1
|
Uner B, Ergin AD, Ansari IA, Macit-Celebi MS, Ansari SA, Kahtani HMA. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of L-Carnitine-Loaded Nanoparticles in Combating Obesity. Molecules 2023; 28:7115. [PMID: 37894594 PMCID: PMC10609287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Addressing obesity is a critical health concern of the century, necessitating urgent attention. L-carnitine (LC), an essential water-soluble compound, plays a pivotal role in lipid breakdown via β-oxidation and facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes. However, LC's high hydrophilicity poses challenges to its diffusion through bilayers, resulting in limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and a lack of storage within the body, mandating frequent dosing. In our research, we developed LC-loaded nanoparticle lipid carriers (LC-NLCs) using economically viable and tissue-localized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to address these limitations. Employing the central composite design model, we optimized the formulation, employing the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method and incorporating Poloxamer® 407 (surfactant), Compritol® 888 ATO (solid lipid), and oleic acid (liquid oil). A comprehensive assessment of nanoparticle physical attributes was performed, and an open-field test (OFT) was conducted on rats. We employed immunofluorescence assays targeting CRP and PPAR-γ, along with an in vivo rat study utilizing an isolated fat cell line to assess adipogenesis. The optimal formulation, with an average size of 76.4 ± 3.4 nm, was selected due to its significant efficacy in activating the PPAR-γ pathway. Our findings from the OFT revealed noteworthy impacts of LC-NLC formulations (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) on adipocyte cells, surpassing regular L-carnitine formulations' effects (0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL) by 169.26% and 156.63%, respectively (p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uner
- Department of Administrative and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan Ergin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Melahat Sedanur Macit-Celebi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey;
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (H.M.A.K.)
| | - Hamad M. Al Kahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (H.M.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mateus FG, Moreira S, Martins AD, Oliveira PF, Alves MG, Pereira MDL. L-Carnitine and Male Fertility: Is Supplementation Beneficial? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5796. [PMID: 37762736 PMCID: PMC10531648 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Carnitine, a natural antioxidant found in mammals, plays a crucial role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is used as a nutritional supplement by professional athletes, improving performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, its therapeutic applications, including those in male infertility, have been investigated, as it may act as a defense mechanism against the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the testis, a process that can lead to sperm damage. This effect is achieved by enhancing the expression and activity of enzymes with antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of L-Carnitine remain unknown. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge about the potential benefits of L-Carnitine and its role in male (in)fertility. Considering in vitro studies with Sertoli cells, pre-clinical studies, and investigations involving infertile men, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of L-Carnitine has been established. In vitro studies suggest that L-Carnitine has a direct influence on somatic Sertoli cells, improving the development of germ cells. Overall, evidence supports that L-Carnitine can positively impact male fertility, even at a relatively low dose of 2 g/day. This supplementation enhances sperm parameters, regulates hormone levels, reduces ROS levels, and subsequently improves fertility rates. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish optimal doses. In conclusion, the role of L-Carnitine in the field of male reproductive health is highlighted, with the potential to improve sperm quality and fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa G. Mateus
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Moreira
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana D. Martins
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.D.M.); (P.F.O.)
| | - Marco G. Alves
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Science, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (F.G.M.); (S.M.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wadie CM, Ali RH, Mohamed AEHA, Labib JMW, Sabaa AR, Awad HEA, Abou-Bakr DA. A comparative study of acetyl-l-carnitine and caloric restriction impact on hippocampal autophagy, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and astroglial function in AlCl 3-induced Alzheimer's in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:244-257. [PMID: 36988119 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease. We aimed to investigate and compare the neuroprotective impact of acetyl-l-carnitine and caloric restriction (CR) on AlCl3-induced AD to explore the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of AD. Sixty-seven adult male Wistar rats were allocated into Control, AlCl3, AlCl3-acetyl-l-carnitine, and AlCl3-CR groups. Each of AlCl3 and acetyl-l-carnitine were given by gavage in a daily dose of 100 mg/kg and CR was conducted by giving 70% of the daily average caloric intake of the control group. Rats were subjected to behavioral assessment using open field test, Y maze, novel object recognition test and passive avoidance test, biochemical assay of serum phosphorylated tau (pTau), hippocampal homogenate phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Beclin-1, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) as well as hippocampal Ki-67 and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. AlCl3-induced cognitive and behavioral deficits coincident with impaired autophagy and enhanced apoptosis associated with defective neurogenesis and defective astrocyte activation. Acetyl-l-carnitine and CR partially protect against AlCl3-induced behavioral, cognitive, biochemical, and histological changes, with more ameliorative effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on hippocampal apoptotic markers, and more obvious behavioral and histological improvement with CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Magdy Wadie
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwa Hassan Ali
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU) & Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Jolly M W Labib
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Rhman Sabaa
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU) & Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam Eldin Ahmed Awad
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU) & Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ahmed Abou-Bakr
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU) & Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elton AC, Cedarstrom V, Quraishi A, Wuertz B, Murray K, Markowski TW, Seabloom D, Ondrey FG. Metabolic and Metabolomic Effects of Metformin in Murine Model of Pulmonary Adenoma Formation. Nutr Cancer 2023; 75:1014-1027. [PMID: 36688306 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2023.2165692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of diabetic patients treated with metformin identified significantly lower incidences of cancer. From this, there is growing interest in the use of metformin to treat and prevent cancer. Studies have investigated chemopreventive mechanisms including alterations in calorie intake, cancer metabolism, and cell signaling. Repurposing the drug is challenging due to its metabolic effects and non-uniform effects on different types of cancer. In our previously published studies, we observed that benzo[a]pyrene treated mice receiving metformin significantly reduced lung adenomas; however, mice had reduced weight gain. In this study, we compared chemoprevention diets with and without metformin to evaluate the effects of diet vs. effects of metformin. We also performed tandem mass spectrometry on mouse serum to assess metabolomic alterations associated with metformin treatment. In metformin cohorts, the rate of weight gain was reduced, but weights did not vary between diets. There was no weight difference between diets without metformin. Interestingly, caloric intake was increased in metformin treated mice. Metabolomic analysis revealed metabolite alterations consistent with metformin treatment. Based on these results, we conclude that previous reductions in lung adenomas may have been occurred from anticancer effects of metformin rather than a potentially toxic effect such as calorie restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Elton
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vannesa Cedarstrom
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arman Quraishi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beverly Wuertz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,AeroCore, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin Murray
- Center for Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Todd W Markowski
- Center for Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donna Seabloom
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,AeroCore, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank G Ondrey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,AeroCore, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raghuvaran N, Sardar P, Sahu NP, Shamna N, Jana P, Paul M, Bhusare S, Bhavatharaniya U. Effect of L-carnitine supplemented diets with varying protein and lipid levels on growth, body composition, antioxidant status and physio-metabolic changes of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei juveniles reared in inland saline water. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
6
|
Benjamin S, Au TY, Assavarittirong C. Lack of supplement regulation: A potential for ethical and physiological repercussions. Nutr Health 2022; 28:495-499. [PMID: 35770294 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The sale and utilization of dietary and fitness supplements in America, with industry revenue totaling 140.3 billion in 2020 alone, has proven significant. Unfortunately, these supplements are not held to high standards of manufacturing or marketing, leading to ethical, financial, and physiological repercussions for consumers. Aim: The aim of this study is to discuss specific examples of a prevalent issue within the supplementation industry; we suggest the implementation of regulatory processes in the sale and marketing of such products. Methods: Studies from 2007 to 2021 which illustrate positive or negative effects of specific supplements based on gross revenue or a high level of publicity were analyzed. Results: Within this paper, we outline potential regulations which could assist in mitigating the negative impact that a lack of oversight has precipitated. These regulations include an initial approval request which reviews supplement ingredients, effects, risks, and therapeutic index. Conclusion: If the proposed regulations are introduced, the data collected via supplement applications may be utilized in classifying the supplement by its risk before it is marketed to the general population with supervision by pharmacists when indicated, ultimately reducing the adverse effects of inappropriate supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsz Yuen Au
- 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang JX, Rahimnejad S, Zhang YY, Ren J, Wang J, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Mildronate triggers growth suppression and lipid accumulation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) through disturbing lipid metabolism. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:145-159. [PMID: 35034221 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many metabolic diseases in fish are often associated with lowered mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). However, the physiological role of mitochondrial FAO in lipid metabolism has not been verified in many carnivorous fish species, for example in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonids). In the present study, a specific mitochondrial FAO inhibitor, mildronate (MD), was used to investigate the effects of impaired mitochondrial FAO on growth performance, health status, and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass. The results showed that the dietary MD treatment significantly suppressed growth performance and caused heavy lipid accumulation, especially neutral lipid, in the liver. The MD-treated fish exhibited lower monounsaturated fatty acid and higher long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscle. The MD treatment downregulated the gene expressions in lipolysis and lipogenesis, as well as the expressions of the genes and some key proteins in FAO without enhancing peroxisomal FAO. Additionally, the MD-treated fish had lower serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and lower pro-inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes in the liver. Taken together, MD treatment markedly induced lipid accumulation via depressing lipid catabolism. Our findings reveal the pivotal roles of mitochondrial FAO in maintaining health and lipid homeostasis in largemouth bass and could be hopeful in understanding metabolic diseases in farmed carnivorous fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Wang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Samad Rahimnejad
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Yan-Yu Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jie Wang
- HANOVE Research Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang CC, Ding L, Zhang LY, Shi HH, Xue CH, Chi NQ, Yanagita T, Zhang TT, Wang YM. A pilot study on the effects of DHA/EPA-enriched phospholipids on aerobic and anaerobic exercises in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:1441-1454. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DHA/EPA-PL andl-carnitine had significant effects on aerobic exercise, while astaxanthin improved anaerobic exercise. The possible mechanism involved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts
| | - Nai-Qiu Chi
- Qingdao Silver Century Health Industry Group Co
- Ltd
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Teruyoshi Yanagita
- Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry
- Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science
- Saga University
- Saga 840-8502
- Japan
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts
| |
Collapse
|