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Fan YH, Zhang PL, Huang YJ, Xie C, Ai T. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:317. [PMID: 37353732 PMCID: PMC10288744 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine whether there was an association between certain factors in patients with bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing in childhood. METHOD In 2021 we tracked children hospitalized for bronchiolitis at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital in 2017. The patients were classified into recurrent wheezing group (RWG) and non-recurrent wheezing group (NRWG). Possible risk factors including maternal age, school-age siblings, allergic history, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic family history, severity of the condition, duration of hospitalization, nasopharyngeal secretions culture, blood eosinophil counts, FeNO and skin prick test were compared between the two groups. Continuous variables were analyzed by independent sample t-test for normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U-test for non-normal distribution. Categorical variables were tested using chi-square tests. Multifactor analysis was conducted by stepwise logistics regression analysis. RESULTS In total 167 participants were included, of which 26 and 141 were in RWG and NRWG respectively. In RWG children represented higher maternal age (P = 0.02) and greater probability of allergic history, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic family history (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0,3.7, 7.8, 10.9 respectively, P < 0.01). However, school-age siblings, severity of the condition, duration of hospitalization, blood eosinophil counts, fractional exhaled nitric oxide and skin prick test results seemed unrelated to recurrent wheezing. In the subgroup analysis of nasopharyngeal secretion culture, there were more Moraxella catarrhalis-positive in RWG(P = 0.043). Atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and atopic family history were identified as independent risk factors for recurrent wheezing. CONCLUSION Some children with bronchiolitis will develop recurrent wheezing, and the risk factors are allergic history, Moraxella catarrhalis infection or colonization, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and atopic family history; the latter three are independent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Fan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - P L Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Y J Huang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - C Xie
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - T Ai
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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Grandinetti R, Fainardi V, Caffarelli C, Capoferri G, Lazzara A, Tornesello M, Meoli A, Bergamini BM, Bertelli L, Biserna L, Bottau P, Corinaldesi E, De Paulis N, Dondi A, Guidi B, Lombardi F, Magistrali MS, Marastoni E, Pastorelli S, Piccorossi A, Poloni M, Tagliati S, Vaienti F, Gregori G, Sacchetti R, Mari S, Musetti M, Antodaro F, Bergomi A, Reggiani L, Caramelli F, De Fanti A, Marchetti F, Ricci G, Esposito S. Risk Factors Affecting Development and Persistence of Preschool Wheezing: Consensus Document of the Emilia-Romagna Asthma (ERA) Study Group. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6558. [PMID: 36362786 PMCID: PMC9655250 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheezing at preschool age (i.e., before the age of six) is common, occurring in about 30% of children before the age of three. In terms of health care burden, preschool children with wheeze show double the rate of access to the emergency department and five times the rate of hospital admissions compared with school-age asthmatics. The consensus document aims to analyse the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of preschool wheezing and define the risk factors (i.e., allergy, atopy, infection, bronchiolitis, genetics, indoor and outdoor pollution, tobacco smoke exposure, obesity, prematurity) and the protective factors (i.e., probiotics, breastfeeding, vitamin D, influenza vaccination, non-specific immunomodulators) associated with the development of the disease in the young child. A multidisciplinary panel of experts from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy, addressed twelve key questions regarding managing preschool wheezing. Clinical questions have been formulated by the expert panel using the PICO format (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes). Systematic reviews have been conducted on PubMed to answer these specific questions and formulate recommendations. The GRADE approach has been used for each selected paper to assess the quality of the evidence and the degree of recommendations. Based on a panel of experts and extensive updated literature, this consensus document provides insight into the pathogenesis, risk and protective factors associated with the development and persistence of preschool wheezing. Undoubtedly, more research is needed to improve our understanding of the disease and confirm the associations between certain factors and the risk of wheezing in early life. In addition, preventive strategies must be promoted to avoid children's exposure to risk factors that may permanently affect respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grandinetti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Gaia Capoferri
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Lazzara
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Tornesello
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Aniello Meoli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Maria Bergamini
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Bertelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Loretta Biserna
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Ravenna Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bottau
- Paediatrics Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta De Paulis
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Battista Guidi
- Hospital and Territorial Paediatrics Unit, Pavullo, 41026 Pavullo Nel Frignano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sole Magistrali
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marastoni
- Paediatrics Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Piccorossi
- Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Cesena Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Poloni
- Paediatrics Unit, Rimini Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Vaienti
- Paediatrics Unit, G.B. Morgagni—L. Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gregori
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Mari
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bergomi
- Primary Care Pediatricians, AUSL Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Caramelli
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Fanti
- Paediatrics Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Federico Marchetti
- Paediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Ravenna Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Pediatric Clinic, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Sugiura S, Hiramitsu Y, Futamura M, Kamioka N, Yamaguchi C, Umemura H, Ito K, Camargo CA. Prevalence and associated factors of wheeze in early infancy. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:818-824. [PMID: 33108026 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of wheeze in early childhood and to characterize associated factors for wheeze that could identify potentially feasible interventions for the future prevention of wheeze. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the data from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)-modified self-administered questionnaire of parents of 4-month-old infants at well-child visits (mandatory health check-ups) in Nagoya City, Japan, between April 2016 and March 2017 (development dataset) and between April 2017 and March 2018 (validation dataset). We used a multivariable, multilevel analysis to identify significant (P < 0.05), associated factors (Bonferroni correction was applied as necessary) after adjustment for local outbreaks of virus-transmitted diseases, access to medical facilities, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Among the 20 362 questionnaires given to families of infants living in Nagoya City (development dataset), 19 104 questionnaires (93.8%) were analyzed after data cleaning. In all, 1,446 (7.6%) infants experienced wheeze at least once within 4 months of age, 991 (5.2%) visited the clinic/hospital with wheeze, and 244 (1.3%) underwent hospitalization at that time. In the multilevel, multivariable model for hospitalization with wheeze, significant associated factors were male sex (adjusted odds ratio 1.8; 95% confidence interval 1.4-2.3), maternal current smoking (3.3; 2.0-5.5), and having at least one sibling (3.0; 2.2-4.1). These factors were also associated with wheeze and clinic/hospital visit with wheeze, and the results were confirmed in the validation dataset. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights that smoking cessation among mothers and improved hand hygiene at home are two interventions that could potentially decrease wheeze in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Sugiura
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Hiramitsu
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Futamura
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naomi Kamioka
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chikae Yamaguchi
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Nagoya City University Graduate School of Nursing, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Harue Umemura
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nissin, Japan
| | - Komei Ito
- Committee for the Prevention of Pediatric Allergic Disease, Nagoya, Japan.,Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Obu, Japan
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen S, Gu W, Wu M, Hao C, Zhu C, Shao X, Wang Y. Risk factors for recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis in infants: 2-year follow up in China. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:250. [PMID: 33691633 PMCID: PMC7945297 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infants with bronchiolitis have an increased risk of developing recurrent wheezing and asthma. However, the risk factors for the development of recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis remains controversial. Our study was to investigate risk factors of post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing. Methods Infants with bronchiolitis were enrolled from November 2016 through March 2017. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained for detection of respiratory viruses which were analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct immunofluorescent assay. Serum cytokines including TSLP, IL2, IL13, TIMP-1, MMP-9, IL33, IL5, IL4, IL25, TNF- α and MIP-1α were measured by flow cytometry. Patients were followed up every 3 months for a duration of 2 years by telephone or at outpatient appointments. Results We enrolled 89 infants, of which 81 patients were successfully followed up. In total, 22.2% of patients experienced recurrent wheezing episodes. The proportion of patients with history of eczema, systemic glucocorticoid use and patients with moderate-to-severe disease were significantly higher in the recurrent wheezing group than the non-recurrent wheezing group (83.3% vs 52.4%; 66.7% vs 36.5%; 61.1% vs 33.3%, respectively, all P < 0.05); There were no significant differences between patients with and without recurrent wheezing episodes in the levels of TSLP, IL2, IL13, TIMP-1, MMP-9, IL33, IL5, IL4, IL25, TNF- α and MIP-1α (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that history of eczema was an independent risk factor for post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing (odds ratio [OR] = 5.622; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–24.9; P = 0.023). Conclusion The incidence of recurrent wheezing among infants after contracting bronchiolitis was 22.2% during a 2-year follow-up. History of eczema was the only independent risk factor identified and no correlation was found between the specific virus and disease severity in children with post-bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Wenjing Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Canhong Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jingde Road No. 303, Suzhou, 215003, China.
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5
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Zhou L, Xu Z, Li J, Hu F, Ren J. Recurrent wheezing after bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 3 years: A 1-year follow-up study. EUR J INFLAMM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysis the frequency and risk factors of wheezing in infants. We chose children with initial wheezing before 3 years of age who were hospitalized for medical treatment. Wheezing frequency was determined by follow-up at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Information such as birth status, age, sex, preterm, mode of delivery, birth order, eczema history, personal allergy history, family allergy history, passive smoking, and place of residence (urban/rural) was collected. Total serum IgE level, serum allergen testing, routine blood tests, C-reactive protein level, procalcitonin level, respiratory pathogens tests, sputum culture, chest radiography or computed tomography were performed in all patients. The correlation between each factor and wheezing recurrence was evaluated. A total of 259 children were included in the study. They were divided into single recurrence, multiple recurrences, and no recurrence groups. The recurrence rate of wheezing was 56.8% (30.5% had a single recurrence and 26.3% had 2 or more recurrences). The percentage of children with a personal allergy history in the multiple recurrences group was significantly higher than in the single recurrence and no recurrence groups ( P = 0.031 and 0.008, respectively). The age of the children in the multiple recurrences group was significantly lower than that in the single recurrence group ( P < 0.001). Clinical severity scores were higher in the multiple recurrences group than in the single recurrence and no recurrence groups ( P = 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). Most children did not experience multiple recurrent wheezing. Children with young age, serious condition, and allergic constitution were prone to recurrent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhufei Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangyu Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Women and Children’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Driscoll AJ, Arshad SH, Bont L, Brunwasser SM, Cherian T, Englund JA, Fell DB, Hammitt LL, Hartert TV, Innis BL, Karron RA, Langley GE, Mulholland EK, Munywoki PK, Nair H, Ortiz JR, Savitz DA, Scheltema NM, Simões EAF, Smith PG, Were F, Zar HJ, Feikin DR. Does respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory illness in early life cause recurrent wheeze of early childhood and asthma? Critical review of the evidence and guidance for future studies from a World Health Organization-sponsored meeting. Vaccine 2020; 38:2435-2448. [PMID: 31974017 PMCID: PMC7049900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and hospitalization in infants and children globally. Many observational studies have found an association between RSV LRTI in early life and subsequent respiratory morbidity, including recurrent wheeze of early childhood (RWEC) and asthma. Conversely, two randomized placebo-controlled trials of efficacious anti-RSV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in heterogenous infant populations found no difference in physician-diagnosed RWEC or asthma by treatment group. If a causal association exists and RSV vaccines and mAbs can prevent a substantial fraction of RWEC/asthma, the full public health value of these interventions would markedly increase. The primary alternative interpretation of the observational data is that RSV LRTI in early life is a marker of an underlying predisposition for the development of RWEC and asthma. If this is the case, RSV vaccines and mAbs would not necessarily be expected to impact these outcomes. To evaluate whether the available evidence supports a causal association between RSV LRTI and RWEC/asthma and to provide guidance for future studies, the World Health Organization convened a meeting of subject matter experts on February 12-13, 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland. After discussing relevant background information and reviewing the current epidemiologic evidence, the group determined that: (i) the evidence is inconclusive in establishing a causal association between RSV LRTI and RWEC/asthma, (ii) the evidence does not establish that RSV mAbs (and, by extension, future vaccines) will have a substantial effect on these outcomes and (iii) regardless of the association with long-term childhood respiratory morbidity, severe acute RSV disease in young children poses a substantial public health burden and should continue to be the primary consideration for policy-setting bodies deliberating on RSV vaccine and mAb recommendations. Nonetheless, the group recognized the public health importance of resolving this question and suggested good practice guidelines for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Driscoll
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Hasan Arshad
- The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Newport PO30 5TG, Isle of Wight, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Louis Bont
- The ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven M Brunwasser
- Center for Asthma Research, Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 450, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Thomas Cherian
- MM Global Health Consulting, Chemin Maurice Ravel 11C, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deshayne B Fell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, CPCR, Room L-1154, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Center for Asthma Research, Allergy, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 450, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Bruce L Innis
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, WA, DC 20001, USA
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Suite 217, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gayle E Langley
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - E Kim Mulholland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Patrick K Munywoki
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO Box 606-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Harish Nair
- The ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, the Netherlands; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St, Suite 480, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Savitz
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Nienke M Scheltema
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children's Hospital Colorado 13123 E. 16th Ave, B065, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E 17th Pl B119, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Peter G Smith
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Fred Were
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; SA-Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, 5th Floor ICH Building, Klipfontein Road, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland
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