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Lucidi M, Visaggio D, Migliaccio A, Capecchi G, Visca P, Imperi F, Zarrilli R. Pathogenicity and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii: Factors contributing to the fitness in healthcare settings and the infected host. Virulence 2024; 15:2289769. [PMID: 38054753 PMCID: PMC10732645 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2289769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections and hospital outbreaks, particularly in intensive care units. Much of the success of A. baumannii relies on its genomic plasticity, which allows rapid adaptation to adversity and stress. The capacity to acquire novel antibiotic resistance determinants and the tolerance to stresses encountered in the hospital environment promote A. baumannii spread among patients and long-term contamination of the healthcare setting. This review explores virulence factors and physiological traits contributing to A. baumannii infection and adaptation to the hospital environment. Several cell-associated and secreted virulence factors involved in A. baumannii biofilm formation, cell adhesion, invasion, and persistence in the host, as well as resistance to xeric stress imposed by the healthcare settings, are illustrated to give reasons for the success of A. baumannii as a hospital pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Lucidi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Visaggio
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Imperi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Zarrilli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Kim M, Le MT, Fan L, Campbell C, Sen S, Capdevila DA, Stemmler TL, Giedroc DP. Characterization of the Zinc Uptake Repressor (Zur) from Acinetobacter baumannii. Biochemistry 2024; 63:660-670. [PMID: 38385972 PMCID: PMC11019503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial cells tightly regulate the intracellular concentrations of essential transition metal ions by deploying a panel of metal-regulated transcriptional repressors and activators that bind to operator-promoter regions upstream of regulated genes. Like other zinc uptake regulator (Zur) proteins, Acinetobacter baumannii Zur represses transcription of its regulon when ZnII is replete and binds more weakly to DNA when ZnII is limiting. Previous studies established that Zur proteins are homodimeric and harbor at least two metal sites per protomer or four per dimer. CdII X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of the Cd2Zn2 AbZur metalloderivative with CdII bound to the allosteric sites reveals a S(N/O)3 first coordination shell. Site-directed mutagenesis suggests that H89 and C100 from the N-terminal DNA binding domain and H107 and E122 from the C-terminal dimerization domain comprise the regulatory metal site. KZn for this allosteric site is 6.0 (±2.2) × 1012 M-1 with a functional "division of labor" among the four metal ligands. N-terminal domain ligands H89 and C100 contribute far more to KZn than H107 and E122, while C100S AbZur uniquely fails to bind to DNA tightly as measured by an in vitro transcription assay. The heterotropic allosteric coupling free energy, ΔGc, is negative, consistent with a higher KZn for the AbZur-DNA complex and defining a bioavailable ZnII set-point of ≈6 × 10-14 M. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments reveal that only the wild-type Zn homodimer undergoes allosteric switching, while the C100S AbZur fails to switch. These data collectively suggest that switching to a high affinity DNA-binding conformation involves a rotation/translation of one protomer relative to the other in a way that is dependent on the integrity of C100. We place these findings in the context of other Zur proteins and Fur family repressors more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - My Tra Le
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lixin Fan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAXS Core Facility of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Courtney Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2417, United States
| | - Sambuddha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2417, United States
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Cui B, Guo Q, Li X, Song S, Wang M, Wang G, Yan A, Zhou J, Deng Y. A response regulator controls Acinetobacter baumannii virulence by acting as an indole receptor. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad274. [PMID: 37649583 PMCID: PMC10465187 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Indole is an important signal employed by many bacteria to modulate intraspecies signaling and interspecies or interkingdom communication. Our recent study revealed that indole plays a key role in regulating the physiology and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. However, it is not clear how A. baumannii perceives and responds to the indole signal in modulating biological functions. Here, we report that indole controls the physiology and virulence of A. baumannii through a previously uncharacterized response regulator designated as AbiR (A1S_1394), which contains a cheY-homologous receiver (REC) domain and a helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA-binding domain. AbiR controls the same biological functions as the indole signal, and indole-deficient mutant phenotypes were rescued by in trans expression of AbiR. Intriguingly, unlike other response regulators that commonly interact with signal ligands through the REC domain, AbiR binds to indole with a high affinity via an unusual binding region, which is located between its REC and HTH domains. This interaction substantially enhances the activity of AbiR in promoter binding and in modulation of target gene expression. Taken together, our results present a widely conserved regulator that controls bacterial physiology and virulence by sensing the indole signal in a unique mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Quan Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shihao Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Mingfang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Gerun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Aixin Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, University Road, Pok Fu Lam Estate, Central and Western District, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianuan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Wushan Street, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, Haikou 570228, China
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Ren X, Palmer LD. Acinetobacter Metabolism in Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance. Infect Immun 2023:e0043322. [PMID: 37191522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00433-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter infections have high rates of mortality due to an increasing incidence of infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Acinetobacter infections are urgently needed. Acinetobacter spp. are Gram-negative coccobacilli that are obligate aerobes and can utilize a wide variety of carbon sources. Acinetobacter baumannii is the main cause of Acinetobacter infections, and recent work has identified multiple strategies A. baumannii uses to acquire nutrients and replicate in the face of host nutrient restriction. Some host nutrient sources also serve antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Hence, understanding Acinetobacter metabolism during infection may provide new insights into novel infection control measures. In this review, we focus on the role of metabolism during infection and in resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents and discuss the possibility that metabolism may be exploited to identify novel targets to treat Acinetobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Law SKK, Tan HS. The Role of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Iron Acquisition as Key Virulence Mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii and the Corresponding Anti-virulence Strategies. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Edmonds KA, Jordan MR, Giedroc DP. COG0523 proteins: a functionally diverse family of transition metal-regulated G3E P-loop GTP hydrolases from bacteria to man. Metallomics 2021; 13:6327566. [PMID: 34302342 PMCID: PMC8360895 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal homeostasis ensures that cells and organisms obtain sufficient metal to meet cellular demand while dispensing with any excess so as to avoid toxicity. In bacteria, zinc restriction induces the expression of one or more Zur (zinc-uptake repressor)-regulated Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) COG0523 proteins. COG0523 proteins encompass a poorly understood sub-family of G3E P-loop small GTPases, others of which are known to function as metallochaperones in the maturation of cobalamin (CoII) and NiII cofactor-containing metalloenzymes. Here, we use genomic enzymology tools to functionally analyse over 80 000 sequences that are evolutionarily related to Acinetobacter baumannii ZigA (Zur-inducible GTPase), a COG0523 protein and candidate zinc metallochaperone. These sequences segregate into distinct sequence similarity network (SSN) clusters, exemplified by the ZnII-Zur-regulated and FeIII-nitrile hydratase activator CxCC (C, Cys; X, any amino acid)-containing COG0523 proteins (SSN cluster 1), NiII-UreG (clusters 2, 8), CoII-CobW (cluster 4), and NiII-HypB (cluster 5). A total of five large clusters that comprise ≈ 25% of all sequences, including cluster 3 which harbors the only structurally characterized COG0523 protein, Escherichia coli YjiA, and many uncharacterized eukaryotic COG0523 proteins. We also establish that mycobacterial-specific protein Y (Mpy) recruitment factor (Mrf), which promotes ribosome hibernation in actinomycetes under conditions of ZnII starvation, segregates into a fifth SSN cluster (cluster 17). Mrf is a COG0523 paralog that lacks all GTP-binding determinants as well as the ZnII-coordinating Cys found in CxCC-containing COG0523 proteins. On the basis of this analysis, we discuss new perspectives on the COG0523 proteins as cellular reporters of widespread nutrient stress induced by ZnII limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Edmonds
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Matthew R Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Kim K, Islam M, Jung HW, Lim D, Kim K, Lee SG, Park C, Lee JC, Shin M. ppGpp signaling plays a critical role in virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. Virulence 2021; 12:2122-2132. [PMID: 34375563 PMCID: PMC8366539 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1961660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii, a major nosocomial pathogen, survives in diverse hospital environments, and its multidrug resistance is a major concern. The ppGpp-dependent stringent response mediates the reprogramming of genes with diverse functions in several bacteria. We investigated whether ppGpp is involved in A. baumannii’s pathogenesis by examining biofilm formation, surface motility, adhesion, invasion, and mouse infection studies. Transcriptome analysis of early stationary phase cultures revealed 498 differentially-expressed genes (≥ 2-fold change) in a ppGpp-deficient A. baumannii strain; 220 and 278 genes were up and downregulated, respectively. Csu operon expression, important in pilus biosynthesis during early biofilm formation, was significantly reduced in the ppGpp-deficient strain. Our findings suggest that ppGpp signaling influences A. baumannii biofilm formation, surface motility, adherence, and virulence. We showed the association between ppGpp and pathogenicity in A. baumannii for the first time; ppGpp may be a novel antivirulence target in A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Maidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Jung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju South Korea
| | - Sung-Gwon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju South Korea
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju South Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea
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Roy R, You RI, Chang CH, Yang CY, Lin NT. Carboxy-Terminal Processing Protease Controls Production of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Biofilm in Acinetobacter baumannii. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061336. [PMID: 34203028 PMCID: PMC8234194 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxy-terminal processing protease (Ctp) is a serine protease that controls multiple cellular processes through posttranslational modification of proteins. Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 ctp mutant, namely MR14, is known to cause cell wall defects and autolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ctp mutation-driven autolysis in regulating biofilms in A. baumannii and to evaluate the vesiculation caused by cell wall defects. We found that in A. baumannii, Ctp is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane, and loss of Ctp function enhances the biofilm-forming ability of A. baumannii. Quantification of the matrix components revealed that extracellular DNA (eDNA) and proteins were the chief constituents of MR14 biofilm, and the transmission electron microscopy further indicated the presence of numerous dead cells compared with ATCC 17978. The large number of MR14 dead cells is potentially the result of compromised outer membrane integrity, as demonstrated by its high sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MR14 also exhibited the hypervesiculation phenotype, producing outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) of large mean size. The MR14 OMVs were more cytotoxic toward A549 cells than ATCC 17978 OMVs. Our overall results indicate that A. baumanniictp negatively controls pathogenic traits through autolysis and OMV biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Roy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chan-Hua Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (N.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-3-856 5301 (ext. 2080) (N.-T.L.); Fax: +886-3-8566724 (N.-T.L.)
| | - Nien-Tsung Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (N.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-3-856 5301 (ext. 2080) (N.-T.L.); Fax: +886-3-8566724 (N.-T.L.)
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Kim N, Kim HJ, Oh MH, Kim SY, Kim MH, Son JH, Kim SI, Shin M, Lee YC, Lee JC. The role of Zur-regulated lipoprotein A in bacterial morphology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and production of outer membrane vesicles in Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:27. [PMID: 33461493 PMCID: PMC7812711 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc uptake-regulator (Zur)-regulated lipoprotein A (ZrlA) plays a role in bacterial fitness and overcoming antimicrobial exposure in Acinetobacter baumannii. This study further characterized the zrlA gene and its encoded protein and investigated the roles of the zrlA gene in bacterial morphology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in A. baumannii ATCC 17978. Results In silico and polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that the zrlA gene was conserved among A. baumannii strains with 97–100% sequence homology. Recombinant ZrlA protein exhibited a specific enzymatic activity of D-alanine-D-alanine carboxypeptidase. Wild-type A. baumannii exhibited more morphological heterogeneity than a ΔzrlA mutant strain during stationary phase. The ΔzrlA mutant strain was more susceptible to gentamicin than the wild-type strain. Sizes and protein profiles of OMVs were similar between the wild-type and ΔzrlA mutant strains, but the ΔzrlA mutant strain produced 9.7 times more OMV particles than the wild-type strain. OMVs from the ΔzrlA mutant were more cytotoxic in cultured epithelial cells than OMVs from the wild-type strain. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that A. baumannii ZrlA contributes to bacterial morphogenesis and antimicrobial resistance, but its deletion increases OMV production and OMV-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02083-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hwan Oh
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Se Yeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Son
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Drug & Disease Target Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, South Korea.,Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Colquhoun JM, Rather PN. Insights Into Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter baumannii and Implications for Uropathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:253. [PMID: 32547965 PMCID: PMC7273844 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious healthcare threat. In fact, the Center for Disease Control recently reported that carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii is responsible for more than 8,500 infections, 700 deaths, and $281 million in healthcare costs annually in the United States with few, if any, treatment options available, leading to its designation as a pathogen of urgent concern and a priority for novel antimicrobial development. It is hypothesized that biofilms are, at least in part, responsible for the high prevalence of A. baumannii nosocomial and recurrent infections because they frequently contaminate hospital surfaces and patient indwelling devices; therefore, there has been a recent push for mechanistic understanding of biofilm formation, maturation and dispersal. However, most research has focused on A. baumannii pneumonia and bloodstream infections, despite a recent retrospective study showing that 17.1% of A. baumannii isolates compiled from clinical studies over the last two decades were obtained from urinary samples. This highlights that A. baumannii is an underappreciated uropathogen. The following minireview will examine our current understanding of A. baumannii biofilm formation and how this influences urinary tract colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Colquhoun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Philip N Rather
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Research Service, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, United States
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