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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang SY, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Shi XC, Chen X, Liu FQ, Laborda P. Occurrence of aflatoxins in water and decontamination strategies: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119703. [PMID: 36758357 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic metabolites produced by some Aspergillus species and are the most prevalent mycotoxins. Although aflatoxins are commonly synthesized during fungal colonization in preharvest maize, cereals, and nuts, they can be transported by rainfall to surface water and are a common toxin found in wastewater from some food industries. Here, the occurrence of aflatoxins in bodies of water is reviewed for the first time, along with the decontamination methods. Aflatoxins have been detected in surface, wastewater and drinking water, including tap and bottled water. The specific sources of water contamination remain unclear, which is an important gap that must be addressed in future research. Two main kinds of decontamination methods have been reported, including degradation and adsorption. The best degradation rates were observed using gamma and UV irradiations, oxidoreductases and ozone, while the best adsorption abilities were observed with minerals, polyvinyl alcohol, durian peel and activated carbon. Synthetic polymers could be used as membranes in pipes to remove aflatoxins in water flows. Although most decontamination methods were screened using AFB1, the other commonly found aflatoxins were not used in the screenings. Overall, the occurrence of aflatoxins in water could be a significant emerging public health concern largely ignored by local and international legislation. Numerous advances have been reported for the decontamination of aflatoxins in water; however, there is still a long way to go to put them into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | | | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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3
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Degradation of aflatoxins in apple juice by pulsed light and the analysis of their degradation products. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Ultraviolet Applications to Control Patulin Produced by Penicillium expansum CMP-1 in Apple Products and Study of Further Patulin Degradation Products Formation and Toxicity. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin whose presence in apple-derived products and fruit juices is legally regulated, being its maximum limits established in the legislation of multiple countries. However, the management of contaminated batches is still an issue for producers. This investigation aims to evaluate ultraviolet light (254 nm, UV-C254nm) irradiation to find solutions that can be applied at different stages of the apple juice production chain. In this regard, 8.8 (UV-1) and 35.1 (UV-2) kJ m−2 treatments inactivated spores of Penicillium expansum CMP-1 on the surface of apples. Although the same treatments applied to wounded apples (either before the infection or after the infection, immediately or when the lesion had appeared) did not show any effect on the growth rate of P. expansum during storage (up to 14 days, at 4 or 25 °C), they reduced patulin content per lesion size in apples treated after the infection had occurred (patulin decreased from 2.24 (control) to 0.65 µg kg−1 cm−2 (UV-2 treated apples)). Additionally, the treatment of juice with patulin with ultraviolet light up to 450.6 kJ m−2 resulted in more than 98 % reduction of patulin. Degradation products of patulin after UV-C254nm treatments were tentatively identified by HPLC–MS, and toxicity and biological activities were assessed in silico, and results indicated that such products did not pose an increased risk when compared to patulin.
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5
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Faraji H, Yazdi FT, Razmi N. The influence of ultraviolet radiation on aflatoxin producing Aspergillus species' isolated from Iranian rice. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1528-1536. [PMID: 36518428 PMCID: PMC9742913 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are a favorable habitat for aflatoxin- producing fungus to develop. the current investigation was carried out to evaluate the quantity and kind of contaminated imported grains and rice generated in the province of Shiraz, Iran. A total of 60 random rice samples were taken from paddy fields in October and November 2020. Aspergillus genera were detected using PCR. HPLC was used to determine the quantity and type of aflatoxin and mycotoxins in samples collected. Irradiation studies were carried out utilizing a collimated beam system with wavelengths ranging from 200 to 360 nm. The quality of rice was assessed using UV light therapy on some of the changed factors, such as amylose content, aroma, and brightness [P < 0.05]. Aspergillus genera were found in 33.3% [20 samples of 60] of rice samples after morphological and molecular analysis of the ITS gene. According to the sequencing experiment, 12 strains [60%] were identified as Aspergillus flavus, whereas 8 strains [40%] were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus. Ver-1 and afl-R genes were positive in 12/12 [100%] Aspergillus flavus and 87.5% in Aspergillus parasiticus. According to the HPLC findings, three Aspergillus parasiticus strains [37.5%] were able to create all four types of aflatoxins, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 were produced by 16.6% of Aspergillus flavus strains. Aflatoxin-1 (AFG1) was lowered to 35.1, 48.2, 59.9, and 65.2%, significantly, at doses of 1.22, 2.44, 3.66, and 4.88 Jcm-2 [P < 0.01]. Furthermore, at doses of 1.22, 2.44, 3.66, and 4.88 Jcm-2, AFB2 and AFG2 was shown to be reduced by 13.1%, 11.7%, 30.3%, and 28.9%. [P < 0.05]. At a maximum dose of 4.88 Jcm-2, AFB1 was shown to be extremely susceptible to UV irradiation, with a > 70% decrease seen [P < 0.001]. Our findings imply that UV irradiation with lower energy and lower danger can help minimize aflatoxin contamination in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Faraji
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Tabatabaee Yazdi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Food Science Industry Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nematollah Razmi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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6
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Nguyen T, Palmer J, Loo T, Shilton A, Petcu M, Newson HL, Flint S. Investigation of UV light treatment (254 nm) on the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk and degradation products after treatment. Food Chem 2022; 390:133165. [PMID: 35561509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the reduction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in skim milk by using ultraviolet light at 254 nm and the effects of influencing factors on the efficacy including treatment time (min), depth of samples (mm), contamination level (μg L-1), stirring, temperature, and fat content in milk. The colour and pH of milk samples were measured to evaluate the influence of the treatment on these values. It was found that short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVC) reduced up to 50% of AFM1 in milk after 20 min of treatment regardless of the initial AFM1 contamination level. Treatment time, depth of samples, and stirring were all found to significantly (P < 0.05) enhance the reduction of AFM1. The milk colour was affected but there was no influence on the pH of milk samples at any duration of UV exposure. It is concluded that UVC light treatment has the potential to reduce AFM1 in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Palmer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Loo
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Shilton
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand
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7
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Kurup AH, Patras A, Pendyala B, Vergne MJ, Bansode RR. Evaluation of Ultraviolet-Light (UV-A) Emitting Diodes Technology on the Reduction of Spiked Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Whole Milk. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Raesi S, Mohammadi R, Khammar Z, Paimard G, Abdalbeygi S, Sarlak Z, Rouhi M. Photocatalytic detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in an aqueous solution and soymilk using nano metal oxides under UV light: Kinetic and isotherm models. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Approaches to Inactivating Aflatoxins-A Review and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413322. [PMID: 34948120 PMCID: PMC8704553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the contamination of crops with aflatoxins poses a significant economic burden, estimated to affect 25% of global food crops. In the event that the contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply and can cause serious diseases. Aflatoxins are distributed unevenly in food or feedstock, making eradicating them both a scientific and a technological challenge. Cooking, freezing, or pressurizing have little effect on aflatoxins. While chemical methods degrade toxins on the surface of contaminated food, the destruction inside entails a slow process. Physical techniques, such as irradiation with ultraviolet photons, pulses of extensive white radiation, and gaseous plasma, are promising; yet, the exact mechanisms concerning how these techniques degrade aflatoxins require further study. Correlations between the efficiency of such degradation and the processing parameters used by various authors are presented in this review. The lack of appropriate guidance while interpreting the observed results is a huge scientific challenge.
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10
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Akhila PP, Sunooj KV, Aaliya B, Navaf M, Sudheesh C, Sabu S, Sasidharan A, Mir SA, George J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Application of electromagnetic radiations for decontamination of fungi and mycotoxins in food products: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Application of Novel Non-Thermal Physical Technologies to Degrade Mycotoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050395. [PMID: 34069444 PMCID: PMC8159112 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins cause adverse effects on human health. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to confront them, particularly in agriculture and food systems. Non-thermal plasma, electron beam radiation, and pulsed light are possible novel non-thermal technologies offering promising results in degrading mycotoxins with potential for practical applications. In this paper, the available publications are reviewed-some of them report efficiency of more than 90%, sometimes almost 100%. The mechanisms of action, advantages, efficacy, limitations, and undesirable effects are reviewed and discussed. The first foretastes of plasma and electron beam application in the industry are in the developing stages, while pulsed light has not been employed in large-scale application yet.
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12
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Shen MH, Singh RK. Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods by ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination - A review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030204. [PMID: 33808964 PMCID: PMC7999035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.
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14
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Shen MH, Singh RK. Effect of rotating peanuts on aflatoxin detoxification by ultraviolet C light and irradiation uniformity evaluated by AgCl-based dosimeter. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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He J, Evans NM, Liu H, Zhu Y, Zhou T, Shao S. UV treatment for degradation of chemical contaminants in food: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1857-1886. [PMID: 33486857 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for the degradation of chemical contaminants in food products has gained more and more interest in the past two decades. The majority of the research in this field was on mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins and patulin, with limited studies on pesticide residues and other chemical contaminants in food. These studies have been focused on identifying the structure and toxicity of degradation products, investigating the influence of UV treatment factors on the degradation efficiency, determining the impact of UV treatment on the quality of food products, and developing updated UV treatment methods such as TiO2 induced photocatalytic degradation. The summary of published literatures provided insights into future research opportunities in this area, which include determining a standard for the UV treatment description, working with naturally contaminated samples rather than artificially spiked samples, conducting pilot plant or industrial scale studies, examining more targets and conducting multi-targets studies, and developing more innovative methods for UV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,College of Life and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Natasha Marie Evans
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Deng LZ, Tao Y, Mujumdar AS, Pan Z, Chen C, Yang XH, Liu ZL, Wang H, Xiao HW. Recent advances in non-thermal decontamination technologies for microorganisms and mycotoxins in low-moisture foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Stanley J, Patras A, Pendyala B, Vergne MJ, Bansode RR. Performance of a UV-A LED system for degradation of aflatoxins B 1 and M 1 in pure water : kinetics and cytotoxicity study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13473. [PMID: 32778713 PMCID: PMC7417570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of a UV-A light emitting diode system (LED) to reduce the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1 (AFB1, AFM1) in pure water was studied. This work investigates and reveals the kinetics and main mechanism(s) responsible for the destruction of aflatoxins in pure water and assesses the cytotoxicity in liver hepatocellular cells. Irradiation experiments were conducted using an LED system operating at 365 nm (monochromatic wave-length). Known concentrations of aflatoxins were spiked in water and irradiated at UV-A doses ranging from 0 to 1,200 mJ/cm2. The concentration of AFB1 and AFM1 was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. LC–MS/MS product ion scans were used to identify and semi-quantify degraded products of AFB1 and AFM1. It was observed that UV-A irradiation significantly reduced aflatoxins in pure water. In comparison to control, at dose of 1,200 mJ/cm2 UV-A irradiation reduced AFB1 and AFM1 concentrations by 70 ± 0.27 and 84 ± 1.95%, respectively. We hypothesize that the formation of reactive species initiated by UV-A light may have caused photolysis of AFB1 and AFM1 molecules in water. In cell culture studies, our results demonstrated that the increase of UV-A dosage decreased the aflatoxins-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and no significant aflatoxin-induced cytotoxicity was observed at UV-A dose of 1,200 mJ/cm2. Further results from this study will be used to compare aflatoxins detoxification kinetics and mechanisms involved in liquid foods such as milk and vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Stanley
- Food Biosciences and Technology Program, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - Ankit Patras
- Food Biosciences and Technology Program, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Brahmaiah Pendyala
- Food Biosciences and Technology Program, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Matthew J Vergne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - Rishipal R Bansode
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
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18
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Khoori E, Hakimzadeh V, Mohammadi Sani A, Rashidi H. Effect of ozonation, UV light radiation, and pulsed electric field processes on the reduction of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin M1 in
acidophilus
milk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Khoori
- Department of Food Science and Technology Quchan Branch Islamic Azad University Quchan Iran
| | - Vahid Hakimzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology Quchan Branch Islamic Azad University Quchan Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi Sani
- Department of Food Science and Technology Quchan Branch Islamic Azad University Quchan Iran
| | - Hasan Rashidi
- Food Department Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center AREEO Mashhad Iran
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19
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Afsah-Hejri L, Hajeb P, Ehsani RJ. Application of ozone for degradation of mycotoxins in food: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1777-1808. [PMID: 33337096 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) fumonisins (FMN), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and patulin are stable at regular food process practices. Ozone (O3 ) is a strong oxidizer and generally considered as a safe antimicrobial agent in food industries. Ozone disrupts fungal cells through oxidizing sulfhydryl and amino acid groups of enzymes or attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the cell wall. Fusarium is the most sensitive mycotoxigenic fungi to ozonation followed by Aspergillus and Penicillium. Studies have shown complete inactivation of Fusarium and Aspergillus by O3 gas. Spore germination and toxin production have also been reduced after ozone fumigation. Both naturally and artificially, mycotoxin-contaminated samples have shown significant mycotoxin reduction after ozonation. Although the mechanism of detoxification is not very clear for some mycotoxins, it is believed that ozone reacts with the functional groups in the mycotoxin molecules, changes their molecular structures, and forms products with lower molecular weight, less double bonds, and less toxicity. Although some minor physicochemical changes were observed in some ozone-treated foods, these changes may or may not affect the use of the ozonated product depending on the further application of it. The effectiveness of the ozonation process depends on the exposure time, ozone concentration, temperature, moisture content of the product, and relative humidity. Due to its strong oxidizing property and corrosiveness, there are strict limits for O3 gas exposure. O3 gas has limited penetration and decomposes quickly. However, ozone treatment can be used as a safe and green technology for food preservation and control of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Afsah-Hejri
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Parvaneh Hajeb
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Reza J Ehsani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California
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20
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Peles F, Sipos P, Győri Z, Pfliegler WP, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pagliuca G, Gazzotti T, Pócsi I. Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2861. [PMID: 31921041 PMCID: PMC6917664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are wide-spread harmful carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, which cause serious feed and food contaminations and affect farm animals deleteriously with acute or chronic manifestations of mycotoxicoses. On farm, both pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies are applied to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contaminations in feeds. The great economic losses attributable to mycotoxin contaminations have initiated a plethora of research projects to develop new, effective technologies to prevent the highly toxic effects of these secondary metabolites on domestic animals and also to block the carry-over of these mycotoxins to humans through the food chain. Among other areas, this review summarizes the latest findings on the effects of silage production technologies and silage microbiota on aflatoxins, and it also discusses the current applications of probiotic organisms and microbial products in feeding technologies. After ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in various animals depending on their inherent and acquired physiological properties. These mycotoxins may cause primary aflatoxicoses with versatile, species-specific adverse effects, which are also dependent on the susceptibility of individual animals within a species, and will be a function of the dose and duration of aflatoxin exposures. The transfer of these undesired compounds from contaminated feed into food of animal origin and the aflatoxin residues present in foods become an additional risk to human health, leading to secondary aflatoxicoses. Considering the biological transformation of aflatoxins in livestock, this review summarizes (i) the metabolism of aflatoxins in different animal species, (ii) the deleterious effects of the mycotoxins and their derivatives on the animals, and (iii) the major risks to animal health in terms of the symptoms and consequences of acute or chronic aflatoxicoses, animal welfare and productivity. Furthermore, we traced the transformation and channeling of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins into food raw materials, particularly in the case of aflatoxin contaminated milk, which represents the major route of human exposure among animal-derived foods. The early and reliable detection of aflatoxins in feed, forage and primary commodities is an increasingly important issue and, therefore, the newly developed, easy-to-use qualitative and quantitative aflatoxin analytical methods are also summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Li H, Xiong Z, Gui D, Pan Y, Xu M, Guo Y, Leng J, Li X. Effect of ozonation and UV irradiation on aflatoxin degradation of peanuts. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhongfei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Dali Gui
- Institute of Mechanics Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Mengjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yanli Guo
- Tianjin Jiesheng Donghui Preservation Technology Co. Ltd Tianjin China
| | - Juncai Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
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22
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Amaya GM, Durandis R, Bourgeois DS, Perkins JA, Abouda AA, Wines KJ, Mohamud M, Starks SA, Daniels RN, Jackson KD. Cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 Catalyze the Metabolic Activation of Sunitinib. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:570-584. [PMID: 29847931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms of this toxicity are unknown. We hypothesized that sunitinib undergoes metabolic activation to form chemically reactive, potentially toxic metabolites which may contribute to development of sunitinib-induced hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to define the role of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in sunitinib bioactivation. Metabolic incubations were performed using individual recombinant P450s, human liver microsomal fractions, and P450-selective chemical inhibitors. Glutathione (GSH) and dansylated GSH were used as trapping agents to detect reactive metabolite formation. Sunitinib metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A putative quinoneimine-GSH conjugate (M5) of sunitinib was detected from trapping studies with GSH and dansyl-GSH in human liver microsomal incubations, and M5 was formed in an NADPH-dependent manner. Recombinant P450 1A2 generated the highest levels of defluorinated sunitinib (M3) and M5, with less formation by P450 3A4 and 2D6. P450 3A4 was the major enzyme forming the primary active metabolite N-desethylsunitinib (M1). In human liver microsomal incubations, P450 3A inhibitor ketoconazole reduced formation of M1 by 88%, while P450 1A2 inhibitor furafylline decreased generation of M5 by 62% compared to control levels. P450 2D6 and P450 3A inhibition also decreased M5 by 54 and 52%, respectively, compared to control. In kinetic assays, recombinant P450 1A2 showed greater efficiency for generation of M3 and M5 compared to that of P450 3A4 and 2D6. Moreover, M5 formation was 2.7-fold more efficient in human liver microsomal preparations from an individual donor with high P450 1A2 activity compared to a donor with low P450 1A2 activity. Collectively, these data suggest that P450 1A2 and 3A4 contribute to oxidative defluorination of sunitinib to generate a reactive, potentially toxic quinoneimine. Factors that alter P450 1A2 and 3A activity may affect patient risk for sunitinib toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia M Amaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Rebecca Durandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - David S Bourgeois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - James A Perkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Arsany A Abouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Kahari J Wines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Mohamed Mohamud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Samuel A Starks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - R Nathan Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
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23
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Wei YK, Zhao XM, Li MM, Yu JX, Gurudeeban S, Hu YF, Ji GF, Wei DQ. Detoxification of aflatoxins on prospective approach: effect on structural, mechanical, and optical properties under pressures. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 10:311-319. [PMID: 29282626 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are sequential of derivatives of coumarin and dihydrofuran with similar chemical structures and well-known carcinogenic agent. Many studies performed to detoxify aflatoxins, but the result is not ideal. Therefore, we studied structural, infrared spectrum, mechanical, and optical properties of these compounds in the aim of perspective physics. Mulliken charge distributions and infrared spectral analysis performed to understand the structural difference between the basic types of aflatoxins. In addition, the effect of pressure, different polarized, and incident directions on their structural changes was determined. It is found that AFB1 is most stable structure among four basic types aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), and IR spectra are analyzed to exhibit the difference on structures of them. The mechanical properties of AFB1 indicate that the structure of this toxin can be easily changed by pressure. The real [Formula: see text] and imaginary [Formula: see text] parts of the dielectric function, and the absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] and energy loss spectrum [Formula: see text] were also obtained under different polarized and incident directions. Furthermore, biological experiments needed to support the toxic level of AFB1 using optical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kai Wei
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Miao Zhao
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing-Xin Yu
- College of Science, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Selvaraj Gurudeeban
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan-Fei Hu
- School of Science, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Centre of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanhai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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