1
|
Nayeem MA, Geldenhuys WJ, Hanif A. Role of cytochrome P450-epoxygenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase in the regulation of vascular response. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:37-131. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
2
|
Nayeem MA, Hanif A, Geldenhuys WJ, Agba S. Crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in the modulation of cardiovascular, including coronary reactive hyperemic response. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108213. [PMID: 35597366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous nucleoside or autacoid that affects the cardiovascular system through the activation of four G-protein coupled receptors: adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR), adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR), and adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). With the rapid generation of this nucleoside from cellular metabolism and the widespread distribution of its four G-protein coupled receptors in almost all organs and tissues of the body, this autacoid induces multiple physiological as well as pathological effects, not only regulating the cardiovascular system but also the central nervous system, peripheral vascular system, and immune system. Mounting evidence shows the role of CYP450-enzymes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, and the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450s can increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the most important physiological roles of CYP450-epoxygenases (CYP450-2C & CYP2J2) is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and epoxyoctadecaenoic acid (EpOMEs) which generally involve in vasodilation. Like an increase in coronary reactive hyperemia (CRH), an increase in anti-inflammation, and cardioprotective effects. Moreover, the genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases will change the beneficial cardiovascular effects of metabolites or oxylipins into detrimental effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is another crucial enzyme ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and almost all organs and tissues. However, in contrast to CYP450-epoxygenases, sEH converts EETs into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHETs), EpOMEs into dihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid (DiHOMEs), and others and reverses the beneficial effects of epoxy-fatty acids leading to vasoconstriction, reducing CRH, increase in pro-inflammation, increase in pro-thrombotic and become less cardioprotective. Therefore, polymorphisms in the sEH gene (Ephx2) cause the enzyme to become overactive, making it more vulnerable to CVDs, including hypertension. Besides the sEH, ω-hydroxylases (CYP450-4A11 & CYP450-4F2) derived metabolites from AA, ω terminal-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (19-, 20-HETE), lipoxygenase-derived mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5-, 11-, 12-, 15-HETEs), and the cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (prostaglandins: PGD2, PGF2α; thromboxane: Txs, oxylipins) are involved in vasoconstriction, hypertension, reduction in CRH, pro-inflammation and cardiac toxicity. Interestingly, the interactions of adenosine receptors (A2AAR, A1AR) with CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, sEH, and their derived metabolites or oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs or oxylipins) is shown in the regulation of the cardiovascular functions. In addition, much evidence demonstrates polymorphisms in CYP450-epoxygenases, ω-hydroxylases, and sEH genes (Ephx2) and adenosine receptor genes (ADORA1 & ADORA2) in the human population with the susceptibility to CVDs, including hypertension. CVDs are the number one cause of death globally, coronary artery disease (CAD) was the leading cause of death in the US in 2019, and hypertension is one of the most potent causes of CVDs. This review summarizes the articles related to the crosstalk between adenosine receptors and CYP450-derived oxylipins in vascular, including the CRH response in regular salt-diet fed and high salt-diet fed mice with the correlation of heart perfusate/plasma oxylipins. By using A2AAR-/-, A1AR-/-, eNOS-/-, sEH-/- or Ephx2-/-, vascular sEH-overexpressed (Tie2-sEH Tr), vascular CYP2J2-overexpressed (Tie2-CYP2J2 Tr), and wild-type (WT) mice. This review article also summarizes the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory oxylipins in cardiovascular function/dysfunction in mice and humans. Therefore, more studies are needed better to understand the crosstalk between the adenosine receptors and eicosanoids to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools by using plasma oxylipins profiles in CVDs, including hypertensive cases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Nayeem
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Ahmad Hanif
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Faculties of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephanie Agba
- Graduate student, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pardridge WM. A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wala K, Szlasa W, Saczko J, Rudno-Rudzińska J, Kulbacka J. Modulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Activating Adenosine A2 Receptors in Oncological Treatment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050633. [PMID: 33923147 PMCID: PMC8146369 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays an important protective role in the central nervous system and maintains its homeostasis. It regulates transport into brain tissue and protects neurons against the toxic effects of substances circulating in the blood. However, in the case of neurological diseases or primary brain tumors, i.e., gliomas, the higher permeability of the blood-derived substances in the brain tissue is necessary. Currently applied methods of treatment for the primary brain neoplasms include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Despite the abovementioned treatment methods, the prognosis of primary brain tumors remains bad. Moreover, chemotherapy options seem to be limited due to low drug penetration into the cancerous tissue. Modulation of the blood–brain barrier permeability may contribute to an increase in the concentration of the drug in the CNS and thus increase the effectiveness of therapy. Interestingly, endothelial cells in cerebral vessels are characterized by the presence of adenosine 2A receptors (A2AR). It has been shown that substances affecting these receptors regulate the permeability of the BBB. The mechanism of increasing the BBB permeability by A2AR agonists is the actin-cytoskeletal reorganization and acting on the tight junctions. In this case, the A2AR seems to be a promising therapy target. This article aims to assess the possibility of increasing the BBB permeability through A2AR agonists to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and to improve the results of cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wala
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julia Rudno-Rudzińska
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-784-06-92
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Regadenoson dynamic computed tomography myocardial perfusion using low-dose protocol for evaluation of the ischemic burden. ULYSSES study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2020; 14:428-436. [PMID: 32029383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of low-dose dynamic regadenoson computed tomography perfusion (CTP) protocol, and to determine which parameters provide the best diagnostic yield for the presence and burden of ischemia in reference to the magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging (MR MPI). METHODS Fifty six patients with ≥1 intermediate (50-90%) coronary artery stenosis on CTA underwent dynamic stress CTP and MR MPI. The distribution of contrast agent in CTP was represented for each myocardial segment as either absolute or indexed: myocardial blood flow (MBF), myocardial blood volume (MBV), perfused capillary blood volume (PCBV), peak value (PV), time to peak (TTP), respectively. RESULTS Of 56 patients (25 females, 63.5 ± 8.5y), 15 (27%) were diagnosed with reversible ischemia and 3 (5%) with fixed ischemia on the MR MPI. The median radiation dose for dynamic CTP scan was 352.00 [276.4-496.6] mGy*cm. The optimal cut-off point for the prediction of reversible ischemia on MR MPI for the absolute parameters were: MBF ≤156.49 (AUC=0.899), MBV ≤15.06 (AUC=0.901), PCBV ≤7.90 (AUC=0.880), PV ≤ 88.30 (AUC=0.766), TTP ≥22.58 (AUC=0.595); and for the indexed: indexed MBF ≤0.78 (AUC=0.926), indexed MBV ≤0.81 (AUC=0.924), indexed PCBV ≤0.70 (AUC=0.894); indexed PV ≤ 0.79 (AUC=0.869), indexed TTP ≤0.87 (AUC=0.685). The best parameters for ischemia detection were indexed MBF and indexed MBV, with sensitivities 91% and 89%, specificities 97% and 96%, NPV 99% and 99%, PPV 76% and 69%, and accuracies 96% and 95%, respectively. In per patient analysis, indexed MBF correlated significantly better with the ischemia burden than any of the absolute parameters (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Regadenoson dynamic CTP using low-dose protocol is feasible while maintaining high diagnostic accuracy. The best diagnostic value may be provided by indexed parameters, of which indexed MBF and indexed MBV may provide best incremental value in identification of the presence and burden of ischemia.
Collapse
|
6
|
Simard T, Jung R, Labinaz A, Faraz MA, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Pitcher I, Motazedian P, Gaudet C, Rochman R, Marbach J, Boland P, Sarathy K, Alghofaili S, Russo JJ, Couture E, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Adenosine as a Marker and Mediator of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: A Translational Perspective. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:109-131. [PMID: 30318008 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666181011103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is produced broadly and implicated in the homeostasis of many cells and tissues. It signals predominantly via 4 purinergic adenosine receptors (ADORs) - ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADOosine signaling, both through design as specific ADOR agonists and antagonists and as offtarget effects of existing anti-platelet medications. Despite this, adenosine has yet to be firmly established as either a therapeutic or a prognostic tool in clinical medicine to date. Herein, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of adenosine biology, highlighting the key considerations for further translational development of this proRA3 in addition to non-ADOR mediated effects. Through these signaling mechanisms, adenosine exerts effects on numerous cell types crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis, especially following vascular injury. Both in vitro and in vivo models have provided considerable insights into adenosine signaling and identified targets for therapeutic intervention. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been developed that modulate adenmising molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simard
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Jung
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | | | - F Daniel Ramirez
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Ian Pitcher
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pouya Motazedian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Chantal Gaudet
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rochman
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Marbach
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Paul Boland
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Kiran Sarathy
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Saleh Alghofaili
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Juan J Russo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Etienne Couture
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rob S Beanlands
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hage FG, AlJaroudi WA. Review of cardiovascular imaging in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology in 2017. Part 2 of 2: Myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2018; 25:1390-1399. [PMID: 29663117 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-018-1266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology published many high-quality articles. In this review, we will summarize a selection of these articles to provide a concise review of the main advancements that have recently occurred in the field. In the first article of this 2-part series, we focused on publications dealing with positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. This review will place emphasis on myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography summarizing advances in the field including prognosis, safety and tolerability, the impact of imaging on management, and the use of novel imaging protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G Hage
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Wael A AlJaroudi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Imaging, Clemenceau Medical Center, P.O.Box 11-2555, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jackson S, George RT, Lodge MA, Piotrowski A, Wahl RL, Gujar SK, Grossman SA. The effect of regadenoson on the integrity of the human blood-brain barrier, a pilot study. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:513-519. [PMID: 28315063 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Regadenoson is an FDA approved adenosine receptor agonist which increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in rodents. Regadenoson is used clinically for pharmacologic cardiac stress testing using SPECT or CT imaging agents that do not cross an intact BBB. This study was conducted to determine if standard doses of regadenoson transiently disrupt the human BBB allowing higher concentrations of systemically administered imaging agents to enter the brain. Patients without known intracranial disease undergoing clinically indicated pharmacologic cardiac stress tests were eligible for this study. They received regadenoson (0.4 mg) followed by brain imaging with either 99mTc-sestamibi for SPECT or visipaque for CT imaging. Pre- and post-regadenoson penetration of imaging agents into brain were quantified [SPECT: radioactive counts, CT: Hounsfield units (HU)] and compared using a matched-pairs t-test. Twelve patients (33% male, median 60 yo) were accrued: 7 SPECT and 5 CT. No significant differences were noted in pre- and post-regadenoson values using mean radionuclide counts (726 vs. 757) or HU (29 vs. 30). While animal studies have demonstrated that regadenoson transiently increases the permeability of the BBB to dextran and temozolomide, we were unable to document changes in the penetration of contrast agents in humans with intact BBB using the FDA approved doses of regadenoson for cardiac evaluation. Further studies are needed exploring alternate regadenoson dosing, schedules, and studies in patients with brain tumors; as transiently disrupting the BBB to improve drug entry into the brain is critical to improving the care of patients with CNS malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Jackson
- Brain Cancer Program, Johns Hopkins University, David H. Koch Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Room 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Richard T George
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Martin A Lodge
- Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 601 Caroline St, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Anna Piotrowski
- Brain Cancer Program, Johns Hopkins University, David H. Koch Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Room 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Richard L Wahl
- Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 601 Caroline St, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sachin K Gujar
- Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Stuart A Grossman
- Brain Cancer Program, Johns Hopkins University, David H. Koch Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, Room 1M16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomas GS, Jolly AF, Safani M. When to re-dose regadenoson? J Nucl Cardiol 2017; 24:66-68. [PMID: 26715602 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Thomas
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 2801 Atlantic Ave, Long Beach, CA, 90806, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Aaron F Jolly
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 2801 Atlantic Ave, Long Beach, CA, 90806, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael Safani
- MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 2801 Atlantic Ave, Long Beach, CA, 90806, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Long Beach Memorial, Long Beach, CA, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|