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Spray-and freeze-drying of microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation method: A review. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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2
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van der Sman R. Lattice Boltzmann model for freezing of French fries. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100497. [PMID: 37101806 PMCID: PMC10123062 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we present a Lattice Boltzmann model for food freezing, using the enthalpy method. Simulations are performed using the case study of freezing par-fried french fries. The action of par-frying leads to moisture removal from the crust region, which was treated via the initial conditions for the freezing model. Simulations show that under industrial-relevant freezing conditions, the crust region remains either unfrozen or only partially frozen. This result is important for the practical quality problem of dust, which is the phenomenon of fracturing of the crust during finish-frying. Next to the insight, the Lattice Boltzmann freezing model rendered for the case study of par-fried french fries, we pose that this freezing application is a comprehensive tutorial problem, via which food scientists can be conveniently introduced to the Lattice Boltzmann method. Commonly, the Lattice Boltzmann method has its value in solving complex fluid flow problems, but the complexity of these problems is possibly withholding food scientists to get familiar with the method. Our freezing is solved in 2D, and on a simple square lattice with only 5 particle velocities (a D2Q5 lattice). We hope via this simple tutorial problem, the Lattice Boltzmann method becomes more accessible.
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Palmkron SB, Bergenståhl B, Håkansson S, Wahlgren M, Fureby AM, Larsson E. Quantification of structures in freeze-dried materials using X-ray microtomography. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Rotabakk BT, Stien LH, Skåra T. Thaw rigor in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets, as affected by thawing rate and frozen storage time. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Zhao Y, Kumar PK, Sablani SS, Takhar PS. Hybrid mixture theory-based modeling of transport of fluids, species, and heat in food biopolymers subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. J Food Sci 2022; 87:4082-4106. [PMID: 36049017 PMCID: PMC9826294 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid mixture theory (HMT)-based unsaturated transport (pores not saturated with liquid) model was applied to a food matrix subjected to freezing and freeze-thaw cycles. The model can explain the fluid, species, and heat transport, ice formation, thermomechanical changes, and the freezing point depression occurring inside food biopolymers during freezing. Volume changes during freezing were calculated using the stresses due to pore pressure and the phase-change based mechanical strain. The Eulerian-Lagrangian transformation was performed for solving the equations using a finite element mesh in Lagrangian coordinates. The predicted temperature profiles for constant and fluctuating freezing temperature conditions showed agreement with experimental data with reasonable accuracy (RMSE = 2.86°C and 2.23°C, respectively). The multiscale transport model coupled with a physical chemistry-based relation was able to predict solute concentration and the freezing point depression in potatoes with greater accuracy than an empirical equation published in the literature. Sudden temperature fluctuations representing the opening and closing of a freezer door were investigated using this solution scheme, and conditions causing less damage to the food were identified. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food materials are subjected to freeze-thaw cycles during storage, shipping, and distribution to the consumers. The study uses numerical modeling and experimental validation to elucidate the principles affecting ice formation, solute migration, and temperature changes. Outcomes will allow processors to improve the quality of frozen foods with improved design of freezing operation, and storage and distribution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Agricultural and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Shyam S. Sablani
- Biological Systems EngineeringWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Pawan S. Takhar
- Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Kharatyan T, Gopireddy SR, Ogawa T, Kodama T, Nishimoto N, Osada S, Scherließ R, Urbanetz NA. Quantitative Analysis of Glassy State Relaxation and Ostwald Ripening during Annealing Using Freeze-Drying Microscopy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061176. [PMID: 35745749 PMCID: PMC9231378 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercooling during the freezing of pharmaceutical solutions often leads to suboptimal freeze-drying results, such as long primary drying times or a collapse in the cake structure. Thermal treatment of the frozen solution, known as annealing, can improve those issues by influencing properties such as the pore size and collapse temperature of the lyophilisate. In this study we aimed to show that annealing causes a rearrangement of water molecules between ice crystals, as well as between the freeze-concentrated amorphous matrix and the crystalline ice phase in a frozen binary aqueous solution. Ice crystal sizes, as well as volume fractions of the crystalline and amorphous phases of 10% (w/w) sucrose and trehalose solutions, were quantified after annealing using freeze-drying microscopy and image labelling. Depending on the annealing time and temperature, the amorphous phase was shown to decrease its volume due to the crystallisation of vitreous water (i.e., glassy state relaxation) while the crystalline phase was undergoing coarsening (i.e., Ostwald ripening). These results allow, for the first time, a quantitative comparison of the two phenomena. It was demonstrated that glassy state relaxation and Ostwald ripening, although occurring simultaneously, are distinct processes that follow different kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran Kharatyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.K.); (R.S.)
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany;
| | - Srikanth R. Gopireddy
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Toru Ogawa
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (N.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Tatsuhiro Kodama
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (N.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Norihiro Nishimoto
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (N.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Sayaka Osada
- Formulation Technology Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiratsuka 254-0014, Japan; (T.O.); (T.K.); (N.N.); (S.O.)
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Nora A. Urbanetz
- Pharmaceutical Development, Daiichi-Sankyo Europe GmbH, 85276 Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany;
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Vitrac O, Nguyen PM, Hayert M. In Silico Prediction of Food Properties: A Multiscale Perspective. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.786879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several open software packages have popularized modeling and simulation strategies at the food product scale. Food processing and key digestion steps can be described in 3D using the principles of continuum mechanics. However, compared to other branches of engineering, the necessary transport, mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties have been insufficiently tabulated and documented. Natural variability, accented by food evolution during processing and deconstruction, requires considering composition and structure-dependent properties. This review presents practical approaches where the premises for modeling and simulation start at a so-called “microscopic” scale where constituents or phase properties are known. The concept of microscopic or ground scale is shown to be very flexible from atoms to cellular structures. Zooming in on spatial details tends to increase the overall cost of simulations and the integration over food regions or time scales. The independence of scales facilitates the reuse of calculations and makes multiscale modeling capable of meeting food manufacturing needs. On one hand, new image-modeling strategies without equations or meshes are emerging. On the other hand, complex notions such as compositional effects, multiphase organization, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics are naturally incorporated in models without linearization or simplifications. Multiscale method’s applicability to hierarchically predict food properties is discussed with comprehensive examples relevant to food science, engineering and packaging. Entropy-driven properties such as transport and sorption are emphasized to illustrate how microscopic details bring new degrees of freedom to explore food-specific concepts such as safety, bioavailability, shelf-life and food formulation. Routes for performing spatial and temporal homogenization with and without chemical details are developed. Creating a community sharing computational codes, force fields, and generic food structures is the next step and should be encouraged. This paper provides a framework for the transfer of results from other fields and the development of methods specific to the food domain.
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Crystallization Behavior and Quality of Frozen Meat. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112707. [PMID: 34828989 PMCID: PMC8620417 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of meat through freezing entails the use of low temperatures to extend a product’s shelf-life, mainly by reducing the rate of microbial spoilage and deterioration reactions. Characteristics of meat that are important to be preserve include tenderness, water holding capacity, color, and flavor. In general, freezing improves meat tenderness, but negatively impacts other quality attributes. The extent to which these attributes are affected depends on the ice crystalline size and distribution, which itself is governed by freezing rate and storage temperature and duration. Although novel technology has made it possible to mitigate the negative effects of freezing, the complex nature of muscle tissue makes it difficult to accurately and consistently predict outcome of meat quality following freezing. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of energy and heat transfer during freezing and its effect on meat quality. Furthermore, the review provides an overview of the current novel technologies utilized to improve the freezing process.
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Advanced Detection Techniques Using Artificial Intelligence in Processing of Berries. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-021-09298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fadiji T, Ashtiani SHM, Onwude DI, Li Z, Opara UL. Finite Element Method for Freezing and Thawing Industrial Food Processes. Foods 2021; 10:869. [PMID: 33923375 PMCID: PMC8071487 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing is a well-established preservation method used to maintain the freshness of perishable food products during storage, transportation and retail distribution; however, food freezing is a complex process involving simultaneous heat and mass transfer and a progression of physical and chemical changes. This could affect the quality of the frozen product and increase the percentage of drip loss (loss in flavor and sensory properties) during thawing. Numerical modeling can be used to monitor and control quality changes during the freezing and thawing processes. This technique provides accurate predictions and visual information that could greatly improve quality control and be used to develop advanced cold storage and transport technologies. Finite element modeling (FEM) has become a widely applied numerical tool in industrial food applications, particularly in freezing and thawing processes. We review the recent studies on applying FEM in the food industry, emphasizing the freezing and thawing processes. Challenges and problems in these two main parts of the food industry are also discussed. To control ice crystallization and avoid cellular structure damage during freezing, including physicochemical and microbiological changes occurring during thawing, both traditional and novel technologies applied to freezing and thawing need to be optimized. Mere experimental designs cannot elucidate the optimum freezing, frozen storage, and thawing conditions. Moreover, these experimental procedures can be expensive and time-consuming. This review demonstrates that the FEM technique helps solve mass and heat transfer equations for any geometry and boundary conditions. This study offers promising insight into the use of FEM for the accurate prediction of key information pertaining to food processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobi Fadiji
- Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Seyed-Hassan Miraei Ashtiani
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Daniel I. Onwude
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo 52021, Nigeria
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, South African Research Chair in Postharvest Technology, Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Alinovi M, Mucchetti G, Wiking L, Corredig M. Freezing as a solution to preserve the quality of dairy products: the case of milk, curds and cheese. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3340-3360. [PMID: 32715725 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When thinking of the freezing process in dairy, products consumed in frozen state, such as ice creams come to mind. However, freezing is also considered a viable solutions for many other dairy products, due to increasing interest to reduce food waste and to create more robust supply chains. Freezing is a solution to production seasonality, or to extend the market reach for high-value products with otherwise short shelf life. This review focuses on the physical and chemical changes occurring during freezing of milk, curds and cheeses, critical to maintaining quality of the final product. However, freezing is energy consuming, and therefore the process needs to be optimized to maintain product's quality and reduce its environmental footprint. Furthermore, the processing steps leading to the freezing stage may require some changes compared to traditional, fresh products. Unwanted reactions occur at low water activity, and during modifications such as ice crystals growth and recrystallization. These events cause major physical destabilizations of the proteins due to cryoconcentration, including modification of the colloidal-soluble equilibrium. The presence of residual proteases and lipases also cause important modifications to the texture and flavor of the frozen dairy product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark.,iFood Center, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark.,iFood Center, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Skejby, Denmark
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Salas‐Valerio W, Solano‐Cornejo M, Zelada‐Bazán M, Vidaurre‐Ruiz J. Three‐dimensional modeling of heat transfer during freezing of suspended and in‐contact‐with‐a‐surface yellow potatoes and ullucus. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Salas‐Valerio
- Faculty of Food Industry Engineering, Department of Food EngineeringNational Agrarian University La Molina Peru
- Research Group Food EngineeringNational Agrarian University La Molina Peru
| | - Miguel Solano‐Cornejo
- Research Group Food EngineeringNational Agrarian University La Molina Peru
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Industrial EngineeringSeñor de Sipán University Lambayeque Peru
| | | | - Julio Vidaurre‐Ruiz
- Research Group Food EngineeringNational Agrarian University La Molina Peru
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism, Department of Industrial EngineeringSeñor de Sipán University Lambayeque Peru
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13
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Rodríguez AC, Sánchez-Benítez J, Sanz PD. Simulation of the Magnetic Freezing Process Applied to Foods. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-017-9169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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