|
1
|
Salnikov MY, MacNeil KM, Mymryk JS. The viral etiology of EBV-associated gastric cancers contributes to their unique pathology, clinical outcomes, treatment responses and immune landscape. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358511. [PMID: 38596668 PMCID: PMC11002251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen known to cause a number of malignancies, often taking years for them to develop after primary infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is one such malignancy, and is an immunologically, molecularly and pathologically distinct entity from EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). In comparison with EBVnGCs, EBVaGCs overexpress a number of immune regulatory genes to help form an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), have improved prognosis, and overall have an "immune-hot" phenotype. This review provides an overview of the histopathology, clinical features and clinical outcomes of EBVaGCs. We also summarize the differences between the TMEs of EBVaGCs and EBVnGCs, which includes significant differences in cell composition and immune infiltration. A list of available EBVaGC and EBVnGC gene expression datasets and computational tools are also provided within this review. Finally, an overview is provided of the various chemo- and immuno-therapeutics available in treating gastric cancers (GCs), with a focus on EBVaGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Salnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Kartika AV, Iizasa H, Ding D, Kanehiro Y, Tajima Y, Kaji S, Yanai H, Yoshiyama H. Application of Biopsy Samples Used for Helicobacter pylori Urease Test to Predict Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancer. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060923. [PMID: 32570907 PMCID: PMC7355529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent gastric mucosal damage caused by Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is also associated with GC. Most patients with EBV-associated GC are infected with H. pylori in East Asia. However, very few reports have described where and when both H. pylori and EBV infect the gastric mucosa. To clarify this, old biopsy samples used for the rapid urease test (RUT) were applied to count EBV genomic DNA (gDNA) copies using DNA probe quantitative polymerase chain reaction. DNA extracted from the gastric biopsy samples of 58 patients with atrophic gastritis was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of atrophic gastritis and the copy number of EBV gDNA. EBV was detected in 44 cases (75.9%), with viral copy numbers ranging from 12.6 to 4754.6. A significant correlation was found between patients with more than 900 copies of EBV gDNA and those with a more severe grade of atrophic gastritis (p = 0.041). This study shows that EBV can be detected in RUT samples in a manner that reduces patient burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Visi Kartika
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Department of Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muslim Indonesia, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo KM.5, Makassar, Sulawesi 90231, Indonesia
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Dan Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Disease, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli St, Xingqing District, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Yoshitsugu Tajima
- Department of digestive and general surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Kaji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Department of digestive and general surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan;
| | - Hideo Yanai
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kanmon Medical Center, 1-1 Chofu-Sotoura, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 752-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +81-83-241-1199 (H.Y.); +81-853-20-2146 (H.Y.)
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8504, Japan; (A.V.K.); (H.I.); (D.D.); (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +81-83-241-1199 (H.Y.); +81-853-20-2146 (H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|