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Do TA, Nguyen AQ, Van Nguyen T, Vu PT, Tran HT. A giant metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A rare case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 120:109840. [PMID: 38852558 PMCID: PMC11193029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare form of breast cancer, comprising less than 1 % of all breast malignancies. Osseous differentiation is an extremely rare subtype of MBC, accounting for only 0.003-0.12 % of all breast cancer cases. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of advanced-stage metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but then the tumor progressed to metastasis. Despite palliative surgery, and chemotherapy, the disease did not respond; the patient died shortly later. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation often rapidly progressive, resistant to chemotherapy, and associated with a poor prognosis. Some studies in the literature suggest that MBC tends to spread through the blood rather than lymphatic spread and therefore leads to lung and bone metastases. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this histopathological group is limited and its use should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Anh Do
- Viet Nam National Cancer Hospital, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Hue Thi Tran
- Vinmec Times City International hospital, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
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Salmerón-Bárcenas EG, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Torres-Rojas FI, Antonio-Véjar V, Ávila-López PA, Baños-Hernández CJ, Núñez-Martínez HN, Dircio-Maldonado R, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Ortiz-Ortiz J, Jiménez-Wences H. TET Enzymes and 5hmC Levels in Carcinogenesis and Progression of Breast Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:272. [PMID: 38203443 PMCID: PMC10779134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) was the most common female cancer in incidence and mortality worldwide in 2020. Similarly, BC was the top female cancer in the USA in 2022. Risk factors include earlier age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, high body mass index, and mutations in BRCA1/2 genes, among others. BC is classified into Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-like, and Basal-like subtypes. These BC subtypes present differences in gene expression signatures, which can impact clinical behavior, treatment response, aggressiveness, metastasis, and survival of patients. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the epigenetic molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation in BC, such as DNA demethylation. Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes catalyze the oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) on DNA, which in turn inhibits or promotes the gene expression. Interestingly, the expression of TET enzymes as well as the levels of the 5hmC epigenetic mark are altered in several types of human cancers, including BC. Several studies have demonstrated that TET enzymes and 5hmC play a key role in the regulation of gene expression in BC, directly (dependent or independent of DNA de-methylation) or indirectly (via interaction with other proteins such as transcription factors). In this review, we describe our recent understanding of the regulatory and physiological function of the TET enzymes, as well as their potential role as biomarkers in BC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Genaro Salmerón-Bárcenas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico; (E.G.S.-B.); (P.A.Á.-L.)
| | - Ana Elvira Zacapala-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (V.A.-V.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Francisco Israel Torres-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (V.A.-V.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Verónica Antonio-Véjar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (V.A.-V.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Pedro Antonio Ávila-López
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico; (E.G.S.-B.); (P.A.Á.-L.)
| | - Christian Johana Baños-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C. P. 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Hober Nelson Núñez-Martínez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C. P. 04510, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (R.D.-M.); (D.N.M.-C.)
| | - Dinorah Nashely Martínez-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (R.D.-M.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (V.A.-V.); (J.O.-O.)
| | - Hilda Jiménez-Wences
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (R.D.-M.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C. P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
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Gonzalez C, Akula S, Burleson M. The role of mediator subunit 12 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapeutics (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:74. [PMID: 35111243 PMCID: PMC8771631 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) is a subunit of Mediator, a large multi-subunit protein complex that acts an important regulator of transcription. Specifically, MED12 is an integral part of the kinase module of Mediator along with MED13, CyclinC (CycC) and CDK8. Structural studies have indicated that MED12 makes a direct connection to CycC through a specific interface and thereby functions to create a link between MED13 and CycC-CDK8. Disruption of the MED12-CycC interface often leads to dysregulated CDK8 kinase activity, which has important physiological implications. For example, a number of studies have indicated that mutations within MED12 can lead to the formation of benign or malignant tumors, either as a result of MED12-CycC disruption or through distinct independent mechanisms. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that the N-terminal portion of MED12 forms a direct connection to CDK8. Mutations within MED12 do not appear to disrupt the physical connection to CDK8, but rather abrogate CDK8 kinase activity. Thus, mutations in MED12 can cause disruption of CDK8 kinase activity through two separate mechanisms. The aim of the present review article was to discuss the MED12 mutational landscape in a variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as the mechanistic basis behind tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the link between MED12 and drug resistance has also been discussed, as well as potential cancer therapeutics related to MED12-altered tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, University of The Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Shivani Akula
- Department of Chemistry, University of The Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
| | - Marieke Burleson
- Department of Biology, University of The Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA
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