III)-reducing, and sulfate-reducing conditions) and exposure to a mixture of nine trace CEC (90 ng/g each) on both the microbial community structure and CEC degradation in agricultural soil. DNA analysis revealed significant differences in microbial community composition following establishment of different TEAPs, but no significant change upon exposure to the mixture of CEC. The largest community shift was observed after establishing nitrate-reducing conditions and the smallest shift for sulfate-reducing conditions. Two of the CEC (atrazine and sulfamethoxazole) showed significant degradation in both bioactive and abiotic (i.e., sterilized) conditions, with half-lives ranging from 1 to 64 days for different TEAPs, while six of the CEC (amitriptyline, atenolol, trimethoprim, and three organophosphate flame retardants) only degraded in bioactive samples, with half-lives ranging from 27 to 90 days; carbamazepine did not degrade appreciably within 90 days in any of the incubations. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from Firmicutes Hydrogenispora, Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadaceae, and Verrucomicrobia OPB34 soil group were identified as potentially responsible for the biodegradation of organophosphate flame retardants, and ASVs from other taxa groups were suspected to be involved in biodegrading the other target CEC. These results demonstrate that CEC fate and persistence in agricultural soils is influenced by the prevailing TEAPs and their influence on the microbial community, suggesting the need to incorporate these factors into contaminant fate models to improve risk assessment predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Fang
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1012 14th Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| | - Gary Vanzin
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1012 14th Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| | - Alison M Cupples
- Michigan State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1449 Engineering Research Court, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 1012 14th Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
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Antonelli F, Esposito A, Calvo L, Licursi V, Tisseyre P, Ricci S, Romagnoli M, Piazza S, Guerrieri F. Characterization of black patina from the Tiber River embankments using Next-Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227639. [PMID: 31917800 PMCID: PMC6952188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Black patinas are very common biological deterioration phenomena on lapideous artworks in outdoor environments. These substrates, exposed to sunlight, and atmospheric and environmental agents (i.e. wind and temperature changes), represent extreme environments that can only be colonized by highly versatile and adaptable microorganisms. Black patinas comprise a wide variety of microorganisms, but the morphological plasticity of most of these microorganisms hinders their identification by optical microscopy. This study used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) (including shotgun and amplicon sequencing) to characterize the black patina of the travertine embankments (muraglioni) of the Tiber River in Rome (Italy). Overall, the sequencing highlighted the rich diversity of bacterial and fungal communities and allowed the identification of more than one hundred taxa. NGS confirmed the relevance of coccoid and filamentous cyanobacteria observed by optical microscopy and revealed an informative landscape of the fungal community underlining the presence of microcolonial fungi and phylloplane yeasts. For the first time high-throughput sequencing allowed the exploration of the expansive diversity of bacteria in black patina, which has so far been overlooked in routine analyses. Furthermore, the identification of euendolithic microorganisms and weathering agents underlines the biodegradative role of black patina, which has often been underestimated. Therefore, the use of NGS to characterize black patinas could be useful in choosing appropriate conservation treatments and in the monitoring of stone colonization after the restoration interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Antonelli
- Department of Innovation of Biological Systems, Food and Forestry (DIBAF), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Esposito
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Ludovica Calvo
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “Antonio Ruberti”, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Ricci
- Biology Laboratory, Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e per il Restauro (ISCR), Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department of Innovation of Biological Systems, Food and Forestry (DIBAF), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Epigenetics and epigenomic of hepatocellular carcinoma, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
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Li YD, Zhou XK, Mo MH, Jiao JY, Yang DQ, Li WJ, Zhang TK, Qin SC, Duan YQ. Flavisolibacter nicotianae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:2082-2088. [PMID: 31099732 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain X7XT, was isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of Nicotiana tabacum L. collected from a tobacco factory located in Kunming, south-western China. The cells showed oxidase-positive and catalase-positive reactions. Growth occurred at 20-40 °C and pH 6.0-8.0, with optimal growth at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). The cellular polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified glycolipids, four unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain X7XT should be affiliated to the genus Flavisolibacter. Results from further analysis showed that strain X7XT had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flavisolibacter metallilatus TX0661T (96.4 %) and 'Flavisolibacter swuensis' SR2-4-2T (96.4 %), followed by other species of the genus Flavisolibacter. The polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain X7XT represents a novel species of the genus Flavisolibacter, for which the name Flavisolibacternicotianae sp. nov. (type strain X7XT=KCTC 62326T=CGMCC 16451T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Dong Li
- 1China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, PR China
| | - Xing-Kui Zhou
- 1China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, PR China
- 2State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- 2State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, PR China
- 3Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650091, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Jiao
- 4State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Deng-Qiang Yang
- 1China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- 4State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Ti-Kun Zhang
- 5Pu'er Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Pu'er, 665000, PR China
| | - Shi-Chun Qin
- 5Pu'er Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Pu'er, 665000, PR China
| | - Yan-Qing Duan
- 1China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, PR China
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Flavisolibacter aluminii sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Flavisolibacter isolated from an automotive air conditioning system. J Microbiol 2018; 57:18-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vegetation succession influences soil carbon sequestration in coastal alkali-saline soils in southeast China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9728. [PMID: 29950567 PMCID: PMC6021427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The area of saline soils accounts for 8% of the earth’s surface, making these soils an important terrestrial carbon sink. Soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil enzyme activity, and soil bacterial abundance and biodiversity were measured in four successive coastal tidal flat ecosystems representing: bare saline soil (BS), Suaeda glauca land (SL), Imperata cylindrica grassland (IG), and Jerusalem artichoke field (JF). A decrease in soil salt content resulted in increased SOC content. With vegetation succession, MBC and DOC concentrations showed a positive trend, and activities of soil urease, catalase, invertase and alkaline phosphatase increased. A next-generation, Illumina-based sequencing approach showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes were the dominant bacterial communities (a total of 597 taxa were detected, and 27 genera showed significant differences among the vegetation communities). Bacterial diversity at two soil depths was enhanced with the succession of vegetation ecosystems, with the increases in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and the Shannon and Chao1 indices ranked in the order: JF > IG > SL > BS. The SOC and C/N were the most determinant factors influencing diversity of bacterial communities in the succession ecosystems.
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Avershina E, Slangsvold S, Simpson MR, Storrø O, Johnsen R, Øien T, Rudi K. Diversity of vaginal microbiota increases by the time of labor onset. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17558. [PMID: 29242550 PMCID: PMC5730599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal microbiota is an important early source of bacterial colonization for newborns. However, only a few small studies have investigated the composition of vaginal microbiota during labor. In this work, we analyzed vaginal swabs collected at 36 weeks gestation and at the onset of labor from 256 women participating in a randomized placebo-controlled study of probiotic supplementation for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in offspring. Although individuals' vaginal microbiota was stable over time, several bacterial families, which are characteristic of mixed community state type (CST) IV, were overrepresented in vaginal swabs sampled at labor. Alpha-diversity also tended to increase by between 36 weeks gestation and the onset of birth. In the majority of women, CST remained the same throughout the study. Among the women who switched their vaginal microbiota from one CST to another, approximately half shifted towards CST IV. Although CST IV is often associated with bacterial vaginosis, which in turn may lead to preterm birth, in our cohort this shift was not associated with self-reported vaginosis, preterm delivery or birthweight. Probiotic consumption did not alter vaginal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Avershina
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Silje Slangsvold
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Storrø
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roar Johnsen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Øien
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Xiao X, Fan M, Wang E, Chen W, Wei G. Interactions of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and soil factors in two leguminous plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8485-8497. [PMID: 29038972 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the rhizomicrobiome has been extensively studied, little is known about the interactions between soil properties and the assemblage of plant growth-promoting microbes in the rhizosphere. Herein, we analysed the composition and structure of rhizomicrobiomes associated with soybean and alfalfa plants growing in different soil types using deep Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing. Soil pH, P and K significantly affected the composition of the soybean rhizomicrobiome, whereas soil pH and N had a significant effect on the alfalfa rhizomicrobiome. Plant biomass was influenced by plant species, the composition of the rhizomicrobiome, soil pH, N, P and plant growth stage. The beta diversity of the rhizomicrobiome was the second most influential factor on plant growth (biomass). Rhizomicrobes associated with plant biomass were identified and divided into four groups: (1) positively associated with soybean biomass; (2) negatively associated with soybean biomass; (3) positively associated with alfalfa biomass; and (4) negatively associated with alfalfa biomass. Genera assemblages among the four groups differentially responded to soil properties; Group 1 and Group 2 were significantly correlated with soil pH and P, whereas Group 3 and Group 4 were significantly correlated with soil N, K and C. The influence of soil properties on the relative abundance of plant biomass-associated rhizomicrobes differed between soybean and alfalfa. The results suggest the rhizomicrobiome has a pronounced influence on plant growth, and the rhizomicrobiome assemblage and plant growth-associated microbes are differentially structured by soil properties and leguminous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaochun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Weimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Pascual J, Foesel BU, Geppert A, Huber KJ, Overmann J. Flaviaesturariibacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from an agricultural floodplain soil, and emended description of the genus Flaviaesturariibacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pascual
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bärbel U. Foesel
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alicia Geppert
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina J. Huber
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wilhelm RC, Cardenas E, Leung H, Szeitz A, Jensen LD, Mohn WW. Long-Term Enrichment of Stress-Tolerant Cellulolytic Soil Populations following Timber Harvesting Evidenced by Multi-Omic Stable Isotope Probing. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:537. [PMID: 28443069 PMCID: PMC5386986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil management is vital for maintaining the productivity of commercial forests, yet the long-term impact of timber harvesting on soil microbial communities remains largely a matter of conjecture. Decomposition of plant biomass, comprised mainly of lignocellulose, has a broad impact on nutrient cycling, microbial activity and physicochemical characteristics of soil. At "Long-term Soil Productivity Study" sites in California dominated by Ponderosa pine, we tested whether clear-cut timber harvesting, accompanied by varying degrees of organic matter (OM) removal, affected the activity and structure of the cellulose-degrading microbial populations 16 years after harvesting. Using a variety of experimental approaches, including stable isotope probing with 13C-labeled cellulose in soil microcosms, we demonstrated that harvesting led to a decrease in net respiration and cellulolytic activity. The decrease in cellulolytic activity was associated with an increased relative abundance of thermophilic, cellulolytic fungi (Chaetomiaceae), coupled with a decreased relative abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, particularly members of Opitutaceae, Caulobacter, and Streptomycetaceae. In general, harvesting led to an increase in stress-tolerant taxa (i.e., also non-cellulolytic taxa), though our results indicated that OM retention mitigated population shifts via buffering against abiotic changes. Stable-isotope probing improved shotgun metagenome assembly by 20-fold and enabled the recovery of 10 metagenome-assembled genomes of cellulolytic bacteria and fungi. Our study demonstrates the putative cellulolytic activity of a number of uncultured taxa and highlights the mineral soil layer as a reservoir of uncharacterized diversity of cellulose-degraders. It also and contributes to a growing body of research showing persistent changes in microbial community structure in the decades following forest harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland C. Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erick Cardenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hilary Leung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - András Szeitz
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Suite, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lionel D. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William W. Mohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Lee JJ, Kang MS, Kim GS, Lee CS, Lim S, Lee J, Roh SH, Kang H, Ha JM, Bae S, Jung HY, Kim MK. Flavisolibacter tropicus sp. nov., isolated from tropical soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:3413-3419. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jin Lee
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Kang
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Soon Kim
- Department of Nature Survey, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soek Lee
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jidam Lee
- Honor’s Class, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeon Roh
- Honor’s Class, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Kang
- Honor’s Class, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ha
- Honor’s Class, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojung Bae
- Honor’s Class, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Jung
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kyum Kim
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
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