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Ye Y, Li M, Pan Q, Fang X, Yang H, Dong B, Yang J, Zheng Y, Zhang R, Liao Z. Machine learning-based classification of deubiquitinase USP26 and its cell proliferation inhibition through stabilizing KLF6 in cervical cancer. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107745. [PMID: 38064851 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to accurately distinguish ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) from other members within the deubiquitinating enzyme families based on protein sequences. Additionally, we seek to elucidate the specific regulatory mechanisms through which USP26 modulates Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) and assess the subsequent effects of this regulation on both the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells. METHODS All the deubiquitinase (DUB) sequences were classified into USPs and non-USPs. Feature vectors, including 188D, n-gram, and 400D dimensions, were extracted from these sequences and subjected to binary classification via the Weka software. Next, thirty human USPs were also analyzed to identify conserved motifs and ascertained evolutionary relationships. Experimentally, more than 90 unique DUB-encoding plasmids were transfected into HeLa cell lines to assess alterations in KLF6 protein levels and to isolate a specific DUB involved in KLF6 regulation. Subsequent experiments utilized both wild-type (WT) USP26 overexpression and shRNA-mediated USP26 knockdown to examine changes in KLF6 protein levels. The half-life experiment was performed to assess the influence of USP26 on KLF6 protein stability. Immunoprecipitation was applied to confirm the USP26-KLF6 interaction, and ubiquitination assays to explore the role of USP26 in KLF6 deubiquitination. Additional cellular assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of USP26 on HeLa cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS 1. Among the extracted feature vectors of 188D, 400D, and n-gram, all 12 classifiers demonstrated excellent performance. The RandomForest classifier demonstrated superior performance in this assessment. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 human USPs revealed the presence of nine unique motifs, comprising zinc finger and ubiquitin-specific protease domains. 2. Through a systematic screening of the deubiquitinase library, USP26 was identified as the sole DUB associated with KLF6. 3. USP26 positively regulated the protein level of KLF6, as evidenced by the decrease in KLF6 protein expression upon shUSP26 knockdown in both 293T and Hela cell lines. Additionally, half-life experiments demonstrated that USP26 prolonged the stability of KLF6. 4. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a strong interaction between USP26 and KLF6. Notably, the functional interaction domain was mapped to amino acids 285-913 of USP26, as opposed to the 1-295 region. 5. WT USP26 was found to attenuate the ubiquitination levels of KLF6. However, the mutant USP26 abrogated its deubiquitination activity. 6. Functional biological assays demonstrated that overexpression of USP26 inhibited both proliferation and migration of HeLa cells. Conversely, knockdown of USP26 was shown to promote these oncogenic properties. CONCLUSIONS 1. At the protein sequence level, members of the USP family can be effectively differentiated from non-USP proteins. Furthermore, specific functional motifs have been identified within the sequences of human USPs. 2. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP26 has been shown to target KLF6 for deubiquitination, thereby modulating its stability. Importantly, USP26 plays a pivotal role in the modulation of proliferation and migration in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qilong Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Laboratory of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bingying Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Renxiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhijun Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Wu D, Fang X, Luan K, Xu Q, Lin S, Sun S, Yang J, Dong B, Manavalan B, Liao Z. Identification of SH2 domain-containing proteins and motifs prediction by a deep learning method. Comput Biol Med 2023; 162:107065. [PMID: 37267826 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain plays an important role in the signal transmission mechanism in organisms. It mediates the protein-protein interactions based on the combination between phosphotyrosine and motifs in SH2 domain. In this study, we designed a method to identify SH2 domain-containing proteins and non-SH2 domain-containing proteins through deep learning technology. Firstly, we collected SH2 and non-SH2 domain-containing protein sequences including multiple species. We built six deep learning models through DeepBIO after data preprocessing and compared their performance. Secondly, we selected the model with the strongest comprehensive ability to conduct training and test separately again, and analyze the results visually. It was found that 288-dimensional (288D) feature could effectively identify two types of proteins. Finally, motifs analysis discovered the specific motif YKIR and revealed its function in signal transduction. In summary, we successfully identified SH2 domain and non-SH2 domain proteins through deep learning method, and obtained 288D features that perform best. In addition, we found a new motif YKIR in SH2 domain, and analyzed its function which helps to further understand the signaling mechanisms within the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanzhi Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xin Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Laboratory of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - Kai Luan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qijin Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shiying Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bingying Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhijun Liao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Lu W, Cao Y, Wu H, Ding Y, Song Z, Zhang Y, Fu Q, Li H. Research on RNA secondary structure predicting via bidirectional recurrent neural network. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:431. [PMID: 34496763 PMCID: PMC8427827 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA secondary structure prediction is an important research content in the field of biological information. Predicting RNA secondary structure with pseudoknots has been proved to be an NP-hard problem. Traditional machine learning methods can not effectively apply protein sequence information with different sequence lengths to the prediction process due to the constraint of the self model when predicting the RNA secondary structure. In addition, there is a large difference between the number of paired bases and the number of unpaired bases in the RNA sequences, which means the problem of positive and negative sample imbalance is easy to make the model fall into a local optimum. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a variable-length dynamic bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(VLDB GRU) model. The model can accept sequences with different lengths through the introduction of flag vector. The model can also make full use of the base information before and after the predicted base and can avoid losing part of the information due to truncation. Introducing a weight vector to predict the RNA training set by dynamically adjusting each base loss function solves the problem of balanced sample imbalance. RESULTS The algorithm proposed in this paper is compared with the existing algorithms on five representative subsets of the data set RNA STRAND. The experimental results show that the accuracy and Matthews correlation coefficient of the method are improved by 4.7% and 11.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The flag vector introduced allows the model to effectively use the information before and after the protein sequence; the introduced weight vector solves the problem of unbalanced sample balance. Compared with other algorithms, the LVDB GRU algorithm proposed in this paper has the best detection results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Lu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Hongjie Wu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Yijie Ding
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Zhengwei Song
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiming Fu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building Energy Efficiency, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Haiou Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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Golubeva TS, Cherenko VA, Orishchenko KE. Recent Advances in the Development of Exogenous dsRNA for the Induction of RNA Interference in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:701. [PMID: 33572762 PMCID: PMC7865971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective regulation of gene expression by means of RNA interference has revolutionized molecular biology. This approach is not only used in fundamental studies on the roles of particular genes in the functioning of various organisms, but also possesses practical applications. A variety of methods are being developed based on gene silencing using dsRNA-for protecting agricultural plants from various pathogens, controlling insect reproduction, and therapeutic techniques related to the oncological disease treatment. One of the main problems in this research area is the successful delivery of exogenous dsRNA into cells, as this can be greatly affected by the localization or origin of tumor. This overview is dedicated to describing the latest advances in the development of various transport agents for the delivery of dsRNA fragments for gene silencing, with an emphasis on cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S. Golubeva
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.A.C.); (K.E.O.)
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viktoria A. Cherenko
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.A.C.); (K.E.O.)
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin E. Orishchenko
- Department of Genetic Technologies, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (V.A.C.); (K.E.O.)
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Zhang ZM, Tan JX, Wang F, Dao FY, Zhang ZY, Lin H. Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Machine Learning Method. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:254. [PMID: 32292778 PMCID: PMC7122481 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious cancer which ranked the fourth in cancer-related death worldwide. Hence, more accurate diagnostic models are urgently needed to aid the early HCC diagnosis under clinical scenarios and thus improve HCC treatment and survival. Several conventional methods have been used for discriminating HCC from cirrhosis tissues in patients without HCC (CwoHCC). However, the recognition successful rates are still far from satisfactory. In this study, we applied a computational approach that based on machine learning method to a set of microarray data generated from 1091 HCC samples and 242 CwoHCC samples. The within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) method was used to extract numerical descriptors from gene expression profiles datasets. After removing the unrelated features by using maximum redundancy minimum relevance (mRMR) with incremental feature selection, we achieved “11-gene-pair” which could produce outstanding results. We further investigated the discriminate capability of the “11-gene-pair” for HCC recognition on several independent datasets. The wonderful results were obtained, demonstrating that the selected gene pairs can be signature for HCC. The proposed computational model can discriminate HCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from CwoHCC even for minimum biopsy specimens and inaccurately sampled specimens, which can be practical and effective for aiding the early HCC diagnosis at individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu-Xin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Ying Dao
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Neuro-Information of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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He ZH, Lv W, Wang LM, Wang YQ, Hu J. Identification of Genes Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma Prognosis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:220-224. [PMID: 30947660 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190404152140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world, and lung adenocarcinoma is the most common lung cancer subtype. Identification and determination of relevant prognostic markers are the key steps to personalized cancer management. METHODS We collected the gene expression profiles from 265 tumor tissues of stage I patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Using Cox regression model, we evaluated the association between gene expression and the overall survival time of patients adjusting for gender and age at initial pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS Age at initial pathologic diagnosis was identified to be associated with the survival, while gender was not. We identified that 15 genes were significantly associated with overall survival time of patients (FDR < 0.1). The 15-mRNA signature- based risk score was helpful to distinguish patients of high-risk group from patients of low-risk group. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal novel genes associated with lung adenocarcinoma survival and extend our understanding of how gene expression contributes to lung adenocarcinoma survival. These results are helpful for the prediction of the prognosis and personalized cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Hao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lu-Ming Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yi-Qing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Wang X, Liao Z, Bai Z, He Y, Duan J, Wei L. MiR-93-5p Promotes Cell Proliferation through Down-Regulating PPARGC1A in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Verification. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010051. [PMID: 29361788 PMCID: PMC5793202 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A, formerly known as PGC-1a) is a transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Previous studies are mainly focused on the association between PPARGC1A and hepatoma. However, the regulatory mechanism remains unknown. A microRNA associated with cancer (oncomiR), miR-93-5p, has recently been found to play an essential role in tumorigenesis and progression of various carcinomas, including liver cancer. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the regulatory mechanism underlying these two proteins in hepatoma cells. Firstly, an integrative analysis was performed with miRNA–mRNA modules on microarray and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and obtained the core regulatory network and miR-93-5p/PPARGC1A pair. Then, a series of experiments were conducted in hepatoma cells with the results including miR-93-5p upregulated and promoted cell proliferation. Thirdly, the inverse correlation between miR-93-5p and PPARGC1A expression was validated. Finally, we inferred that miR-93-5p plays an essential role in inhibiting PPARGC1A expression by directly targeting the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of its mRNA. In conclusion, these results suggested that miR-93-5p overexpression contributes to hepatoma development by inhibiting PPARGC1A. It is anticipated to be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with liver cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zhijun Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Zhimin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinjiang Municipal Hospital, Jinjiang 362200, China.
| | - Yan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Leyi Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Identification of DEP domain-containing proteins by a machine learning method and experimental analysis of their expression in human HCC tissues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39655. [PMID: 28000796 PMCID: PMC5175133 DOI: 10.1038/srep39655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dishevelled/EGL-10/Pleckstrin (DEP) domain-containing (DEPDC) proteins have seven members. However, whether this superfamily can be distinguished from other proteins based only on the amino acid sequences, remains unknown. Here, we describe a computational method to segregate DEPDCs and non-DEPDCs. First, we examined the Pfam numbers of the known DEPDCs and used the longest sequences for each Pfam to construct a phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, we extracted 188-dimensional (188D) and 20D features of DEPDCs and non-DEPDCs and classified them with random forest classifier. We also mined the motifs of human DEPDCs to find the related domains. Finally, we designed experimental verification methods of human DEPDC expression at the mRNA level in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent normal tissues. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the DEPDCs superfamily can be divided into three clusters. Moreover, the 188D and 20D features can both be used to effectively distinguish the two protein types. Motif analysis revealed that the DEP and RhoGAP domain was common in human DEPDCs, human HCC and the adjacent tissues that widely expressed DEPDCs. However, their regulation was not identical. In conclusion, we successfully constructed a binary classifier for DEPDCs and experimentally verified their expression in human HCC tissues.
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