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Holik HA, Ibrahim FM, Elaine AA, Putra BD, Achmad A, Kartamihardja AHS. The Chemical Scaffold of Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals: Radionuclide, Bifunctional Chelator, and Pharmacokinetics Modifying Linker. Molecules 2022; 27:3062. [PMID: 35630536 PMCID: PMC9143622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals have been researched extensively in the last decade as a result of the growing research interest in personalized medicine to improve diagnostic accuracy and intensify intensive therapy while limiting side effects. Radiometal-based drugs are of substantial interest because of their greater versatility for clinical translation compared to non-metal radionuclides. This paper comprehensively discusses various components commonly used as chemical scaffolds to build radiopharmaceutical agents, i.e., radionuclides, pharmacokinetic-modifying linkers, and chelators, whose characteristics are explained and can be used as a guide for the researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holis Abdul Holik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Faisal Maulana Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Angela Alysia Elaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Bernap Dwi Putra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Arifudin Achmad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (A.A.); (A.H.S.K.)
- Oncology and Stem Cell Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Hussein Sundawa Kartamihardja
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (A.A.); (A.H.S.K.)
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Qi Y, Li L, Feng G, Shao C, Cai Y, Wang Z. Research Progress of Imaging Methods for Detection of Microvascular Angina Pectoris in Diabetic Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:713971. [PMID: 34621798 PMCID: PMC8490615 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.713971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Its complications are various, often involving the heart, brain, kidney, and other essential organs. At present, the number of diabetic patients in the world is growing day by day. The cardiovascular disease caused by diabetes has dramatically affected the quality of life of diabetic patients. It is the leading cause of death of diabetic patients. Diabetic patients often suffer from microvascular angina pectoris without obstructive coronary artery disease. Still, there are typical ECG ischemia and angina pectoris, that is, chest pain and dyspnea under exercise. Unlike obstructive coronary diseases, nitrate does not affect chest pain caused by coronary microvascular angina in most cases. With the increasing emphasis on diabetic microvascular angina, the need for accurate diagnosis of the disease is also increasing. We can use SPECT, PET, CMR, MCE, and other methods to evaluate coronary microvascular function. SPECT is commonly used in clinical practice, and PET is considered the gold standard for non-invasive detection of myocardial blood flow. This article mainly introduces the research progress of these imaging methods in detecting microvascular angina in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoquan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Sun T, Petibon Y, Han PK, Ma C, Kim SJW, Alpert NM, El Fakhri G, Ouyang J. Body motion detection and correction in cardiac PET: Phantom and human studies. Med Phys 2019; 46:4898-4906. [PMID: 31508827 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient body motion during a cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan can severely degrade image quality. We propose and evaluate a novel method to detect, estimate, and correct body motion in cardiac PET. METHODS Our method consists of three key components: motion detection, motion estimation, and motion-compensated image reconstruction. For motion detection, we first divide PET list-mode data into 1-s bins and compute the center of mass (COM) of the coincidences' distribution in each bin. We then compute the covariance matrix within a 25-s sliding window over the COM signals inside the window. The sum of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix is used to separate the list-mode data into "static" (i.e., body motion free) and "moving" (i.e. contaminated by body motion) frames. Each moving frame is further divided into a number of evenly spaced sub-frames (referred to as "sub-moving" frames), in which motion is assumed to be negligible. For motion estimation, we first reconstruct the data in each static and sub-moving frame using a rapid back-projection technique. We then select the longest static frame as the reference frame and estimate elastic motion transformations to the reference frame from all other static and sub-moving frames using nonrigid registration. For motion-compensated image reconstruction, we reconstruct all the list-mode data into a single image volume in the reference frame by incorporating the estimated motion transformations in the PET system matrix. We evaluated the performance of our approach in both phantom and human studies. RESULTS Visually, the motion-corrected (MC) PET images obtained using the proposed method have better quality and fewer motion artifacts than the images reconstructed without motion correction (NMC). Quantitative analysis indicates that MC yields higher myocardium to blood pool concentration ratios. MC also yields sharper myocardium than NMC. CONCLUSIONS The proposed body motion correction method improves image quality of cardiac PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yoann Petibon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul K Han
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sally J W Kim
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nathaniel M Alpert
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jinsong Ouyang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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