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Muhammad SA, Guo J, Noor K, Mustafa A, Amjad A, Bai B. Pangenomic and immunoinformatics based analysis of Nipah virus revealed CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell epitopes as potential vaccine candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290436. [PMID: 38035008 PMCID: PMC10682379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nipah (NiV) is the zoonotic deadly bat-borne virus that causes neurological and respiratory infections which ultimately lead to death. There are 706 infected cases reported up till now especially in Asia, out of which 409 patients died. There is no vaccine and effective treatment available for NiV infections and we have to timely design such strategies as world could not bear another pandemic situation. Methods: In this study, we screened viral proteins of NiV strains based on pangenomics analysis, antigenicity, molecular weight, and sub-cellular localization. The immunoproteomics based approach was used to predict T-cell epitopes of MHC class-I and II as potential vaccine candidates. These epitopes are capable to activate CD4+, CD8+, and T-cell dependent B-lymphocytes. Results: The two surface proteins including fusion glycoprotein (F) and attachment glycoprotein (G) are antigenic with molecular weights of 60 kDa and 67 kDa respectively. Three epitopes of F protein (VNYNSEGIA, PNFILVRNT, and IKMIPNVSN) were ranked and selected based on the binding affinity with MHC class-I, and 3 epitopes (VILNKRYYS, ILVRNTLIS, and VKLQETAEK) with MHC-II molecules. Similarly, for G protein, 3 epitopes each for MHC-I (GKYDKVMPY, ILKPKLISY, and KNKIWCISL) and MHC-II (LRNIEKGKY, FLIDRINWI, and FLLKNKIWC) with substantial binding energies were predicted. Based on the physicochemical properties, all these epitopes are non-toxic, hydrophilic, and stable. Conclusion: Our vaccinomics and system-level investigation could help to trigger the host immune system to prevent NiV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jinlei Guo
- School of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Komal Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aymen Mustafa
- University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Amjad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Baogang Bai
- School of Information and Technology, Wenzhou Business College, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Medicine, Wenzhou, China
- The 1st School of Medical, School of Information and Engineering, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Srivastava S, Kolbe M. Novel "GaEl Antigenic Patches" Identified by a "Reverse Epitomics" Approach to Design Multipatch Vaccines against NIPAH Infection, a Silent Threat to Global Human Health. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31698-31713. [PMID: 37692250 PMCID: PMC10483669 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that causes lethal encephalitis and respiratory disease with the symptom of endothelial cell-cell fusion. Several NiV outbreaks have been reported since 1999 with nearly annual occurrences in Bangladesh. The outbreaks had high mortality rates ranging from 40 to 90%. No specific vaccine has yet been reported against NiV. Recently, several vaccine candidates and different designs of vaccines composed of epitopes against NiV were proposed. Most of the vaccines target single protein or protein complex subunits of the pathogen. The multiepitope vaccines proposed also cover a largely limited number of epitopes, and hence, their efficiency is still uncertain. To address the urgent need for a specific and effective vaccine against NiV infection, in the present study, we have utilized the "reverse epitomics" approach ("overlapping-epitope-clusters-to-patches" method) to identify "antigenic patches" (Ag-Patches) and utilize them as immunogenic composition for multipatch vaccine (MPV) design. The designed MPVs were analyzed for immunologically crucial parameters, physiochemical properties, and interaction with Toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain. In total, 30 CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and 27 HTL (helper T lymphocyte) antigenic patches were identified from the entire NiV proteome based on the clusters of overlapping epitopes. These identified Ag-Patches cover a total of discrete 362 CTL and 414 HTL epitopes from the entire proteome of NiV. The antigenic patches were utilized as immunogenic composition for the design of two CTL and two HTL multipatch vaccines. The 57 antigenic patches utilized here cover 776 overlapping epitopes targeting 52 different HLA class I and II alleles, providing a global ethnically distributed human population coverage of 99.71%. Such large number of epitope coverage resulting in large human population coverage cannot be reached with single-protein/subunit or multiepitope based vaccines. The reported antigenic patches also provide potential immunogenic composition for early detection diagnostic kits for NiV infection. Further, all the MPVs and Toll-like receptor ectodomain complexes show a stable nature of molecular interaction with numerous hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and nonbounded contact formation and acceptable root mean square deviation and fluctuation. The cDNA analysis shows a favorable large-scale expression of the MPV constructs in a human cell line. By utilizing the novel "reverse epitomics" approach, highly immunogenic novel "GaEl antigenic patches" (GaEl Ag-Patches), a synonym term for "antigenic patches", were identified and utilized as immunogenic composition to design four MPVs against NiV. We conclude that the novel multipatch vaccines are potential candidates to combat NiV, with greater effectiveness, high specificity, and large human population coverage worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Srivastava
- Infection
Biology Group, Indian Foundation for Fundamental
Research Trust, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh 229316, India
- Department
for Structural Infection Biology, Centre
for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) & Helmholtz-Centre for Infection
Research, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kolbe
- Department
for Structural Infection Biology, Centre
for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) & Helmholtz-Centre for Infection
Research, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Rothenbaumchaussee 19, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
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Islam SI, Sanjida S, Ahmed SS, Almehmadi M, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Alsaiari AA, Halawi M. Core Proteomics and Immunoinformatic Approaches to Design a Multiepitope Reverse Vaccine Candidate against Chagas Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101669. [PMID: 36298534 PMCID: PMC9607777 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a tropical ailment indigenous to South America and caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which has serious health consequences globally. Insect vectors transmit the parasite and, due to the lack of vaccine availability and limited treatment options, we implemented an integrated core proteomics analysis to design a reverse vaccine candidate based on immune epitopes for disease control. Firstly, T. cruzi core proteomics was used to identify immunodominant epitopes. Therefore, we designed the vaccine sequence to be non-allergic, antigenic, immunogenic, and to have better solubility. After predicting the tertiary structure, docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were performed with TLR4, MHC-I, and MHC-II receptors to discover the binding affinities. The final vaccine design demonstrated significant hydrogen bond interactions upon docking with TLR4, MHC-I, and MHC-II receptors. This indicated the efficacy of the vaccine candidate. A server-based immune simulation approach was generated to predict the efficacy. Significant structural compactness and binding stability were found based on MDS. Finally, by optimizing codons on Escherichia coli K12, a high GC content and CAI value were obtained, which were then incorporated into the cloning vector pET2+ (a). Thus, the developed vaccine sequence may be a viable therapy option for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: or
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Sunzid Ahmed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Halawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 54943, Saudi Arabia
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Islam SI, Mou MJ, Sanjida S. Application of reverse vaccinology to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against a new strain of Aeromonas veronii. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:118. [PMID: 35939149 PMCID: PMC9358925 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeromonas veronii is one of the most common pathogens of freshwater fishes that cause sepsis and ulcers. There are increasing numbers of cases showing that it is a significant zoonotic and aquatic agent. Epidemiological studies have shown that A. veronii virulence and drug tolerance have both increased over the last few years as a result of epidemiological investigations. Cadaverine reverse transporter (CadB) and maltoporin (LamB protein) contribute to the virulence of A. veronii TH0426. TH0426 strain is currently showing severe cases on fish species, and its resistance against therapeutic has been increasing. Despite these devastating complications, there is still no effective cure or vaccine for this strain of A.veronii. RESULTS In this regard, an immunoinformatic method was used to generate an epitope-based vaccine against this pathogen. The immunodominant epitopes were identified using the CadB and LamB protein of A. veronii. The final constructed vaccine sequence was developed to be immunogenic, non-allergenic as well as have better solubility. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed significant binding stability and structural compactness. Finally, using Escherichia coli K12 as a model, codon optimization yielded ideal GC content and a higher CAI value, which was then included in the cloning vector pET2+ (a). CONCLUSION Altogether, our outcomes imply that the proposed peptide vaccine might be a good option for A. veronii TH0426 prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Moslema Jahan Mou
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Earth Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
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Islam SI, Mou MJ, Sanjida S, Tariq M, Nasir S, Mahfuj S. Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against Vibrio harveyi infection in fish: an immunoinformatics approach. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e11. [PMID: 35399010 PMCID: PMC9002004 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi belongs to the family Vibrionaceae of class Gammaproteobacteria. Around 12 Vibrio species can cause gastroenteritis (gastrointestinal illness) in humans. A large number of bacterial particles can be found in the infected cells, which may cause death. Despite these devastating complications, there is still no cure or vaccine for the bacteria. As a result, we used an immunoinformatics approach to develop a multi-epitope vaccine against the most pathogenic hemolysin gene of V. harveyi. The immunodominant T- and B-cell epitopes were identified using the hemolysin protein. We developed a vaccine employing three possible epitopes: cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, helper T-lymphocytes, and linear B-lymphocyte epitopes, after thorough testing. The vaccine was developed to be antigenic, immunogenic, and non-allergenic, as well as have a better solubility. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed significant structural stiffness and binding stability. In addition, the immunological simulation generated by computers revealed that the vaccination might elicit immune reactions Escherichia coli K12 as a model, codon optimization yielded ideal GC content and a higher codon adaptation index value, which was then included in the cloning vector pET2+ (a). Altogether, our experiment implies that the proposed peptide vaccine might be a good option for vibriosis prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Injamamul Islam
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh.,Chulalongkorn University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Technology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Moslema Jahan Mou
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Saloa Sanjida
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Saad Nasir
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sarower Mahfuj
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biological Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
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Application of reverse vaccinology for designing of an mRNA vaccine against re-emerging marine birnavirus affecting fish species. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Immunoinformatics prediction of potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes as effective vaccine candidates for eliciting immunogenic responses against Epstein-Barr virus. Biomed J 2021; 44:317-337. [PMID: 34154948 PMCID: PMC8358216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing search for viable treatment options to curtail Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) pathogenicity has necessitated a paradigmatic shift towards the design of peptide-based vaccines. Potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted for nine antigenic EBV proteins that mediate epithelial cell-attachment and spread, capsid self-assembly, DNA replication and processivity. METHODS Predictive algorithms incorporated in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) resources were used to determine potential B-cell epitopes based on their physicochemical attributes. These were combined with a string-kernel method and an antigenicity predictive AlgPred tool to enhance accuracy in the end-point selection of highly potential antigenic EBV B-cell epitopes. NetCTL 1.2 algorithms enabled the prediction of probable T-cell epitopes which were structurally modeled and subjected to blind peptide-protein docking with HLA-A*02:01. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and Molecular Mechanics Generalized-Born Surface Area methods were used to investigate interaction dynamics and affinities of predicted T-cell peptide-protein complexes. RESULTS Computational predictions and sequence overlapping analysis yielded 18 linear (continuous) and discontinuous (conformational) subunit epitopes from the antigenic proteins with characteristic surface accessibility, flexibility and antigenicity, and predictive scores above the threshold value (1) set. A novel site was identified on HLA-A*02:01 with preferential affinity binding for modeled BMRF2, BXLF1 and BGLF4 T-cell epitopes. Interaction dynamics and energies were also computed in addition to crucial residues that mediated complex formation and stability. CONCLUSION This study implemented an integrative meta-analytical approach to model highly probable B-cell and T-cell epitopes as potential peptide-vaccine candidates for the treatment of EBV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
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Epitope-Based Peptide Vaccine against Glycoprotein G of Nipah Henipavirus Using Immunoinformatics Approaches. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2567957. [PMID: 32377531 PMCID: PMC7193299 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2567957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah belongs to the genus Henipavirus and the Paramyxoviridae family. It is an endemic most commonly found at South Asia and has first emerged in Malaysia in 1998. Bats are found to be the main reservoir for this virus, causing disease in both humans and animals. The last outbreak has occurred in May 2018 in Kerala. It is characterized by high pathogenicity and fatality rates which varies from 40% to 70% depending on the severity of the disease and on the availability of adequate healthcare facilities. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available for NiV disease and the treatment is just supportive. Clinical presentations for this virus range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Objective This study is aimed at predicting an effective epitope-based vaccine against glycoprotein G of Nipah henipavirus, using immunoinformatics approaches. Methods and Materials Glycoprotein G of the Nipah virus sequence was retrieved from NCBI. Different prediction tools were used to analyze the epitopes, namely, BepiPred-2.0: Sequential B Cell Epitope Predictor for B cell and T cell MHC classes II and I. Then, the proposed peptides were docked using Autodock 4.0 software program. Results and Conclusions. The two peptides TVYHCSAVY and FLIDRINWI have showed a very strong binding affinity to MHC class I and MHC class II alleles. Furthermore, considering the conservancy, the affinity, and the population coverage, the peptide FLIDRINWIT is highly suitable to be utilized to formulate a new vaccine against glycoprotein G of Nipah henipavirus. An in vivo study for the proposed peptides is also highly recommended.
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Overlapping CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes identification for the progression of epitope-based peptide vaccine from nucleocapsid and glycoprotein of emerging Rift Valley fever virus using immunoinformatics approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:75-91. [PMID: 29107145 PMCID: PMC7106247 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emergent arthropod-borne zoonotic infectious viral pathogen which causes fatal diseases in the humans and ruminants. Currently, no effective and licensed vaccine is available for the prevention of RVFV infection in endemic as well as in non-endemic regions. So, an immunoinformatics-driven genome-wide screening approach was performed for the identification of overlapping CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes and also linear B-cell epitopes from the conserved sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein (G) of RVFV. We identified overlapping 99.39% conserved 1 CD8+ T-cell epitope (MMHPSFAGM) from N protein and 100% conserved 7 epitopes (AVFALAPVV, LAVFALAPV, FALAPVVFA, VFALAPVVF, IAMTVLPAL, FFDWFSGLM, and FLLIYLGRT) from G protein and also identified IL-4 and IFN-γ induced (99.39% conserved) 1 N protein CD4+ T-cell epitope (HMMHPSFAGMVDPSL) and 100% conserved 5 G protein CD4+ T-cell epitopes (LPALAVFALAPVVFA, PALAVFALAPVVFAE, GIAMTVLPALAVFAL, GSWNFFDWFSGLMSW, and FFLLIYLGRTGLSKM). The overlapping CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes were bound with most conserved HLA-C*12:03 and HLA-DRB1*01:01, respectively with the high binding affinity (kcal/mol). The combined population coverage analysis revealed that the allele frequencies of these epitopes are high in endemic and non-endemic regions. Besides, we found 100% conserved and non-allergenic 2 decamer B-cell epitopes, GVCEVGVQAL and RVFNCIDWVH of G protein had the sequence similarity with the nonamer CD8+ T-cell epitopes, VCEVGVQAL and RVFNCIDWV, respectively. Consequently, these epitopes may be used for the development of epitope-based peptide vaccine against emerging RVFV. However, in vivo and in vitro experiments are required for their efficient use as a vaccine.
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sNebula, a network-based algorithm to predict binding between human leukocyte antigens and peptides. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32115. [PMID: 27558848 PMCID: PMC4997263 DOI: 10.1038/srep32115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the binding between human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and peptides is important to understand the functioning of the immune system. Since it is time-consuming and costly to measure the binding between large numbers of HLAs and peptides, computational methods including machine learning models and network approaches have been developed to predict HLA-peptide binding. However, there are several limitations for the existing methods. We developed a network-based algorithm called sNebula to address these limitations. We curated qualitative Class I HLA-peptide binding data and demonstrated the prediction performance of sNebula on this dataset using leave-one-out cross-validation and five-fold cross-validations. This algorithm can predict not only peptides of different lengths and different types of HLAs, but also the peptides or HLAs that have no existing binding data. We believe sNebula is an effective method to predict HLA-peptide binding and thus improve our understanding of the immune system.
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