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Wang H, Liu F, Yu D. Complex network of eye movements during rapid automatized naming. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1024881. [PMID: 37065911 PMCID: PMC10102513 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1024881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAlthough the method of visualizing eye-tracking data as a time-series might enhance performance in the understanding of gaze behavior, it has not yet been thoroughly examined in the context of rapid automated naming (RAN).MethodsThis study attempted, for the first time, to measure gaze behavior during RAN from the perspective of network-domain, which constructed a complex network [referred to as gaze-time-series-based complex network (GCN)] from gaze time-series. Hence, without designating regions of interest, the features of gaze behavior during RAN were extracted by computing topological parameters of GCN. A sample of 98 children (52 males, aged 11.50 ± 0.28 years) was studied. Nine topological parameters (i.e., average degree, network diameter, characteristic path length, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, assortativity coefficient, modularity, community number, and small-worldness) were computed.ResultsFindings showed that GCN in each RAN task was assortative and possessed “small-world” and community architecture. Additionally, observations regarding the influence of RAN task types included that: (i) five topological parameters (i.e., average degree, clustering coefficient, assortativity coefficient, modularity, and community number) could reflect the difference between tasks N-num (i.e., naming of numbers) and N-cha (i.e., naming of Chinese characters); (ii) there was only one topological parameter (i.e., network diameter) which could reflect the difference between tasks N-obj (i.e., naming of objects) and N-col (i.e., naming of colors); and (iii) when compared to GCN in alphanumeric RAN, GCN in non-alphanumeric RAN may have higher average degree, global efficiency, and small-worldness, but lower network diameter, characteristic path length, clustering coefficient, and modularity. Findings also illustrated that most of these topological parameters were largely independent of traditional eye-movement metrics.DiscussionThis article revealed the architecture and topological parameters of GCN as well as the influence of task types on them, and thus brought some new insights into the understanding of RAN from the perspective of complex network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fulin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongchuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Lab of Child Developmental Behavior and Learning, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongchuan Yu
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Xie Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Liu F, Yao M, Zhang L, Liu P, Hong Q, Chi X, Yu D. Establishing Normative Data for the Number Cancelation Test Among Children in Kindergartens and Primary Schools in China. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:788825. [PMID: 35479487 PMCID: PMC9035546 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.788825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to suggest an attention assessment tool using a Digital Pen for measuring the temporal-spatial parameters during the Number Cancelation Test (NCT), and then to establish the normative data for the NCT among children in kindergartens and primary schools in China by recruiting a total of 989 children (496 males). Four measures, i.e., selective attention (SA), speed of cognitive processing (SpC), averaged time of circlings (ATC), and averaged circumference of circled curves (ACCC), were proposed to evaluate the NCT performance. They basically have a development trend with fast speed in the beginning before Grade 1 or 2 of primary schools, and then enter an extremely slow development period (with ceiling or floor effect). SA and SpC have gender and grade main effects, while ATC and ACCC have the grade main effect, only. In particular, females have higher SA scores than males in middle class of kindergarten, and Grade 2-Grade 5 of primary school, but no gender differences in other grades; females have higher SpC scores than males in middle class of kindergarten, and Grade 3-4 of primary school, but no gender differences in other grades. More importantly, in clinical practice, if SA or SpC measure of a child is below than the 5th centile (i.e., p5 level) of his/her grade-specific normative data, then this child may be predicted to have a high-risk of learning disabilities. Findings suggest that the proposed method can be used for early screening of learning disabilities by setting appropriate cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Xie
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Hongan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fulin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yao
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Panting Liu
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Chi
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Dongchuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Lab of Child Developmental Behavior and Learning, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medical Key Lab of Language Rehabilitation for Children, Sanmenxia Center Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
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Stibbe T, Huang J, Paucke M, Ulke C, Strauss M. Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240810. [PMID: 33057383 PMCID: PMC7561166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to assess cognitive differences between male and female adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods Patients with an ADHD diagnosis according to the DSM-IV guidelines were included in a cross-sectional study evaluating cognitive measures. 28 women and 41 men from ages 19 to 56 completed self-report questionnaires and performed a computer-based test of attentional performance (TAP). The TAP assesses cognitive functions highly affected in ADHD patients, including working memory, alertness and attention as well as behavioral control and response inhibition. Results There were no measurable differences in self-report scales assessing current symptomology between the sexes, however men scored higher on the scale for childhood symptoms. Performance measures for general wakefulness were comparable between men and women, while working memory and behavioral control test results differed. Females reacted significantly slower and more unstable for both the TAP Go/NoGo paradigm and working memory subtest, while also making more errors in the latter. Conclusions We found gender-specific effects regarding working memory and behavioral control in this sample of adult patients with ADHD. Further studies are warranted, examining whether these differences relate to differences in clinical presentation and comorbidity patterns between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Stibbe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Madlen Paucke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
| | - Maria Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
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Lahav O, Ben-Simon A, Inbar-Weiss N, Katz N. Weekly Calendar Planning Activity for University Students: Comparison of Individuals With and Without ADHD by Gender. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:368-378. [PMID: 25555627 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714564621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To introduce a revised version of the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA) adapted for university students (Weekly Calendar Performance Activity for students [WCPA-S]) and compare the performance of this activity between students with and without ADHD and across gender groups. METHOD Participants included a total of 157 students, ages 20 to 30, enrolled in universities/colleges and divided into two groups: students with ADHD (male = 23, female = 38) and without ADHD (male = 33, female = 63). A two-way ANOVA was used for data analyses. The WCPA-S was administered to each student individually. RESULTS Significant differences were found between students with and without ADHD and across genders in performance, duration of performance, and in the number of strategies used. CONCLUSION The WCPA-S proved to be an effective performance-based diagnostic tool for the utilization of executive functions in the daily life of university students. This instrument can be used to predict success in higher education and to support learning among university students with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Lahav
- 1 Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Anat Ben-Simon
- 2 National Institute for Testing and Evaluation, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Noomi Katz
- 1 Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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Corbisiero S, Hartmann-Schorro RM, Riecher-Rössler A, Stieglitz RD. Screening for Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Psychiatric Outpatient Population with Specific Focus on Sex Differences. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:115. [PMID: 28713294 PMCID: PMC5491936 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often overlooked in adults; moreover, the problem seems to be even more critical in women. In the present, observational screening study, a clinical, particularly adult outpatient population was examined regarding frequency and severity of a likely ADHD, whereby sex differences were of particular interest. METHODS 224 participants, 146 men and 78 women, were included. Based on data recorded with the self-rating WHO screening instrument Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), it was examined how many participants were conspicuous for adult ADHD by exceeding a predefined cutoff value (COV) (COV ≥ 4 for ASRS-6, and ≥12 for ASRS-18). To examine frequency distributions, χ2 tests were conducted. For the inferential statistical comparison of means, t-tests for independent samples or Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated. RESULTS 34.4% of the sample was screened positive in the ASRS-v1.1 screener short version, ASRS-6, while 17.4% were conspicuous in the symptom checklist, ASRS-18. There were indeed more men screened positive, but the difference in the frequency between the sexes was not statistically significant, indicating a balanced sex ratio. Further, severity of ADHD core symptoms inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity was examined by comparing ASRS-18 symptom subscale scores. In concordance with the hypothesis, men and women did not differ in severity of symptoms. CONCLUSION Results indicate that women might be affected by ADHD in a comparable manner as men; this emphasizes the importance for the awareness of ADHD in both sexes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Corbisiero
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaela M Hartmann-Schorro
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Riecher-Rössler
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz
- University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Jacob CP, Gross-Lesch S, Reichert S, Geissler J, Jans T, Kittel-Schneider S, Nguyen TT, Romanos M, Reif A, Dempfle A, Lesch KP. Sex- and Subtype-Related Differences of Personality Disorders (Axis II) and Personality Traits in Persistent ADHD. J Atten Disord 2016; 20:1056-1065. [PMID: 24510476 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714521293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite growing awareness of adult ADHD and its comorbidity with personality disorders (PDs), little is known about sex- and subtype-related differences. METHOD In all, 910 patients (452 females, 458 males) affected with persistent adult ADHD were assessed for comorbid PDs with the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-IV and for personality traits with the revised NEO personality inventory, and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. RESULTS The most prevalent PDs were narcissistic PD in males and histrionic PD in females. Affected females showed higher Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness scores as well as Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence scores. Narcissistic PD and antisocial PD have the highest prevalence in the H-type, while Borderline PD is more frequent in the C-type. CONCLUSION Sex- and subtype-related differences in Axis II disorder comorbidity as well as impairment-modifying personality traits have to be taken into account in epidemiological studies of persistent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Gross-Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Reichert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Geissler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jans
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Trang T Nguyen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Philipp-Wiegmann F, Rösler M, Retz W, Schindelbeck K, Retz-Junginger P. Häufigkeiten von adulten ADHS-assoziierten Symptomen in der Normalbevölkerung – Referenzwerte der ADHS-Selbstbeurteilungsskala und des Wender-Reimherr-Interviews. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1024/1661-4747/a000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) ist eine Erkrankung, welche sich im Kindesalter erstmalig manifestiert und bei bis zu 60 % der Betroffenen in Teil- oder Vollausprägung in das Erwachsenenalter persistiert. Dabei charakterisieren sich ADHS-Syndrome nicht als qualitativ auftretende Merkmale, sondern entsprechen Beeinträchtigungen, welche auch in einem gesunden Kollektiv auftreten können, und lediglich in Abhängigkeit ihres Schweregrads eine krankheitswertige Valenz innehaben. Mit Blick auf die Dimensionalität der ADHS-Symptomatik und unter Berücksichtigung epidemiologischer Daten, welche bereits im subklinischen Bereich ADHS-assoziierter Symptome Beeinträchtigungen in der Alltagsfunktionalität Erwachsener berichten, erscheinen daher Referenzwerte, welche eine Einschätzung ADHS-assoziierter Symptome in Bezug auf eine nicht-klinische Stichprobe ermöglichen, wünschenswert. Diese Lücke soll mit der vorliegenden Arbeit geschlossen werden. Es werden altersabhängige Referenzwerte für die Selbstbeurteilungsskala ADHS-SB und die deutsche Übersetzung des halbstandardisierten Wender-Reimherr-Interviews zur Einschätzung ADHS-assoziierter Symptome in einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe vorgelegt. Ferner unterstützen unsere Ergebnisse bisherige Befunde, dass bereits unterhalb der diagnostischen Schwelle der Klassifikationssysteme psychopathologische Phänomene aus dem ADHS-Spektrum einen negativen Einfluss auf den Lebensalltags der Betroffenen haben können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Philipp-Wiegmann
- Institut für Gerichtliche Psychologie und Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institut für Gerichtliche Psychologie und Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitätsklinikum, Mainz
| | - Katharina Schindelbeck
- Institut für Gerichtliche Psychologie und Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institut für Gerichtliche Psychologie und Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
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Quinn PO, Madhoo M. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014; 16:13r01596. [PMID: 25317366 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.13r01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women and girls and factors influencing proper diagnosis and treatment. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search was conducted in April 9, 2012 for English-language publications from the previous 10 years. Search terms included attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, and AD/HD combined with gender, girls, females, women, continuity, discontinuity, gap, treatment, untreated, and lack of treatment. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION A total of 41 articles were reviewed for relevance. Reference lists from relevant articles were reviewed for additional publications; sources known to the authors were also included. RESULTS Attitudes about ADHD among individuals with ADHD and knowledgeable informants (families, teachers, colleagues) vary on the basis of the diagnosed individual's gender. The ADHD prevalence rates are higher among boys than girls. A low index of clinical suspicion exists for girls; their presentation is considered "subthreshold" because inattentiveness is more prominent than hyperactivity/impulsivity. Females with ADHD may develop better coping strategies than males to mask their symptoms. Lastly, anxiety and depression, common comorbidities in female patients with ADHD, can lead to missed or misdiagnosis. If not properly diagnosed and treated, girls with ADHD experience the same negative consequences as boys, including poor academic performance and behavioral problems. Unique issues related to hormonal effects on ADHD expression and treatment response are also experienced by women and girls. CONCLUSIONS Accurate ADHD diagnosis in women and girls requires establishing a symptom history and an understanding of its gender-specific presentation. Coexisting anxiety and depression are prominent in female patients with ADHD; satisfactory academic achievement should not rule out an ADHD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia O Quinn
- National Center for Girls and Women With ADHD, Washington, DC (Dr Quinn); and Neuroscience Medical Strategy, Shire Development LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania (Dr Madhoo)
| | - Manisha Madhoo
- National Center for Girls and Women With ADHD, Washington, DC (Dr Quinn); and Neuroscience Medical Strategy, Shire Development LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania (Dr Madhoo)
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Fisher BC, Garges DM, Yoon SYR, Maguire K, Zipay D, Gambino M, Shapiro CM. Sex differences and the interaction of age and sleep issues in neuropsychological testing performance across the lifespan in an ADD/ADHD sample from the years 1989 to 2009. Psychol Rep 2014; 114:404-38. [PMID: 24897898 DOI: 10.2466/15.10.pr0.114k23w0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chart review of population (9 to 80 years) neuropsychological test battery for ADHD diagnosis, questionnaires with multiple responders were evaluated in outpatient setting from 1989-2009. The focus was gender differences across age, diagnostic group (ADHD-Inattentive/ADHD plus), neuropsychological test performance, and reported sleep symptoms over the lifespan. Individuals were assigned to ADHD-I group or ADHD plus group (based upon secondary diagnosis of sleep, behavioral, emotional disturbance); ADHD not primary was excluded (brain insult, psychosis). Among these were 1,828 children (ages 9 to 14), adolescents (ages 15 to 17), and adults (ages 18 and above); 446 children (312 diagnosed ADHD-I), 218 adolescents (163 diagnosed ADHD-I), and 1,163 adults (877 ADHD-I). Sleep was problematic regardless of age, ADHD subtype, and gender. The type and number of sleep problems and fatigue were age dependent. ADHD subtype, gender, fatigue, age, and sleep (sleep onset, unrefreshing sleep, sleep maintenance) were significant variables affecting neuropsychological test performance (sequencing, cognitive flexibility, slow- and fast-paced input, divided attention, whole brain functioning). Findings suggest that ADHD involves numerous factors and symptoms beyond attention, such as sleep which interacts differently dependent upon age.
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