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Siebelink NM, van Dam KN, Lukkien DRM, Boon B, Smits M, van der Poel A. Action Opportunities to Pursue Responsible Digital Care for People With Intellectual Disabilities: Qualitative Study. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11:e48147. [PMID: 38416547 PMCID: PMC10938230 DOI: 10.2196/48147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsible digital care refers to any intentional systematic effort designed to increase the likelihood of a digital care technology developed through ethical decision-making, being socially responsible and aligned with the values and well-being of those impacted by it. OBJECTIVE We aimed to present examples of action opportunities for (1) designing "technology"; (2) shaping the "context" of use; and (3) adjusting the behavior of "users" to guide responsible digital care for people with intellectual disabilities. METHODS Three cases were considered: (1) design of a web application to support the preparation of meals for groups of people with intellectual disabilities, (2) implementation of an app to help people with intellectual disabilities regulate their stress independently, and (3) implementation of a social robot to stimulate interaction and physical activity among people with intellectual disabilities. Overall, 26 stakeholders participated in 3 multistakeholder workshops (case 1: 10/26, 38%; case 2: 10/26, 38%; case 3: 6/26, 23%) based on the "guidance ethics approach." We identified stakeholders' values based on bottom-up exploration of experienced and expected effects of using the technology, and we formulated action opportunities for these values in the specific context of use. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS Overall, 232 effects, 33 values, and 156 action opportunities were collected. General and case-specific themes were identified. Important stakeholder values included quality of care, autonomy, efficiency, health, enjoyment, reliability, and privacy. Both positive and negative effects could underlie stakeholders' values and influence the development of action opportunities. Action opportunities comprised the following: (1) technology: development of the technology (eg, user experience and customization), technology input (eg, recipes for meals, intervention options for reducing stress, and activities), and technology output (eg, storage and use of data); (2) context: guidelines, training and support, policy or agreements, and adjusting the physical environment in which the technology is used; and (3) users: integrating the technology into daily care practice, by diminishing (eg, "letting go" to increase the autonomy of people with intellectual disabilities), retaining (eg, face-to-face contact), and adding (eg, evaluation moments) certain behaviors of care professionals. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to provide insight into responsible digital care for people with intellectual disabilities by means of bottom-up exploration of action opportunities to take account of stakeholders' values in designing technology, shaping the context of use, and adjusting the behavior of users. Although part of the findings may be generalized, case-specific insights and a complementary top-down approach (eg, predefined ethical frameworks) are essential. The findings represent a part of an ethical discourse that requires follow-up to meet the dynamism of stakeholders' values and further develop and implement action opportunities to achieve socially desirable, ethically acceptable, and sustainable digital care that improves the lives of people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstin N van Dam
- Academy Het Dorp, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Dirk R M Lukkien
- Vilans, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Boon
- Academy Het Dorp, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Siza, Arnhem, Netherlands
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Ide H, Suwa S, Akuta Y, Kodate N, Tsujimura M, Ishimaru M, Shimamura A, Kitinoja H, Donnelly S, Hallila J, Toivonen M, Bergman-Kärpijoki C, Takahashi E, Yu W. Developing a model to explain users' ethical perceptions regarding the use of care robots in home care: A cross-sectional study in Ireland, Finland, and Japan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 116:105137. [PMID: 37541051 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, research on ethical issues regarding care robots for older adults, family caregivers, and care workers has not progressed sufficiently. This study aimed to build a model that universally explains the relationship between the use of care robots and ethical awareness, such as regarding personal information and privacy protection in home care. We examined data obtained from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Japan (n=528), Ireland (n=296), and Finland (n=180). We performed a confirmatory factor analysis by using responses to 11 items related to the ethical use of care robots. We evaluated the model based on the chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio, the comparative fit index, and the root mean square error of approximation. Subsequently, we compared the model with the Akaike's information criterion. Ten items were adopted in the final model. There were 4 factors in the model: 'acquisition of personal information', 'use of personal information for medical and long-term care', 'secondary use of personal information', and 'participation in research and development'. All factor loadings of the final model ranged between 0.63 and 0.92, which were greater than 0.6, showing that the factors had a high influence on the model. The final model was applied to each country; the fit was relatively good in Finland and poor in Ireland. Although the three countries have different geographies, cultures, demographics, and systems, this study showed that the impact of ethical issues regarding the use of care robots in home care can be universally explained by the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Ide
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sayuri Suwa
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Division of Innovative Nursing for Life Course, Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University.
| | - Yumi Akuta
- Division of Nursing, Faculty of Healthcare, Tokyo Healthcare University
| | - Naonori Kodate
- UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin
| | - Mayuko Tsujimura
- Division of Visiting Nursing, School of Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Mina Ishimaru
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Division of Innovative Nursing for Life Course, Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University
| | - Atsuko Shimamura
- Division of Community Health Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Toho University
| | | | - Sarah Donnelly
- UCD School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenwei Yu
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University
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Ramvi E, Hellstrand I, Jensen IB, Gripsrud BH, Gjerstad B. Ethics of care in technology-mediated healthcare practices: A scoping review. Scand J Caring Sci 2023; 37:1123-1135. [PMID: 37272481 DOI: 10.1111/scs.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introducing new technologies into healthcare practices may challenge professionals' traditional care cultures. The aim of this review was to map how the 'ethics of care' theoretical framework informs empirical studies of technology-mediated healthcare. METHOD A scoping review was performed using eight electronic databases: CINAHL with full text, Academic Search Premier, MEDLINE, the Philosopher's Index, SocINDEX with Full Text, SCOPUS, APA PsycInfo and Web of Science. This was followed by citation tracking, and articles were assessed against the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Of the 443 initial articles, 18 met the criteria and were included. We found that nine of the articles used the concept of 'ethics of care' (herein used interchangeably with the terms 'feminist ethics' or 'relational ethics') insubstantially. The remaining nine articles deployed care ethics (or its equivalent) substantially as an integrated theoretical framework and analytical tool. We found that several articles suggested an expansion of ethics of care to encompass technologies as part of contemporary care. Furthermore, ethics of care contributed to the empirical research by recognising both new relationships between patients and healthcare professionals as well as new ethical challenges. CONCLUSION Ethics of care is sparsely used as a theoretical framework in empirical studies of technology-mediated healthcare practices. The use of ethics of care in technology-mediated care brings new dilemmas, relational tensions and vulnerabilities to the foreground. For ethics of care to be used more explicit in empirical studies, it is important that it is recognised by research community as an adequate, universal ethical theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ramvi
- Department of Care and Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ingvil Hellstrand
- Department of Care and Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ida Bruheim Jensen
- Institute for Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Birgitta Haga Gripsrud
- Department of Care and Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Brita Gjerstad
- Institute for Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Turja T. Uncertainties about accepting care robots. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1092974. [PMID: 37274766 PMCID: PMC10233153 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1092974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the midst of the anticipation of care robots renewing elderly care, care workers are expected to orient themselves in this future, however uncertain. To examine how uncertainty over the appropriateness of care-robot use associates with robot acceptance, different scenarios of robot assistance were presented to a sample of care professionals in two waves 2016-2020. The views of usefulness of robot assistance yielded underlying structures of plausible and implausible care-robot use. The perceived appropriateness of utilizing robots in care was stronger in the plausible robot scenarios. The uncertainty about robots having an appropriate role in care work correlated negatively with the perceived usefulness of robot assistance, but was even highlighted among the scenarios of implausible tasks. Findings further show how uncertainties about care-robot use have been reduced across four years between data collections. In robotizing care work processes, it may be more beneficial to attempt to convince the care workers who are undecided about robot acceptance than to push care-robot orientation to those who strongly oppose care-robot use.
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Kodate N, Maeda Y, Hauray B, Tsujimura M, Chan WCH, Mannan H, Yu W, Dalgalarrondo S, Cheung MC, Yumoto A, Suwa S, Donnelly S, Sakata N, O’Shea D, Obayashi K, Masuyama S. Hopes and fears regarding care robots: Content analysis of newspapers in East Asia and Western Europe, 2001-2020. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:1019089. [PMID: 36569638 PMCID: PMC9773842 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1019089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background As a type of welfare technology, care robotics is now widely seen as a potential aide to rehabilitation, increasing independence and enhancing the wellbeing of people with disabilities and older adults. Research into and development of care robots have both been vigorously promoted in North America, Europe and Asia, and the competition for technological advancement in robotics is becoming fierce. AI ethics and policy guidelines are being established. However, there are still differences in attitudes and perceptions, as well as national policies regarding this type of welfare technology. Moreover, despite the anticipated usefulness, it is believed that progress has been slow in the diffusion of care robots. Purpose In order to explore how public discourses support technological innovation, such as care robots, while preparing society for potential risks and impact, we sought to ascertain whether public discourse on care robots varies from region to region. For example, what are the hopes and promises associated with care robots and what are the concerns? Methods To address these questions, this article explored how care robots have been portrayed in five major broadsheet newspapers in five jurisdictions in Asia and Europe (France, Great Britain, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland and Japan). We obtained 545 articles for the period between January 2001 and September 2020, more than half of which originated in Japan. A thematic analysis was conducted of these articles written in four languages (Chinese, English, French and Japanese). Results Positive and negative narratives were teased out, alongside other key prominent themes identified, such as Japan as the land of robots, the pandemic, and the impact of robots on the economy. As the number of robot-related articles grew from the year 2012 onwards, narratives became more nuanced in European newspapers, but not in Asian ones. Furthermore, recent articles began to address the social and relational impact of care robots, while providing concrete examples of improvements in the quality of life for users. Further careful examination will be necessary in the future in order to establish the impact of robotics use in rehabilitation for people with disabilities, older adults, their carers and society at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Kodate
- School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Public Policy Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,La Fondation France-Japon, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Paris, France,Institute for Future Initiatives, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Universal Accessibility and Ageing Research Centre, Nishitokyo, Japan,Correspondence: N. Kodate
| | - Y. Maeda
- Faculty of Business, Technological University DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - B. Hauray
- Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux sociaux, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Paris, France,French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - M. Tsujimura
- School of Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - W. C. H. Chan
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H. Mannan
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Flame University, Pune, India
| | - W. Yu
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S. Dalgalarrondo
- Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux sociaux, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Paris, France,French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - M. C. Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A. Yumoto
- Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S. Suwa
- Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S. Donnelly
- School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N. Sakata
- Center for Information and Communication Technology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - D. O’Shea
- St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Obayashi
- Universal Accessibility and Ageing Research Centre, Nishitokyo, Japan,Faculty of Healthcare Management, Nihon Fukushi University, Mihama, Japan,Social Welfare Corporation Tokyo Seishin-kai, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - S. Masuyama
- Universal Accessibility and Ageing Research Centre, Nishitokyo, Japan,Traveler’s Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Fiorini L, Rovini E, Russo S, Toccafondi L, D’Onofrio G, Cornacchia Loizzo FG, Bonaccorsi M, Giuliani F, Vignani G, Sancarlo D, Greco A, Cavallo F. On the Use of Assistive Technology during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Results and Lessons Learned from Pilot Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176631. [PMID: 36081090 PMCID: PMC9460223 DOI: 10.3390/s22176631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the COVID-19 emergency, frail citizens felt isolated because of social isolation, suspended and/or strongly reduced home assistance, and limited access to hospitals. In this sense, assistive technology could play a pivotal role in empowering frail older adults reducing their isolation, as well as in reinforcing the work of formal caregivers and professionals. In this context, the goal of this paper is to present four pilot studies-conducted from March 2020 to April 2021-to promptly react to COVID-19 by providing assistive technology solutions, aiming to (1) guarantee high-quality service to older adults in-home or in residential facility contexts, (2) promote social inclusion, and (3) reduce the virus transmission. In particular, four services, namely, telepresence service, remote monitoring service, virtual visit, and environmental disinfection, were designed, implemented, and tested in real environments involving 85 end-users to assess the user experience and/or preliminary assess the technical feasibility. The results underlined that all the proposed services were generally accepted by older adults and professionals. Additionally, the results remarked that the use of telepresence robots in private homes and residential facilities increased enjoyment reducing anxiety, whereas the monitoring service supported the clinicians in monitoring the discharged COVID-19 patients. It is also worth mentioning that two new services/products were developed to disinfect the environment and to allow virtual visits within the framework of a hospital information system. The virtual visits service offered the opportunity to expand the portfolio of hospital services. The main barriers were found in education, technology interoperability, and ethical/legal/privacy compliance. It is also worth mentioning the key role played by an appropriate design and customer needs analysis since not all assistive devices were designed for older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Erika Rovini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Sergio Russo
- ICT, Innovation and Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Lara Toccafondi
- Umana Persone Development & Research Social Enterprise, 58100 Grosseto, GR, Italy
| | - Grazia D’Onofrio
- Clinical Psychology Service, Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Giuliani
- ICT, Innovation and Research Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Gianna Vignani
- Umana Persone Development & Research Social Enterprise, 58100 Grosseto, GR, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatrics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Filippo Cavallo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56025 Pontedera, PI, Italy
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