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Zhu X, Ji J, Han X. Osteopontin: an essential regulatory protein in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Histol 2024; 55:1-13. [PMID: 37878112 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, chronic lung disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammatory damage, and disrupted alveolar structure. Despite its increasing morbidity and mortality rates, effective clinical treatments for IPF remain elusive. Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional ECM protein found in various tissues, has been implicated in numerous biological processes such as bone remodeling, innate immunity, acute and chronic inflammation, and cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of OPN in the pathogenesis of IPF. This review aims to delve into the involvement of OPN in the inflammatory response, ECM deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during IPF, and intends to lay a solid theoretical groundwork for the development of therapeutic strategies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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2
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Johnson BM, Johnson AM, Heim M, Buckley M, Mortimer B, Berry JL, Sewell-Loftin MK. Biomechanical stimulation promotes blood vessel growth despite VEGFR-2 inhibition. BMC Biol 2023; 21:290. [PMID: 38072992 PMCID: PMC10712065 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis, or the growth of new vasculature from existing blood vessels, is widely considered a primary hallmark of cancer progression. When a tumor is small, diffusion is sufficient to receive essential nutrients; however, as the tumor grows, a vascular supply is needed to deliver oxygen and nutrients into the increasing mass. Several anti-angiogenic cancer therapies target VEGF and the receptor VEGFR-2, which are major promoters of blood vessel development. Unfortunately, many of these cancer treatments fail to completely stop angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Since these therapies focus on the biochemical activation of VEGFR-2 via VEGF ligand binding, we propose that mechanical cues, particularly those found in the TME, may be a source of VEGFR-2 activation that promotes growth of blood vessel networks even in the presence of VEGF and VEGFR-2 inhibitors. RESULTS In this paper, we analyzed phosphorylation patterns of VEGFR-2, particularly at Y1054/Y1059 and Y1214, stimulated via either VEGF or biomechanical stimulation in the form of tensile strains. Our results show prolonged and enhanced activation at both Y1054/Y1059 and Y1214 residues when endothelial cells were stimulated with strain, VEGF, or a combination of both. We also analyzed Src expression, which is downstream of VEGFR-2 and can be activated through strain or the presence of VEGF. Finally, we used fibrin gels and microfluidic devices as 3D microtissue models to simulate the TME. We determined that regions of mechanical strain promoted increased vessel growth, even with VEGFR-2 inhibition through SU5416. CONCLUSIONS Overall, understanding both the effects that biomechanical and biochemical stimuli have on VEGFR-2 activation and angiogenesis is an important factor in developing effective anti-angiogenic therapies. This paper shows that VEGFR-2 can be mechanically activated through strain, which likely contributes to increased angiogenesis in the TME. These proof-of-concept studies show that small molecular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 do not fully prevent angiogenesis in 3D TME models when mechanical strains are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronte Miller Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Allison McKenzie Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael Heim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Molly Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bryan Mortimer
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Joel L Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Wallace Tumor Institute, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Srivastava P, Romanazzo S, Kopecky C, Nemec S, Ireland J, Molley TG, Lin K, Jayathilaka PB, Pandzic E, Yeola A, Chandrakanthan V, Pimanda J, Kilian K. Defined Microenvironments Trigger In Vitro Gastrulation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203614. [PMID: 36519269 PMCID: PMC9929265 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a stage in embryo development where three germ layers arise to dictate the human body plan. In vitro models of gastrulation have been demonstrated by treating pluripotent stem cells with soluble morphogens to trigger differentiation. However, in vivo gastrulation is a multistage process coordinated through feedback between soluble gradients and biophysical forces, with the multipotent epiblast transforming to the primitive streak followed by germ layer segregation. Here, the authors show how constraining pluripotent stem cells to hydrogel islands triggers morphogenesis that mirrors the stages preceding in vivo gastrulation, without the need for exogenous supplements. Within hours of initial seeding, cells display a contractile phenotype at the boundary, which leads to enhanced proliferation, yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and emergence of SRY-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17)+ T/BRACHYURY+ cells. Molecular profiling and pathway analysis reveals a role for mechanotransduction-coupled wingless-type (WNT) signaling in orchestrating differentiation, which bears similarities to processes observed in whole organism models of development. After two days, the colonies form multilayered aggregates, which can be removed for further growth and differentiation. This approach demonstrates how materials alone can initiate gastrulation, thereby providing in vitro models of development and a tool to support organoid bioengineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Srivastava
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Sara Romanazzo
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Chantal Kopecky
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Stephanie Nemec
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jake Ireland
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Thomas G. Molley
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Kang Lin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Pavithra B. Jayathilaka
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy FacilityMark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Vashe Chandrakanthan
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - John Pimanda
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- Department of HaematologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNSW2031Australia
| | - Kristopher Kilian
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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Putra VDL, Kilian KA, Knothe Tate ML. Biomechanical, biophysical and biochemical modulators of cytoskeletal remodelling and emergent stem cell lineage commitment. Commun Biol 2023; 6:75. [PMID: 36658332 PMCID: PMC9852586 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Across complex, multi-time and -length scale biological systems, redundancy confers robustness and resilience, enabling adaptation and increasing survival under dynamic environmental conditions; this review addresses ubiquitous effects of cytoskeletal remodelling, triggered by biomechanical, biophysical and biochemical cues, on stem cell mechanoadaptation and emergent lineage commitment. The cytoskeleton provides an adaptive structural scaffold to the cell, regulating the emergence of stem cell structure-function relationships during tissue neogenesis, both in prenatal development as well as postnatal healing. Identification and mapping of the mechanical cues conducive to cytoskeletal remodelling and cell adaptation may help to establish environmental contexts that can be used prospectively as translational design specifications to target tissue neogenesis for regenerative medicine. In this review, we summarize findings on cytoskeletal remodelling in the context of tissue neogenesis during early development and postnatal healing, and its relevance in guiding lineage commitment for targeted tissue regeneration. We highlight how cytoskeleton-targeting chemical agents modulate stem cell differentiation and govern responses to mechanical cues in stem cells' emerging form and function. We further review methods for spatiotemporal visualization and measurement of cytoskeletal remodelling, as well as its effects on the mechanical properties of cells, as a function of adaptation. Research in these areas may facilitate translation of stem cells' own healing potential and improve the design of materials, therapies, and devices for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vina D L Putra
- School of Chemistry and School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- School of Chemistry and School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Melissa L Knothe Tate
- Blue Mountains World Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute (bmwi³), Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia.
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Do Tumor Mechanical Stresses Promote Cancer Immune Escape? Cells 2022; 11:cells11233840. [PMID: 36497097 PMCID: PMC9740277 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion-a well-established cancer hallmark-is a major barrier to immunotherapy efficacy. While the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences underpinning immune evasion are largely known, the role of tissue mechanical stresses in these processes warrants further investigation. The tumor microenvironment (TME) features physical abnormalities (notably, increased fluid and solid pressures applied both inside and outside the TME) that drive cancer mechanopathologies. Strikingly, in response to these mechanical stresses, cancer cells upregulate canonical immune evasion mechanisms, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy. Consideration and characterization of the origins and consequences of tumor mechanical stresses in the TME may yield novel strategies to combat immunotherapy resistance. In this Perspective, we posit that tumor mechanical stresses-namely fluid shear and solid stresses-induce immune evasion by upregulating EMT and autophagy. In addition to exploring the basis for our hypothesis, we also identify explicit gaps in the field that need to be addressed in order to directly demonstrate the existence and importance of this biophysical relationship. Finally, we propose that reducing or neutralizing fluid shear stress and solid stress-induced cancer immune escape may improve immunotherapy outcomes.
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Zulueta-Coarasa T, Fadul J, Ahmed M, Rosenblatt J. Physical confinement promotes mesenchymal trans-differentiation of invading transformed cells in vivo. iScience 2022; 25:105330. [PMID: 36325066 PMCID: PMC9618776 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is tightly linked with poor cancer prognosis, yet it is not clear how transformed cells become invasive carcinomas. We previously discovered that single KRasV12-transformed cells can invade directly from the epithelium by basal cell extrusion. During this process, cells de-differentiate by mechanically pinching off their epithelial determinants, but how they trans-differentiate into a migratory, mesenchymal phenotype is not known. Here, we demonstrate that basally extruded KRasV12-expressing cells become significantly deformed as they invade the zebrafish body. Decreasing the confinement that cells experience after they invade reduces the percentage of KRasV12 cells that trans-differentiate into mesenchymal cell types, while higher confinement increases this percentage. Additionally, increased confinement promotes accumulation of internal masses over time. Altogether, our results suggest that mechanical forces drive not only de-differentiation of KRasV12-transformed epithelial cells as they invade but also their re-differentiation into mesenchymal phenotypes that contribute to distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - John Fadul
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marjana Ahmed
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- The Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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Ma H, Wu X, Li Y, Xia Y. Research Progress in the Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Drug Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963054. [PMID: 35935869 PMCID: PMC9349351 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. Recent studies have identified the key role of crosstalk between dysregulated epithelial cells, mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells in IPF. In addition, genetic mutations and environmental factors (e.g., smoking) have also been associated with the development of IPF. With the recent development of sequencing technology, epigenetics, as an intermediate link between gene expression and environmental impacts, has also been reported to be implicated in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the etiology of IPF is unknown, many novel therapeutic targets and agents have emerged from clinical trials for IPF treatment in the past years, and the successful launch of pirfenidone and nintedanib has demonstrated the promising future of anti-IPF therapy. Therefore, we aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathogenic factors of IPF, which would be helpful for the diagnosis of IPF, the development of anti-fibrotic drugs, and improving the prognosis of patients with IPF. In this study, we summarized the pathogenic mechanism, therapeutic targets and clinical trials from the perspective of multiple cell types, gene mutations, epigenetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xia,
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MRTF specifies a muscle-like contractile module in Porifera. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4134. [PMID: 35840552 PMCID: PMC9287330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-based movement is a hallmark of animal biology, but the evolutionary origins of myocytes are unknown. Although believed to lack muscles, sponges (Porifera) are capable of coordinated whole-body contractions that purge debris from internal water canals. This behavior has been observed for decades, but their contractile tissues remain uncharacterized with respect to their ultrastructure, regulation, and development. We examine the sponge Ephydatia muelleri and find tissue-wide organization of a contractile module composed of actin, striated-muscle myosin II, and transgelin, and that contractions are regulated by the release of internal Ca2+ stores upstream of the myosin-light-chain-kinase (MLCK) pathway. The development of this contractile module appears to involve myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) as part of an environmentally inducible transcriptional complex that also functions in muscle development, plasticity, and regeneration. As an actin-regulated force-sensor, MRTF-activity offers a mechanism for how the contractile tissues that line water canals can dynamically remodel in response to flow and can re-form normally from stem-cells in the absence of the intrinsic spatial cues typical of animal embryogenesis. We conclude that the contractile module of sponge tissues shares elements of homology with contractile tissues in other animals, including muscles, indicating descent from a common, multifunctional tissue in the animal stem-lineage. Myocytes are a key cell type that enable animal movement, but their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Colgren and Nichols describe molecular and functional similarities between a contractile module in tissues of a sponge and muscle tissues in other animals, indicating a common evolutionary origin.
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Nishi R, Oda Y, Morikura T, Miyata S. Effect of Compressive Stress in Tumor Microenvironment on Malignant Tumor Spheroid Invasion Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137091. [PMID: 35806095 PMCID: PMC9266885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we proposed an in vitro tumor model to simulate the mechanical microenvironment and investigate the effect of compressive stress on the invasion process of malignant tumors. It has been pointed out that the biomechanical environment, as well as the biochemical environment, could affect the transformation of cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesized that the solid stress caused by the exclusion of surrounding tissue could transform tumor cells from noninvasive to invasive phenotypes. Colorectal cell spheroids were embedded and cultured in agarose gels of varying concentrations to simulate the earliest stages of tumor formation and invasion. The spheroids embedded in gels at higher concentrations showed peculiar growth after 72 h of culture, and the external compressive loading imposed on them caused peculiar growth even in the gels at lower concentrations. In conclusion, the mechanical microenvironment caused the transformation of tumor cell phenotypes, promoting the growth and invasion of tumor cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nishi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (R.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Yudai Oda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;
| | - Takashi Morikura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan; (R.N.); (T.M.)
| | - Shogo Miyata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Zheng J, Dong H, Zhang T, Ning J, Xu Y, Cai C. Development and Validation of a Novel Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Based on Three Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Immune-Related Genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:865052. [PMID: 35559024 PMCID: PMC9086533 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.865052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence has revealed that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immunity play key roles in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, correlation between EMT and immune response and the prognostic significance of EMT in IPF remains unclear. Methods: Two microarray expression profiling datasets (GSE70866 and GSE28221) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. EMT- and immune-related genes were identified by gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumors using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the functions of these EMT- and immune-related genes. Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were used to screen prognostic genes and establish a gene signature. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Cell-type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) were used to investigate the function of the EMT- and immune-related signatures and correlation between the EMT- and immune-related signatures and immune cell infiltration. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to investigate the mRNA expression of genes in the EMT- and immune-related signatures. Results: Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these genes were mainly involved in immune response. Moreover, the EMT- and immune-related signatures were constructed based on three EMT- and immune-related genes (IL1R2, S100A12, and CCL8), and the K–M and ROC curves presented that the signature could affect the prognosis of IPF patients and could predict the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival well. Furthermore, a nomogram was developed based on the expression of IL1R2, S100A12, and CCL8, and the calibration curve showed that the nomogram could visually and accurately predict the 1-, 2-, 3-year survival of IPF patients. Finally, we further found that immune-related pathways were activated in the high-risk group of patients, and the EMT- and immune-related signatures were associated with NK cells activated, macrophages M0, dendritic cells resting, mast cells resting, and mast cells activated. qRT-PCR suggested that the mRNA expression of IL1R2, S100A12, and CCL8 was upregulated in whole blood of IPF patients compared with normal samples. Conclusion: IL1R2, S100A12, and CCL8 might play key roles in IPF by regulating immune response and could be used as prognostic biomarkers of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Hanquan Dong
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Tongqiang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Yongsheng Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Institute of Pediatrics(Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment), Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
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Ikeda T, Inamori K, Kawanishi T, Takeda H. Reemployment of Kupffer's vesicle cells into axial and paraxial mesoderm via transdifferentiation. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:163-177. [PMID: 35129208 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer's vesicle (KV) in the teleost embryo is a fluid-filled vesicle surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells with rotating primary cilia. KV transiently acts as the left-right organizer and degenerates after the establishment of left-right asymmetric gene expression. Previous labelling experiments in zebrafish embryos indicated that descendants of KV-epithelial cells are incorporated into mesodermal tissues after the collapse of KV. However, the overall picture of their differentiation potency had been unclear due to the lack of suitable genetic tools and molecular analyses. In the present study, we established a novel zebrafish transgenic line with a promoter of dand5, in which all KV-epithelial cells and their descendants are specifically labelled until the larval stage. We found that KV-epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition upon KV collapse and infiltrate into adjacent mesodermal progenitors, the presomitic mesoderm and chordoneural hinge. Once incorporated, the descendants of KV-epithelial cells expressed distinct mesodermal differentiation markers and contributed to the mature populations such as the axial muscles and notochordal sheath through normal developmental process. These results indicate that differentiated KV-epithelial cells possess unique plasticity in that they are reemployed into mesodermal lineages through transdifferentiation after they complete their initial role in KV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Inamori
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yeh CF, Chou C, Yang KC. Mechanotransduction in fibrosis: Mechanisms and treatment targets. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:279-314. [PMID: 34696888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
To perceive and integrate the environmental cues, cells and tissues sense and interpret various physical forces like shear, tensile, and compression stress. Mechanotransduction involves the sensing and translation of mechanical forces into biochemical and mechanical signals to guide cell fate and achieve tissue homeostasis. Disruption of this mechanical homeostasis by tissue injury elicits multiple cellular responses leading to pathological matrix deposition and tissue stiffening, and consequent evolution toward pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic phenotypes, leading to tissue/organ fibrosis. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms linking mechanotransduction to fibrosis and uncovers the potential therapeutic targets to halt or resolve fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Fan Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Caroline Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Matsuzaki S. Mechanobiology of the female reproductive system. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:371-401. [PMID: 34646066 PMCID: PMC8499606 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanobiology in the field of human female reproduction has been extremely challenging technically and ethically. METHODS The present review provides the current knowledge on mechanobiology of the female reproductive system. This review focuses on the early phases of reproduction from oocyte development to early embryonic development, with an emphasis on current progress. MAIN FINDINGS RESULTS Optimal, well-controlled mechanical cues are required for female reproductive system physiology. Many important questions remain unanswered; whether and how mechanical imbalances among the embryo, decidua, and uterine muscle contractions affect early human embryonic development, whether the biomechanical properties of oocytes/embryos are potential biomarkers for selecting high-quality oocytes/embryos, whether mechanical properties differ between the two major compartments of the ovary (cortex and medulla) in normally ovulating human ovaries, whether durotaxis is involved in several processes in addition to embryonic development. Progress in mechanobiology is dependent on development of technologies that enable precise physical measurements. CONCLUSION More studies are needed to understand the roles of forces and changes in the mechanical properties of female reproductive system physiology. Recent and future technological advancements in mechanobiology research will help us understand the role of mechanical forces in female reproductive system disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsuzaki
- CHU Clermont‐FerrandChirurgie GynécologiqueClermont‐FerrandFrance
- Université Clermont AuvergneInstitut Pascal, UMR6602, CNRS/UCA/SIGMAClermont‐FerrandFrance
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14
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Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158188. [PMID: 34360952 PMCID: PMC8348042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a strictly regulated process that is indispensable for normal development, but it can result in fibrosis and cancer progression. It encompasses a complete alteration of the cellular transcriptomic profile, promoting the expression of genes involved in cellular migration, invasion and proliferation. Extracellular signaling factors driving the EMT process require secondary messengers to convey their effects to their targets. Due to its remarkable properties, calcium represents an ideal candidate to translate molecular messages from receptor to effector. Therefore, calcium-permeable ion channels that facilitate the influx of extracellular calcium into the cytosol can exert major influences on cellular phenotype. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels represent a superfamily of non-selective cation channels that decode physical and chemical stimuli into cellular behavior. Their role as cellular sensors renders them interesting proteins to study in the context of phenotypic transitions, such as EMT. In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge regarding TRP channel expression and activity in cellular phenotype and EMT.
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15
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Zhang H, Steed A, Co M, Chen X. Cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ATP and their roles in drug resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:684-709. [PMID: 34322664 PMCID: PMC8315560 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) state and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation are tightly interconnected. Cancer cells that acquire the EMT/CSC phenotype are equipped with adaptive metabolic changes to maintain low reactive oxygen species levels and stemness, enhanced drug transporters, anti-apoptotic machinery and DNA repair system. Factors present in the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia and the communication with non-cancer stromal cells also promote cancer cells to enter the EMT/CSC state and display related resistance. ATP, particularly the high levels of intratumoral extracellular ATP functioning through both signaling pathways and ATP internalization, induces and regulates EMT and CSC. The three of them work together to enhance drug resistance. New findings in each of these factors will help us explore deeper into mechanisms of drug resistance and suggest new resistance-associated markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Alexander Steed
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Milo Co
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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16
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Murphy RJ, Buenzli PR, Tambyah TA, Thompson EW, Hugo HJ, Baker RE, Simpson MJ. The role of mechanical interactions in EMT. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33789261 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abf425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The detachment of cells from the boundary of an epithelial tissue and the subsequent invasion of these cells into surrounding tissues is important for cancer development and wound healing, and is strongly associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Chemical signals, such as TGF-β, produced by surrounding tissue can be uptaken by cells and induce EMT. In this work, we present a novel cell-based discrete mathematical model of mechanical cellular relaxation, cell proliferation, and cell detachment driven by chemically-dependent EMT in an epithelial tissue. A continuum description of the model is then derived in the form of a novel nonlinear free boundary problem. Using the discrete and continuum models we explore how the coupling of chemical transport and mechanical interactions influences EMT, and postulate how this could be used to help control EMT in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Murphy
- Queensland University of Technology, Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- Queensland University of Technology, Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tamara A Tambyah
- Queensland University of Technology, Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Honor J Hugo
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Brisbane, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruth E Baker
- University of Oxford, Mathematical Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- Queensland University of Technology, Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Melchionna R, Trono P, Tocci A, Nisticò P. Actin Cytoskeleton and Regulation of TGFβ Signaling: Exploring Their Links. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020336. [PMID: 33672325 PMCID: PMC7926735 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tissues, to maintain their architecture and function, respond to injuries by activating intricate biochemical and physical mechanisms that regulates intercellular communication crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Coordination of the communication occurs through the activity of different actin cytoskeletal regulators, physically connected to extracellular matrix through integrins, generating a platform of biochemical and biomechanical signaling that is deregulated in cancer. Among the major pathways, a controller of cellular functions is the cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which remains a complex and central signaling network still to be interpreted and explained in cancer progression. Here, we discuss the link between actin dynamics and TGFβ signaling with the aim of exploring their aberrant interaction in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melchionna
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Trono
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tocci
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (P.T.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652662539
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18
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Yu Y, Li M, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Zhang W, Son G, Ge J, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Ye D, Yang C, Wang S. Activation of mesenchymal stem cells promotes new bone formation within dentigerous cyst. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:476. [PMID: 33168086 PMCID: PMC7653780 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dentigerous cyst (DC) is a bone destructive disease and remains a challenge for clinicians. Marsupialization enables the bone to regenerate with capsule maintaining, making it a preferred therapeutic means for DC adjacent to vital anatomical structures. Given that capsules of DC are derived from odontogenic epithelium remnants at the embryonic stage, we investigated whether there were mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) located in DC capsules and the role that they played in the bone regeneration after marsupialization. Methods Samples obtained before and after marsupialization were used for histological detection and cell culture. The stemness of cells isolated from fresh tissues was analyzed by morphology, surface marker, and multi-differentiation assays. Comparison of proliferation ability between MSCs isolated from DC capsules before (Bm-DCSCs) and after (Am-DCSCs) marsupialization was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F), and 5′-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Their osteogenic capacity in vitro was detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red staining (ARS), combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis as well as cranial bone defect model in nude mice was performed to detect their bone regeneration and bone defect repairability. Results Bone tissue and strong ALP activity were detected in the capsule of DC after marsupialization. Two types of MSCs were isolated from fibrous capsules of DC both before (Bm-DCSCs) and after (Am-DCSCs) marsupialization. These fibroblast-like, colony-forming cells expressed MSC markers (CD44+, CD90+, CD31−, CD34−, CD45−), and they could differentiate into osteoblast-, adipocyte-, and chondrocyte-like cells under induction. Notably, Am-DCSCs performed better in cell proliferation and self-renewal. Moreover, Am-DCSCs showed a greater osteogenic capacity both in vitro and in vivo compared with Bm-DCSCs. Conclusions There are MSCs residing in capsules of DC, and the cell viability as well as the osteogenic capacity of them is largely enhanced after marsupialization. Our findings suggested that MSCs might play a crucial role in the healing process of DC after marsupialization, thus providing new insight into the treatment for DC by promoting the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs inside capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Yu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiong Zhou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqi Shi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Geehun Son
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral-maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shaoyi Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Shomar A, Barak O, Brenner N. Local and global features of genetic networks supporting a phenotypic switch. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238433. [PMID: 32881964 PMCID: PMC7470255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic switches are associated with alterations in the cell's gene expression profile and are vital to many aspects of biology. Previous studies have identified local motifs of the genetic regulatory network that could underlie such switches. Recent advancements allowed the study of networks at the global, many-gene, level; however, the relationship between the local and global scales in giving rise to phenotypic switches remains elusive. In this work, we studied the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using a gene regulatory network model. This model supports two clusters of stable steady-states identified with the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, and a range of intermediate less stable hybrid states, whose importance in cancer has been recently highlighted. Using an array of network perturbations and quantifying the resulting landscape, we investigated how features of the network at different levels give rise to these landscape properties. We found that local connectivity patterns affect the landscape in a mostly incremental manner; in particular, a specific previously identified double-negative feedback motif is not required when embedded in the full network, because the landscape is maintained at a global level. Nevertheless, despite the distributed nature of the switch, it is possible to find combinations of a few local changes that disrupt it. At the level of network architecture, we identified a crucial role for peripheral genes that act as incoming signals to the network in creating clusters of states. Such incoming signals are a signature of modularity and are expected to appear also in other biological networks. Hybrid states between epithelial and mesenchymal arise in the model due to barriers in the interaction between genes, causing hysteresis at all connections. Our results suggest emergent switches can neither be pinpointed to local motifs, nor do they arise as typical properties of random network ensembles. Rather, they arise through an interplay between the nature of local interactions, and the core-periphery structure induced by the modularity of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Shomar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Omri Barak
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Brenner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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20
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Sewell-Loftin MK, Katz JB, George SC, Longmore GD. Micro-strains in the extracellular matrix induce angiogenesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2776-2787. [PMID: 32614340 PMCID: PMC7659465 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of biomechanical factors that control tumor development, including angiogenesis, could explain why few of the promising treatment strategies discovered via in vitro models translate well into in vivo or clinical studies. The ability to manipulate and in real-time study the multiple independent biomechanical properties on cellular activity has been limited, primarily due to limitations in traditional in vitro platforms or the inability to manipulate such factors in vivo. We present a novel microfluidic platform that mimics the vascularized tumor microenvironment with independent control of interstitial flow and mechanical strain. The microtissue platform design isolates mechanically-stimulated angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, by manipulating interstitial flow to eliminate soluble factors that could drive blood vessel growth. Our studies demonstrate that enhanced mechanical strain induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes angiogenesis in microvasculature models, even when preventing diffusion of soluble factors to the growing vasculature. Moreover, small but significant decreases in micro-strains induced by inhibited CAFs were sufficient to reduce angiogenesis. Ultimately, we believe this platform represents a significant advancement in the ability to investigate biomechanical signals while controlling for biochemical signals, with a potential to be utilized in fields beyond cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Room 630A, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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21
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Sharma S, Ma L, Rahaman SO. Role of TRPV4 in matrix stiffness-induced expression of EMT-specific LncRNA. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:189-197. [PMID: 32734537 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are long (> 200 bases), non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as major regulators of gene expression, cell differentiation, development, and oncogenesis. In view of the fact that matrix stiffness plays a role in cellular functions associated with these processes, it is important to ask what role matrix stiffness plays in regulating expression of LncRNAs. In this report, we show that (i) matrix stiffness causes differential expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related LncRNAs and mRNAs in primary mouse normal epidermal keratinocytes, (ii) differential expression of EMT-related LncRNAs and mRNAs occurs in response to combined stimulation of transforming growth factor β1 and matrix stiffness, and (iii) transient receptor potential (TRP) channel of the vanilloid subfamily, TRPV4, a matrix stiffness-sensitive ion channel, plays a role in differential expression of EMT-related LncRNAs and mRNAs in response to combined stimulation by TGFβ1 and matrix stiffness. These data identify TRPV4 as a candidate plasma membrane mechanosensor that transmits matrix-sensing signals essential to LncRNA expression. Our results also show that we have established and validated an assay system capable of discovering novel LncRNAs and mRNAs sensitive to matrix stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shaik O Rahaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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22
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Nath S, Pigula M, Khan AP, Hanna W, Ruhi MK, Dehkordy FM, Pushpavanam K, Rege K, Moore K, Tsujita Y, Conrad C, Inci F, del Carmen MG, Franco W, Celli JP, Demirci U, Hasan T, Huang HC, Rizvi I. Flow-induced Shear Stress Confers Resistance to Carboplatin in an Adherent Three-Dimensional Model for Ovarian Cancer: A Role for EGFR-Targeted Photoimmunotherapy Informed by Physical Stress. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9040924. [PMID: 32231055 PMCID: PMC7230263 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key reason for the persistently grim statistics associated with metastatic ovarian cancer is resistance to conventional agents, including platinum-based chemotherapies. A major source of treatment failure is the high degree of genetic and molecular heterogeneity, which results from significant underlying genomic instability, as well as stromal and physical cues in the microenvironment. Ovarian cancer commonly disseminates via transcoelomic routes to distant sites, which is associated with the frequent production of malignant ascites, as well as the poorest prognosis. In addition to providing a cell and protein-rich environment for cancer growth and progression, ascitic fluid also confers physical stress on tumors. An understudied area in ovarian cancer research is the impact of fluid shear stress on treatment failure. Here, we investigate the effect of fluid shear stress on response to platinum-based chemotherapy and the modulation of molecular pathways associated with aggressive disease in a perfusion model for adherent 3D ovarian cancer nodules. Resistance to carboplatin is observed under flow with a concomitant increase in the expression and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as downstream signaling members mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The uptake of platinum by the 3D ovarian cancer nodules was significantly higher in flow cultures compared to static cultures. A downregulation of phospho-focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), vinculin, and phospho-paxillin was observed following carboplatin treatment in both flow and static cultures. Interestingly, low-dose anti-EGFR photoimmunotherapy (PIT), a targeted photochemical modality, was found to be equally effective in ovarian tumors grown under flow and static conditions. These findings highlight the need to further develop PIT-based combinations that target the EGFR, and sensitize ovarian cancers to chemotherapy in the context of flow-induced shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Michael Pigula
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Amjad P. Khan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - William Hanna
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; (W.H.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599, USA
| | - Farzaneh Mahmoodpoor Dehkordy
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Karthik Pushpavanam
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (K.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Kaushal Rege
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (K.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Kaitlin Moore
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Yujiro Tsujita
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Christina Conrad
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.C.); (H.-C.H.)
| | - Fatih Inci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (F.I.); (U.D.)
| | - Marcela G. del Carmen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Walfre Franco
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; (W.H.); (J.P.C.)
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (F.I.); (U.D.)
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (C.C.); (H.-C.H.)
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.P.); (A.P.K.); (M.K.R.); (F.M.D.); (K.M.); (Y.T.); (W.F.); (T.H.)
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence:
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23
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Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Review on Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122940. [PMID: 31208114 PMCID: PMC6627879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is characterized by abnormal collagen deposition. It is a precancerous disorder and transforms into a malignant tumor in 1.5–15% of all cases. Symptoms include submucous fibrosis, ulceration, xerostomia, a burning sensation, and restricted mouth opening. All of these greatly interfere with patient quality of life. The present review introduces OSF from a molecular perspective and summarizes what is known about its underlying mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions. In addition to the aggressive treatment of OSF, its prevention is also important. Future research should, therefore, focus on improving the oral health literacy of the patients susceptible to OSF.
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24
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Yamamoto S, Okada K, Sasaki N, Chang AC, Yamaguchi K, Nakanishi J. Photoactivatable Hydrogel Interfaces for Resolving the Interplay of Chemical, Mechanical, and Geometrical Regulation of Collective Cell Migration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7459-7468. [PMID: 30379076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is the mechanobiological interplay within migrating cell clusters and against extracellular matrixes (ECMs) underneath, mediating various physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a robust platform on which collective migration can be studied under standardized conditions to understand how cells migrate differently between normal and disease states. We herein demonstrated phtotoactivatable hydrogel interfaces as suitable candidates for such applications. The substrate was composed of a poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) hydrogel whose surface was sequentially functionalized with poly-d-lysine (PDL) and photocleavable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). On the surface of the gel substrates, cell clusters with any given geometries can be prepared by controlling the irradiation patterns (geometrical cue), and their collective migration can be induced by the subsequent irradiation of the surrounding regions. Moreover, the substrate mechanical properties can be controlled by changing the composition of the PAAm hydrogel (mechanical cue), and the chemical properties were controlled by changing the amount of immobilized PDL, thereby altering the adsorbed amount of ECM proteins (chemical cue). The photoactivatable gel substrates were characterized by fluorescence microscopy, ζ-potential measurements, and the protein adsorption test. Through the study of the interplay of chemical, mechanical, and geometrical cues in the regulation of collective characteristics, we found additive effects of chemical and mechanical cues on the suppression of circular expansion by up-regulating the epithelial morphology. Also, the impact of geometrical cues became more significant by decreasing the chemical cue. We believe the present platform will be a useful research tool for the comprehensive mechanobiological analysis of collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamamoto
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Kei Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Toyo University , 2100 Kujirai , Kawagoe , Saitama 350-8585 , Japan
| | - Alice Chinghsuan Chang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry , Kanagawa University , 2946 Tsuchiya , Hiratsuka , Kanagawa 259-1293 , Japan
| | - Jun Nakanishi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku , Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
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25
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Jia D, Li X, Bocci F, Tripathi S, Deng Y, Jolly MK, Onuchic JN, Levine H. Quantifying Cancer Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity and its Association with Stemness and Immune Response. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E725. [PMID: 31121840 PMCID: PMC6572429 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can acquire a spectrum of stable hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) states during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells in these hybrid E/M phenotypes often combine epithelial and mesenchymal features and tend to migrate collectively commonly as small clusters. Such collectively migrating cancer cells play a pivotal role in seeding metastases and their presence in cancer patients indicates an adverse prognostic factor. Moreover, cancer cells in hybrid E/M phenotypes tend to be more associated with stemness which endows them with tumor-initiation ability and therapy resistance. Most recently, cells undergoing EMT have been shown to promote immune suppression for better survival. A systematic understanding of the emergence of hybrid E/M phenotypes and the connection of EMT with stemness and immune suppression would contribute to more effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we first discuss recent efforts combining theoretical and experimental approaches to elucidate mechanisms underlying EMT multi-stability (i.e., the existence of multiple stable phenotypes during EMT) and the properties of hybrid E/M phenotypes. Following we discuss non-cell-autonomous regulation of EMT by cell cooperation and extracellular matrix. Afterwards, we discuss various metrics that can be used to quantify EMT spectrum. We further describe possible mechanisms underlying the formation of clusters of circulating tumor cells. Last but not least, we summarize recent systems biology analysis of the role of EMT in the acquisition of stemness and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Xuefei Li
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Federico Bocci
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Shubham Tripathi
- PhD Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Youyuan Deng
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Kim J, Li B, Scheideler OJ, Kim Y, Sohn LL. Visco-Node-Pore Sensing: A Microfluidic Rheology Platform to Characterize Viscoelastic Properties of Epithelial Cells. iScience 2019; 13:214-228. [PMID: 30870780 PMCID: PMC6416673 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic properties of cells provide valuable information regarding biological or clinically relevant cellular characteristics. Here, we introduce a new, electronic-based, microfluidic platform-visco-node-pore sensing (visco-NPS)-which quantifies cellular viscoelastic properties under periodic deformation. We measure the storage (G') and loss (G″) moduli (i.e., elasticity and viscosity, respectively) of cells. By applying a wide range of deformation frequencies, our platform quantifies the frequency dependence of viscoelastic properties. G' and G″ measurements show that the viscoelastic properties of malignant breast epithelial cells (MCF-7) are distinctly different from those of non-malignant breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). With its sensitivity, visco-NPS can dissect the individual contributions of different cytoskeletal components to whole-cell mechanical properties. Moreover, visco-NPS can quantify the mechanical transitions of cells as they traverse the cell cycle or are initiated into an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Visco-NPS identifies viscoelastic characteristics of cell populations, providing a biophysical understanding of cellular behavior and a potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Li
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Olivia J Scheideler
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Youngbin Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lydia L Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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27
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Salton F, Volpe MC, Confalonieri M. Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition in the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55040083. [PMID: 30925805 PMCID: PMC6524028 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious disease of the lung, which leads to extensive parenchymal scarring and death from respiratory failure. The most accepted hypothesis for IPF pathogenesis relies on the inability of the alveolar epithelium to regenerate after injury. Alveolar epithelial cells become apoptotic and rare, fibroblasts/myofibroblasts accumulate and extracellular matrix (ECM) is deposited in response to the aberrant activation of several pathways that are physiologically implicated in alveologenesis and repair but also favor the creation of excessive fibrosis via different mechanisms, including epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a pathophysiological process in which epithelial cells lose part of their characteristics and markers, while gaining mesenchymal ones. A role for EMT in the pathogenesis of IPF has been widely hypothesized and indirectly demonstrated; however, precise definition of its mechanisms and relevance has been hindered by the lack of a reliable animal model and needs further studies. The overall available evidence conceptualizes EMT as an alternative cell and tissue normal regeneration, which could open the way to novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as to more effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Salton
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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28
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Zhang X, Xiang J. Remodeling the Microenvironment before Occurrence and Metastasis of Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:105-113. [PMID: 30662351 PMCID: PMC6329933 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis and progression of cancer are complex processes which transformed cells and stromal cells interact and co-evolve. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the mutations of cells. The survival of transformed cells critically depends on the circumstances which they reside. The malignant transformed cancer cells reprogram the microenvironment locally and systemically. The formation of premetastatic niche in the secondary organs facilitates cancer cells survival in the distant organs. This review outlines the current understanding of the key roles of premalignant niche and premetastatic niche in cancer progression. We proposed that a niche facilitates survival of transformed cells is characteristics of senescence, stromal fibrosis and obese microenvironment. We also proposed the formation of premetastatic niche in secondary organs is critically influenced by primary cancer cells. Therefore, it suggested that strategies to target the niche can be promising approach to eradicate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xina Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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29
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Nakanishi J, Sugiyama K, Matsuo H, Takahashi Y, Omura S, Nakashima T. An Application of Photoactivatable Substrate for the Evaluation of Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition Inhibitors. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:65-69. [PMID: 30393243 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdp07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), phenotypic changes in cell adhesion and migration, is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, hence becoming a target for anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we report a method for the evaluation of EMT inhibitors by using a photoactivatable gold substrate, which changes from non-cell-adhesive to cell-adhesive in response to light. The method is based on the geometrical confinement of cell clusters and the subsequent migration induction by controlled photoirradiation of the substrate. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a known EMT inhibitor was successfully evaluated in terms of the changes in cluster area or leader cell appearance, in response to biochemically and mechanically induced EMT. Furthermore, an application of the present method for microbial secondary metabolites identified nanaomycin H as an EMT inhibitor, potentially killing EMTed cells in disseminated conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of the present method for screening new EMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakanishi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University.,Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Yoko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Satoshi Omura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University.,Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
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30
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Putelat T, Recho P, Truskinovsky L. Mechanical stress as a regulator of cell motility. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:012410. [PMID: 29448458 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The motility of a cell can be triggered or inhibited not only by an applied force but also by a mechanically neutral force couple. This type of loading, represented by an applied stress and commonly interpreted as either squeezing or stretching, can originate from extrinsic interaction of a cell with its neighbors. To quantify the effect of applied stresses on cell motility we use an analytically transparent one-dimensional model accounting for active myosin contraction and induced actin turnover. We show that stretching can polarize static cells and initiate cell motility while squeezing can symmetrize and arrest moving cells. We show further that sufficiently strong squeezing can lead to the loss of cell integrity. The overall behavior of the system depends on the two dimensionless parameters characterizing internal driving (chemical activity) and external loading (applied stress). We construct a phase diagram in this parameter space distinguishing between static, motile, and collapsed states. The obtained results are relevant for the mechanical understanding of contact inhibition and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Putelat
- DEM, Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - P Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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31
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Li X, Yan S, Dai J, Lu Y, Wang Y, Sun M, Gong J, Yao Y. Human lung epithelial cells A549 epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by PVA/Collagen nanofiber. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 162:390-397. [PMID: 29245116 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell-cell contact to become mesenchymal stem cells, which is important on development and embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. This research aims to investigate the effect of topological cue as modulating factor on the EMT by tuning the diameter of electrospinning nanofiber. The cell-nanofiber interaction between human lung epithelial cell A549 and electrospinning nanofibers composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and type I collagen were investigated. The electrospinning of regenerated PVA/Collagen nanofibers were performed with water/acetic acid as a spinning solvent and glutaraldehyde as a chemical cross-linker. Parameterization on concentration, applied voltage and feeding rate was finalized to generate smooth nanofibers with good homogeneity. The scanning electron microscopy result demonstrated that A549 cell appropriately achieved extended morphology by the filopodia attaching to the surface of the nanofibrous mats. When the diameter changed from 90nm to 240nm, the A549 cell was correspondingly express varied EMT related genes. Gene expression analysis was conducted by qPCR using three typical markers for detecting EMT: N-cadherin (NCad), Vimentin (Vim), and Fibronectin (Fib). An increasing expression pattern was observed on cell culturing on 170nm sample with respect to cell cultured on 90nm and 240nm. This result indicated the 170nm PVA/Collagen nanofibers induce A549 cells to process epithelial-mesenchymal transition more seriously than those on 90nm or 240nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchun Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jing Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Man Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jinkang Gong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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32
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Sewell-Loftin MK, Bayer SVH, Crist E, Hughes T, Joison SM, Longmore GD, George SC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts support vascular growth through mechanical force. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12574. [PMID: 28974764 PMCID: PMC5626692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as regulators of tumor progression, specifically vascular growth, has only recently been described. CAFs are thought to be more mechanically active but how this trait may alter the tumor microenvironment is poorly understood. We hypothesized that enhanced mechanical activity of CAFs, as regulated by the Rho/ROCK pathway, contributes to increased blood vessel growth. Using a 3D in vitro tissue model of vasculogenesis, we observed increased vascularization in the presence of breast cancer CAFs compared to normal breast fibroblasts. Further studies indicated this phenomenon was not simply a result of enhanced soluble signaling factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and that CAFs generated significantly larger deformations in 3D gels compared to normal fibroblasts. Inhibition of the mechanotransductive pathways abrogated the ability of CAFs to deform the matrix and suppressed vascularization. Finally, utilizing magnetic microbeads to mechanically stimulate mechanically-inhibited CAFs showed partial rescue of vascularization. Our studies demonstrate enhanced mechanical activity of CAFs may play a crucial and previously unappreciated role in the formation of tumor-associated vasculature which could possibly offer potential novel targets in future anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,ICCE Institute at Washington University, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha Van Hove Bayer
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,ICCE Institute at Washington University, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth Crist
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Taylor Hughes
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sofia M Joison
- Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oncology Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,ICCE Institute at Washington University, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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33
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Deng Y, Davis SP, Yang F, Paulsen KS, Kumar M, Sinnott DeVaux R, Wang X, Conklin DS, Oberai A, Herschkowitz JI, Chung AJ. Inertial Microfluidic Cell Stretcher (iMCS): Fully Automated, High-Throughput, and Near Real-Time Cell Mechanotyping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201700705. [PMID: 28544415 PMCID: PMC5565626 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical biomarkers associated with cytoskeletal structures have been reported as powerful label-free cell state identifiers. In order to measure cell mechanical properties, traditional biophysical (e.g., atomic force microscopy, micropipette aspiration, optical stretchers) and microfluidic approaches were mainly employed; however, they critically suffer from low-throughput, low-sensitivity, and/or time-consuming and labor-intensive processes, not allowing techniques to be practically used for cell biology research applications. Here, a novel inertial microfluidic cell stretcher (iMCS) capable of characterizing large populations of single-cell deformability near real-time is presented. The platform inertially controls cell positions in microchannels and deforms cells upon collision at a T-junction with large strain. The cell elongation motions are recorded, and thousands of cell deformability information is visualized near real-time similar to traditional flow cytometry. With a full automation, the entire cell mechanotyping process runs without any human intervention, realizing a user friendly and robust operation. Through iMCS, distinct cell stiffness changes in breast cancer progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition are reported, and the use of the platform for rapid cancer drug discovery is shown as well. The platform returns large populations of single-cell quantitative mechanical properties (e.g., shear modulus) on-the-fly with high statistical significances, enabling actual usages in clinical and biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Deng
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Steven P Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Kevin S Paulsen
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Rebecca Sinnott DeVaux
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Xianhui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Douglas S Conklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Assad Oberai
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jason I Herschkowitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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34
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Yan S, Li X, Dai J, Wang Y, Wang B, Lu Y, Shi J, Huang P, Gong J, Yao Y. Electrospinning of PVA/sericin nanofiber and the effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 28629038 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the cell-nanomaterial interaction between epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 cell and electrospinning nanofibers composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silk sericin (SS). The electrospinning of regenerated nanofiber was performed with water as a spinning solvent and glutaraldehyde as a chemical cross-linker. Solution concentration, applied voltage and spin distances as well as other parameters were optimized to generate fine nanofibers with smooth surface in good homogeneity. From the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, the nanofibers had an average diameter of 200nm. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity to become mesenchymal stem cells. This transition is affected by multiple biochemical and physical factors in cell metabolism cascade. Herein, we investigate the biophysical effect on A549 EMT by culturing cells on nanofibrous mats with different topography and composition. The cell viability was evaluated by biochemical assay and its morphology was observed with SEM. The results demonstrate that cells appropriately attached to the surface of the nanofibrous mats with extended morphology by their filopodia. Gene expression analysis was conducted by real-time PCR using multiple markers for detecting EMT: N-cadherin (NCad), Vimentin (Vim), Fibronectin (Fib) and Matrix metallopeptidase (MMP9). An increasing expression pattern was observed on NCad, Vim, Fib, with respect to a negative control as cell cultured on polystyrene dish. This result indicates the 200nm PVA/SS nanofibers may induce A549 cells to process epithelial-mesenchymal transition during the culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning, Shanghai 200050, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuchun Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Xuhui, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, 1295 Dingxi Road, Changning, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Pengyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jinkang Gong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Mihalko EP, Brown AC. Material Strategies for Modulating Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transitions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:1149-1161. [PMID: 33418653 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) involve the phenotypic change of epithelial cells into fibroblast-like cells. This process is accompanied by the loss of cell-cell contacts, increased extracellular matrix (ECM) production, stress fiber alignment, and an increase in cell mobility. While essential for development and wound repair, EMT has also been recognized as a contributing factor to fibrotic diseases and cancer. Both chemical and mechanical cues, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, interleukin-8, metalloproteinase-3, ECM proteins, and ECM stiffness can determine the degree and duration of EMT events. Additionally, transforming growth factor beta is a primary driver of EMT and, interestingly, can be activated through cell-mediated mechanoactivation. In this review, we highlight recent findings demonstrating the contribution of mechanical stimuli, such as tissue and material stiffness, in driving EMT. We then highlight material strategies for controlling EMT events. Finally, we discuss drivers of the similar process of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) and corresponding material strategies for controlling EndoMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Mihalko
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ashley C Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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36
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Giammona A, Mangiapane LR, Di Franco S, Benfante A, Todaro M, Stassi G. Innovative Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Griggs LA, Hassan NT, Malik RS, Griffin BP, Martinez BA, Elmore LW, Lemmon CA. Fibronectin fibrils regulate TGF-β1-induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Matrix Biol 2017; 60-61:157-175. [PMID: 28109697 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a dynamic process through which epithelial cells transdifferentiate from an epithelial phenotype into a mesenchymal phenotype. Previous studies have demonstrated that both mechanical signaling and soluble growth factor signaling facilitate this process. One possible point of integration for mechanical and growth factor signaling is the extracellular matrix. Here we investigate the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin (FN) in this process. We demonstrate that inhibition of FN fibrillogenesis blocks activation of the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway via Smad2 signaling, decreases cell migration and ultimately leads to inhibition of EMT. Results show that soluble FN, FN fibrils, or increased contractile forces are insufficient to independently induce EMT. We further demonstrate that inhibition of latent TGF-β1 binding to FN fibrils via either a monoclonal blocking antibody against the growth factor binding domain of FN or through use of a FN deletion mutant that lacks the growth factor binding domains of FN blocks EMT progression, indicating a novel role for FN in EMT in which the assembly of FN fibrils serves to localize TGF-β1 signaling to drive EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Griggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Nadiah T Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Roshni S Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Brian P Griffin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Brittany A Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Lynne W Elmore
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 101 W Franklin St., Richmond, VA 23220, United States.
| | - Christopher A Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 101 W Franklin St., Richmond, VA 23220, United States.
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38
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Prognostic microRNAs modulate the RHO adhesion pathway: A potential therapeutic target in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39127-39. [PMID: 25970788 PMCID: PMC4770761 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common and aggressive subtype of soft-tissue sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) was examined to determine the role of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) in modulating distant metastasis. Following histopathologic review, 110 fresh frozen clinically annotated UPS samples were divided into two independent cohorts for Training (42 patients), and Validation (68 patients) analyses. Global miRNA profiling on the Training Set and functional analysis in vitro suggested that miRNA-138 and its downstream RHO-ROCK cell adhesion pathway was a convergent target of miRNAs associated with the development of metastasis. A six-miRNA signature set prognostic of distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was developed from Training Set miRNA expression values. Using the six-miRNA signature, patients were successfully categorized into high- and low-risk groups for DMFS in an independent Validation Set, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.25 (p = 0.048). After adjusting for other known prognostic variables such as age, gender, tumor grade, size, depth, and treatment with radiotherapy, the six-miRNA signature retained prognostic value with a HR of 3.46 (p < 0.001). A prognostic miRNA biomarker for clinical validation was thus identified along with a functional pathway that modulates UPS metastatic phenotype.
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39
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Dynamic Microenvironment Induces Phenotypic Plasticity of Esophageal Cancer Cells Under Flow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38221. [PMID: 27910892 PMCID: PMC5133540 DOI: 10.1038/srep38221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is a remarkably heterogeneous composition of cellular and non-cellular components, regulated by both external and intrinsic physical and chemical stimuli. Physical alterations driven by increased proliferation of neoplastic cells and angiogenesis in the cancer microenvironment result in the exposure of the cancer cells to elevated levels of flow-based shear stress. We developed a dynamic microfluidic cell culture platform utilizing eshopagael cancer cells as model cells to investigate the phenotypic changes of cancer cells upon exposure to fluid shear stress. We report the epithelial to hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal transition as a result of decreasing E-Cadherin and increasing N-Cadherin and vimentin expressions, higher clonogenicity and ALDH positive expression of cancer cells cultured in a dynamic microfluidic chip under laminar flow compared to the static culture condition. We also sought regulation of chemotherapeutics in cancer microenvironment towards phenotypic control of cancer cells. Such in vitro microfluidic system could potentially be used to monitor how the interstitial fluid dynamics affect cancer microenvironment and plasticity on a simple, highly controllable and inexpensive bioengineered platform.
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40
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McLane JS, Ligon LA. Stiffened Extracellular Matrix and Signaling from Stromal Fibroblasts via Osteoprotegerin Regulate Tumor Cell Invasion in a 3-D Tumor in Situ Model. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 9:127-139. [PMID: 27654881 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-016-0188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several changes have been described in the stroma surrounding a tumor, including changes in cellular composition, altered extracellular matrix composition and organization, and increases in stiffness. Tumor cells are influenced by the composition, organization, and mechanical properties of the microenvironment, and by signals from stromal cells. Here we sought to test whether signaling from stromal fibroblasts and/or the small change in stiffness observed in vivo surrounding epithelial tumors regulates tumor cell invasion from a model of a tumor in situ. We generated a novel tumor in situ model system in which a tumor spheroid is encased within a collagen-IV containing membrane and further encased within a collagen-I matrix of in vivo stiffness with or without fibroblasts. Effects of the matrix, fibroblasts or fibroblast signals were determined by observing the invasion of tumor cells into the matrix. Effects of reciprocal tumor cell signaling upon fibroblasts were determined by observing markers of fibroblast activation. We found that a stiffened matrix led to increased dissemination of MDA-MB-231 cells from tumor spheroids when no fibroblasts were present and that MCF10A cells maintained a more normal organization with a stiffened matrix. The presence of fibroblasts, or fibroblast conditioned media, attenuated the effect upon MDA-MB-231 cells. We also observed an attenuation of fibroblast activation associated gene expression in the presence of MDA-MB-231 cells, with a paradoxical increase in activation associated contractile activity. Furthermore, we identified osteoprotegerin as a soluble factor released by fibroblasts in the stiffened environment that is key to the inhibition of cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S McLane
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-5320, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Lee A Ligon
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA.
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41
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Ali M, Raghunathan V, Li JY, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM. Biomechanical relationships between the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane. Exp Eye Res 2016; 152:57-70. [PMID: 27639516 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The posterior face of the cornea consists of the corneal endothelium, a monolayer of cuboidal cells that secrete and attach to Descemet's membrane, an exaggerated basement membrane. Dysfunction of the endothelium compromises the barrier and pump functions of this layer that maintain corneal deturgesence. A large number of corneal endothelial dystrophies feature irregularities in Descemet's membrane, suggesting that cells create and respond to the biophysical signals offered by their underlying matrix. This review provides an overview of the bidirectional relationship between Descemet's membrane and the corneal endothelium. Several experimental methods have characterized a richly topographic and compliant biophysical microenvironment presented by the posterior surface of Descemet's membrane, as well as the ultrastructure and composition of the membrane as it builds during a lifetime. We highlight the signaling pathways involved in the mechanotransduction of biophysical cues that influence cell behavior. We present the specific example of Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy as a condition in which a dysregulated Descemet's membrane may influence the progression of disease. Finally, we discuss some disease models and regenerative strategies that may facilitate improved treatments for corneal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ali
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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42
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Targeting the Hippo Signaling Pathway for Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090055. [PMID: 27589805 PMCID: PMC5042386 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a highly-conserved developmental pathway that plays an essential role in organ size control, tumor suppression, tissue regeneration and stem cell self-renewal. The YES-associated protein (YAP) and the transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two important transcriptional co-activators that are negatively regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. By binding to transcription factors, especially the TEA domain transcription factors (TEADs), YAP and TAZ induce the expression of growth-promoting genes, which can promote organ regeneration after injury. Therefore, controlled activation of YAP and TAZ can be useful for regenerative medicine. However, aberrant activation of YAP and TAZ due to deregulation of the Hippo pathway or overexpression of YAP/TAZ and TEADs can promote cancer development. Hence, pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ may be a useful approach to treat tumors with high YAP and/or TAZ activity. In this review, we present the mechanisms regulating the Hippo pathway, the role of the Hippo pathway in tissue repair and cancer, as well as a detailed analysis of the different strategies to target the Hippo signaling pathway and the genes regulated by YAP and TAZ for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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43
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Day EK, Sosale NG, Lazzara MJ. Cell signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation: a multivariate, heterogeneous, and context-dependent process. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:185-192. [PMID: 27393828 PMCID: PMC4975652 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper spatiotemporal regulation of protein phosphorylation in cells and tissues is required for normal development and homeostasis, but aberrant protein phosphorylation regulation leads to various diseases. The study of signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation is complicated in part by the sheer scope of the kinome and phosphoproteome, dependence of signaling protein functionality on cellular localization, and the complex multivariate relationships that exist between protein phosphorylation dynamics and the cellular phenotypes they control. Additional complexities arise from the ability of microenvironmental factors to influence phosphorylation-dependent signaling and from the tendency for some signaling processes to occur heterogeneously among cells. These considerations should be taken into account when measuring cell signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nisha G Sosale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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44
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Sahni G, Yuan J, Toh YC. Stencil Micropatterning of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Probing Spatial Organization of Differentiation Fates. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27340925 DOI: 10.3791/54097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have the intrinsic ability to differentiate into all three germ layers. This makes them an attractive cell source for regenerative medicine and experimental modeling of normal and diseased organogenesis. However, the differentiation of hPSCs in vitro is heterogeneous and spatially disordered. Cell micropatterning technologies potentially offer the means to spatially control stem cell microenvironments and organize the resultant differentiation fates. Micropatterning hPSCs needs to take into account the stringent requirements for hPSC survival and maintenance. Here, we describe stencil micropatterning as a method that is highly compatible with hPSCs. hPSC micropatterns are specified by the geometries of the cell stencil through-holes, which physically confine the locations where hPSCs can access and attach to the underlying extracellular matrix-coated substrate. Due to this mode of operation, there is greater flexibility to use substrates that can adequately support hPSCs as compared to other cell micropatterning methods. We also highlight critical steps for the successful generation of hPSC micropatterns. As an example, we demonstrate that stencil micropatterning of hPSCs can be used to modulate spatial polarization of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, which in turn determines mesoendoderm differentiation patterns. This simple and robust method to micropattern hPSCs widens the prospects of establishing experimental models to investigate tissue organization and patterning during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sahni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore; Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore;
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45
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Vrij E, Rouwkema J, LaPointe V, van Blitterswijk C, Truckenmüller R, Rivron N. Directed Assembly and Development of Material-Free Tissues with Complex Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4032-4039. [PMID: 27000493 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Material-free tissues are assembled using solely cells. Microstructured hydrogel templates and high content screening allow the formation of centimeter-scale tissues with precise architectures. Similar to developing tissues, these contract autonomously, controllably shift shape, self-scaffold by secreting extracellular matrix, and undergo morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Vrij
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherland
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa LaPointe
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherland
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherland
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherland
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherland
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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46
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Kim HY, Jackson TR, Davidson LA. On the role of mechanics in driving mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:113-122. [PMID: 27208723 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is an intrinsically mechanical process describing a multi-step progression where autonomous mesenchymal cells gradually become tightly linked, polarized epithelial cells. METs are fundamental to a wide range of biological processes, including the evolution of multicellular organisms, generation of primary and secondary epithelia during development and organogenesis, and the progression of diseases including cancer. In these cases, there is an interplay between the establishment of cell polarity and the mechanics of neighboring cells and microenvironment. In this review, we highlight a spectrum of METs found in normal development as well as in pathological lesions, and provide insight into the critical role mechanics play at each step. We define MET as an independent process, distinct from a reverse-EMT, and propose questions to further explore the cellular and physical mechanisms of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Jackson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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47
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Marcucci F, Stassi G, De Maria R. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a new target in anticancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:311-25. [PMID: 26822829 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of cells with an epithelial phenotype into cells with a mesenchymal phenotype, referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is a critical process for embryonic development that also occurs in adult life, particularly during tumour progression. Tumour cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition acquire the capacity to disarm the body's antitumour defences, resist apoptosis and anticancer drugs, disseminate throughout the organism, and act as a reservoir that replenishes and expands the tumour cell population. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is therefore becoming a target of prime interest for anticancer therapy. Here, we discuss the screening and classification of compounds that affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition, highlight some compounds of particular interest, and address issues related to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Scientific Directorate, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy. Present address: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 131, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Directorate, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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48
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O'Connor JW, Riley PN, Nalluri SM, Ashar PK, Gomez EW. Matrix Rigidity Mediates TGFβ1-Induced Epithelial-Myofibroblast Transition by Controlling Cytoskeletal Organization and MRTF-A Localization. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1829-39. [PMID: 25522130 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts mediate normal wound healing and upon chronic activation can contribute to the development of pathological conditions including organ fibrosis and cancer. Myofibroblasts can develop from epithelial cells through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during which epithelial cells exhibit drastic morphological changes and upregulate cytoskeletal associated proteins that enable exertion of large contractile forces and remodeling of the surrounding microenvironment. Increased matrix rigidity is a hallmark of fibrosis and tumor progression and mechanical tension has been identified as a regulator of EMT; however, the mechanisms governing the mechanical regulation of EMT are not completely understood. Here, we find that matrix rigidity regulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT, with rigid substrata enabling increased myofibroblast marker expression, cell morphology changes, and cytoskeletal reorganization while soft matrices block these changes. Furthermore, we find that matrix rigidity controls the subcellular localization of myocardin related transcription factor (MRTF)-A, a regulator of cytoskeletal protein expression that contributes to the acquisition of myogenic features during EMT. Results from these studies provide insight into how biophysical cues contribute to myofibroblast development from epithelial cells and may suggest ways to enhance wound healing or to engineer therapeutic solutions for fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W O'Connor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Farkas AE, Gerner-Smidt C, Lili L, Nusrat A, Capaldo CT. Cryosectioning Method for Microdissection of Murine Colonic Mucosa. J Vis Exp 2015:e53112. [PMID: 26274554 PMCID: PMC4544980 DOI: 10.3791/53112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonic mucosal tissue provides a vital barrier to luminal antigens. This barrier is composed of a monolayer of simple columnar epithelial cells. The colonic epithelium is dynamically turned over and epithelial cells are generated in the stem cell containing crypts of Lieberkühn. Progenitor cells produced in the crypt-bases migrate toward the luminal surface, undergoing a process of cellular differentiation before being shed into the gut lumen. In order to study these processes at the molecular level, we have developed a simple method for the microdissection of two spatially distinct regions of the colonic mucosa; the proliferative crypt zone, and the differentiated surface epithelial cells. Our objective is to isolate specific crypt and surface epithelial cell populations from mouse colonic mucosa for the isolation of RNA and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila E Farkas
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Loukia Lili
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher T Capaldo
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Toh YC, Xing J, Yu H. Modulation of integrin and E-cadherin-mediated adhesions to spatially control heterogeneity in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2015; 50:87-97. [PMID: 25736499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) fates is partially caused by mechanical asymmetry arising from spatial polarization of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Independent studies have shown that integrin and E-cadherin adhesions promote opposing differentiation and pluripotent fates respectively although their crosstalk mechanism in modulating cell fate heterogeneity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that spatial polarization of integrin and E-cadherin adhesions in a human PSC colony compete to recruit Rho-ROCK activated myosin II to different localities to pattern pluripotent-differentiation decisions, resulting in spatially heterogeneous colonies. Cell micropatterning was used to modulate the spatial polarization of cell adhesions, which enabled us to prospectively determine localization patterns of activated myosin II and mesoendoderm differentiation. Direct inhibition of Rho-ROCK-myosin II activation phenocopied E-cadherin rather than integrin inhibition to form uniformly differentiated colonies. This indicated that E-cadherin was the primary gatekeeper to differentiation progression. This insight allows for biomaterials to be tailored for human PSC maintenance or differentiation with minimal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, EA #03-12, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #10-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, 138669 Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #10-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9 #04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing; #B-10, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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