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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Chen H, Chen L, Wang F, Gu Z, Shi G, Liu L, Ding Z. Lignin-degrading enzyme production was enhanced by the novel transcription factor Ptf6 in synergistic microbial co-culture. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127575. [PMID: 38147744 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic microbial co-culture has been an efficient and energy-saving strategy to produce lignin-degrading enzymes (LDEs), including laccase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. However, the regulatory mechanism of microbial co-culture is still unclear. Herein, the extracellular LDE activities of four white-rot fungi were significantly increased by 88-544% over monoculture levels when co-cultured with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Ptf6 was demonstrated from the 9 million Y1H clone library to be a shared GATA transcription factor in the four fungi, and could directly bind to the laccase gene promoter. Ptf6 exists in two alternatively spliced isoforms under monoculture, namely Ptf6-α (1078 amino acids) containing Cys2/Cys2-type zinc finger and Ptf6-β (963 amino acids) lacking the complete domain. Ptf6 responded to co-culture by up-regulation of both its own transcripts and the proportion of Ptf6-α. Ptf6-α positively activated the production of most LDE isoenzymes and bound to four GATA motifs on the LDEs' promoter with different affinities. Moreover, Ptf6-regulation mechanism can be applicable to a variety of microbial co-culture systems. This study lays a theoretical foundation for further improving LDEs production and providing an efficient way to enhance the effects of biological and enzymatic pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haixiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Li J, Wu M, Igarashi Y, Luo F, Chang P. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 214:106842. [PMID: 37827437 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dichomitus squalens is an efficient white-rot fungus that generates a wide range of extracellular enzymes to degrade lignocellulose in nature. Although a protoplast-mediated transformation method for D. squalens has been developed, the transformation efficiency remains low. Here, we established a highly efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) procedure for D. squalens by transferring a binary vector harboring the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) resistance gene fused with DsRed-Express2, under the control of the native glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene promoter. Key factors affecting the efficiency of transformation were tested. A. tumefaciens EHA105 strain with a cell density of 0.4 OD600nm and 96 h co-cultivation resulted in the highest transformation efficiency, with an average of 98 ± 11 transformants per co-cultivation plate. Besides, the strong expression of DsRed-Express2 indicates the effectiveness of the DsGPD promoter in driving gene expression in D. squalens. This ATMT system of D. squalens would be beneficial for its molecular genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bioresource, Development for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bioresource, Development for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yasuo Igarashi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bioresource, Development for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bioresource, Development for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peng Chang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bioresource, Development for Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Wang J, Li L, Xu H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang F, Shen G, Yan L, Wang W, Tang H, Qiu H, Gu JD, Wang W. Construction of a fungal consortium for effective degradation of rice straw lignin and potential application in bio-pulping. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126168. [PMID: 34737050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve the lignin degradation efficiency, we established a co-culture consortium (LDFC) consisting of Trametes hirsuta BYL-3, Trametes versicolor BYL-7 and Trametes hirsuta BYL-8. The testing results showed that the constructed consortium showed improved the lignin degradation rate by fungi. The optimal cultivation conditions were mixture at 1:1:1 vol ratio of each fungus, 7% (w/v) of inoculum amount, culture temperature at 26 °C, pH was 6.9 and 10 days of culturing time. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of lignin was 39.7%, which was 9.3% higher than those before optimization (30.4%). Using rice straw for treatment by LDFC to papermaking, the paper tensile strength was 8 N, and the ring pressure index was 2.46 N·m/g, which meets the standards for the production of corrugated paper for packaging. These results indicate that LDFC has potential application value to convert rice straw resources for bio-pulping to make papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzheng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Guinan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajiao Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Recycling of Argo-Waste in Cold Region, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Processing and Utilization of Grain By-products, Ministry of Education, Daqing 163319, People's Republic of China; Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, People's Republic of China.
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Dullah S, Hazarika DJ, Parveen A, Kakoti M, Borgohain T, Gautom T, Bhattacharyya A, Barooah M, Boro RC. Fungal interactions induce changes in hyphal morphology and enzyme production. Mycology 2021; 12:279-295. [PMID: 34900382 PMCID: PMC8654418 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1932627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, species interacts/competes with one other within their surrounding for food and space and the type of interactions are unique to each species. The interacting partners secrete different metabolites, which may have high importance in human welfare. Fungal-fungal interactions are complex mechanisms that need better understanding. Here, 14 fungal isolates were facilitated in 105 possible combinations to interact on potato dextrose agar. Morphologically, no changes were observed when the same fungal isolates were allowed to interact within them. However, 10 interactions between different fungal isolates showed mutual replacement with each fungus; capturing territory from the other. Contrastingly, 35 interactions resulted into complete replacement as one of the fungi was inhibited by rapid growth of the other fungus. In 46 interactions, formation of barrage was observed leading to deadlock type of interaction wherein both fungi have restricted growth. To study in details about the barrage formation, two fungal interactions were taken (i) T. coccinea vs. L. lactinea and (ii) T. coccinea vs. T. versicolor. Microscopic changes in the hyphal growth during interaction were observed. There was significant increase in the enzymatic activities including cellulase, xylanase and chitinase during in-vitro fungal-fungal interaction, suggesting the importance of such interactions for commercial enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Dullah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Dibya Jyoti Hazarika
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Assma Parveen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Merilin Kakoti
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Tanushree Borgohain
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Trishnamoni Gautom
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India.,Royal School of Bio-Sciences, Royal Global University, Guwahati, India
| | - Ashok Bhattacharyya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Robin Chandra Boro
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
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Dullah S, Hazarika DJ, Goswami G, Borgohain T, Ghosh A, Barooah M, Bhattacharyya A, Boro RC. Melanin production and laccase mediated oxidative stress alleviation during fungal-fungal interaction among basidiomycete fungi. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:33. [PMID: 34749811 PMCID: PMC8576908 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal-fungal interaction often leads to the change in metabolite profile of both the interacting fungus which may have potential implication in industry or agriculture. In the present study, we performed two sets of fungal-fungal interaction-Trametes coccinea (F3) with Leiotrametes lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) to understand the changes in the metabolite profile during the interaction process and how this process impacts the hyphal/mycelial morphology of the participating fungi. The metabolites produced during interaction of T. coccinea (F3) with L. lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) was analysed through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Most of the metabolites secreted or produced during interaction are associated with defensive response. Further, visualization with scanning electron microscopy revealed that interaction between the tested fungi led to the changes in the hyphal morphology. The bipartite fungal interaction resulted in the production of a dark brown colour pigment-melanin as confirmed by the LC-MS, FTIR and NMR analysis. Moreover, the fungal-fungal interaction also led to increase in the production of laccase, a group of multicopper oxidases involved in detoxification of toxic compounds. Further, increased activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide was also recorded during fungal-fungal interaction. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed upregulation of lcc1 (encoding a laccase enzyme) and few other stress related genes of T. versicolor during its hyphal interaction with T. coccinea, suggesting a direct correlation between laccase production and melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Dullah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Dibya Jyoti Hazarika
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
- DBT-North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Gunajit Goswami
- DBT-North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Tanushree Borgohain
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Alokesh Ghosh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Ashok Bhattacharyya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
| | - Robin Chandra Boro
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam 785013 India
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Coprinopsis cinerea uses laccase Lcc9 as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress during fungal-fungal interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0176021. [PMID: 34669425 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01760-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequently, laccases are triggered during fungal cocultivation for overexpression. The function of these activated laccases during coculture has not been clarified. Previously, we reported that Gongronella sp. w5 (w5) (Mucoromycota, Mucoromycetes) specifically triggered the laccase Lcc9 overexpression in Coprinopsis cinerea (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes). To systematically analyze the function of the overexpressed laccase during fungal interaction, C. cinerea mycelia before and after the initial Lcc9 overexpression were chosen for transcriptome analysis. Results showed that accompanied by specific utilization of fructose as carbohydrate substrate, oxidative stress derived from antagonistic compounds secreted by w5 appears to be a signal critical for laccase production in C. cinerea. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) decrease in the C. cinerea wild-type strain followed the increase in laccase production and then, lcc9 transcription and laccase activity stopped. By comparison, increased H2O2 content and mycelial ROS levels were observed during the entire cocultivation in lcc9 silenced C. cinerea strains. Moreover, lcc9 silencing slowed down the C. cinerea mycelial growth, affected hyphal morphology, and decreased the asexual sporulation in coculture. Our results showed that intracellular ROS acted as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses by C. cinerea with the expression of oxidative stress response regulator Skn7 and various detoxification proteins. Lcc9 takes part as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress during the interspecific interaction with w5. Importance: The overproduction of laccase during interspecific fungal interactions is notoriously known. However, the exact role of the up-regulated laccases remains underexplored. Based on comparative transcriptomic analysis of C. cinerea and gene silencing of laccase Lcc9, here we show that oxidative stress derived from antagonistic compounds secreted by Gongronella sp. w5 was a signal critical for laccase Lcc9 production in Coprinopsis cinerea. Intracellular ROS acted as signal molecules to stimulate defense responses by C. cinerea with the expression of oxidative stress response regulator Skn7 and various detoxification proteins. Ultimately, Lcc9 takes part as a defense strategy to eliminate oxidative stress and help cell growth and development during the interspecific interaction with Gongronella sp. w5. These findings deepened our understanding of fungal interactions in their natural population and communities.
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Biological activities of a polysaccharide from the coculture of Ganoderma lucidum and Flammulina velutipes mycelia in submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Li Y, Wang F, Li S, Shi G, Ding Z. Comparative transcriptomics and transcriptional regulation analysis of enhanced laccase production induced by co-culture of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:241-255. [PMID: 31735984 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The co-culturing of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was confirmed in our previous studies to be an efficient strategy to improve laccase production by submerged fermentation. To determine the possible regulation principles underlying this behaviour, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed on P. eryngii var. ferulae to investigate the differential expression of genes in co-culture. RNA-seq analysis showed that genes concerning xenobiotic biodegradation and expenditure of energy were upregulated. However, genes related to oxidative stress were downregulated. In addition, the transcription levels of laccase isoenzymes were not consistent in the co-culture system: 3 laccase genes (lacc1, lacc2, lacc12) were upregulated, and 3 laccase genes (lacc4, lacc6, lacc9) were downregulated. The enhancement in laccase activity can be due to upregulation of a laccase heterodimer encoded by the genes lacc2 and ssPOXA3a (or ssPOXA3b), whose expression levels were increased by 459% and 769% (or 585% for ssPOXA3b) compared with those of a control, respectively. β-Carotene produced by R. mucilaginosa upregulated the transcription of lacc2 only. Combining these results with an analysis of cis-acting responsive elements indicated that four transcription factors (TFs) had potential regulatory effects on the transcription of laccase genes. It was supposed that TFa regulated lacc transcription by binding with methyl jasmonate and heat shock response elements. The expression of TFb, TFc, and TFd was regulated by β-carotene. However, β-carotene had no effect on TFa expression. These results provide a possible mechanism for the regulation of laccase gene transcription in the co-culture system and are also beneficial for the future intensification of fungal laccase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - YouRan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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